Questions and Answers
Who was the first Filipino architect to be employed by the Americans and served as an architectural advisor?
Arcadio Arellano
Which architectural style did Juan Arellano shift to after having Renaissance features in his works?
Tomas Mapua is known as the ______________ registered architect in the Philippines.
first
Art Deco was characterized by profuse abstraction and rich ornamentation.
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Match the following architects with their notable works:
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Which American event turned Manila into the second most devastated allied city in the world?
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Which architectural form follows the principle that form follows function?
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The Pierced Screens in Manila are examples of insensitive designs of the International Style.
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Soft Modernism experimented with concrete's plasticity to create soft and ___________ forms.
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Match the following architectural features with their descriptions:
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What is the purpose of the American 'Sanitary Barrios' in the Philippines during the American period?
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What were the components of an 'Ideal Sanitary Chalet' in the Philippines in 1903?
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The Spanish Mission Revival style served as a transitional style in the Philippines.
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The Insular Ice Plant & Cold Storage were located on the ____ side of Pasig River.
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Match the following architects/designers with their contributions in the Philippines:
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Study Notes
Philippine Architecture During the American Period
- The American period in the Philippines was marked by the rebuilding of war-torn cities, with a focus on modernizing and sanitizing Filipino houses.
- The Americans sought to reshape the city of Manila, introducing public architecture and sanitary facilities to improve living conditions.
- The introduction of the toilet in 1902 and the Pail Conservancy System (cubeta) in 1902 replaced sewers and improved hygiene.
- The Bureau of Health drew sanitary urban house plans, including single-detached, semi-detached, and row house apartments.
- The concept of sanitary barrios was introduced in 1908, which included a neighborhood with public toilets, bathhouses, and laundry facilities.
Sanitary Urban Planning
- The First Public Bath and Laundry was built in 1913, featuring a 1-storey structure with concrete materials.
- The Sanitary Barrios of 1908 introduced a neighborhood concept with public toilets, bathhouses, and laundry facilities.
- The Ideal Sanitary Chalet of 1903 was designed with fire-resistant roofing, diamond-shaped shingles, and wall slabs implanted with sawali or woven bamboo.
Architecture and Design
- The Spanish Mission Revival style was introduced by Edgar K. Burne, chief of the Bureau of Architecture, who designed set pieces that mimicked the Spanish colonial style.
- The Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage building was designed in the revivalist style, featuring brick masonry and ornate details.
- The Manila's First City Hall, designed by Burne, was modeled after the bahay na bato, with wooden materials and ornate details.
- Daniel H. Burnham, a prominent American architect, designed the Masterplan for Manila, which included a civic core with radial boulevards, classicist formality, and green open spaces.
- The Neoclassical style was adopted as the official style for the next three decades, featuring grand civic centers, radials, and large windows.
Notable Architects and Buildings
- William Parsons, a Beaux-Arts trained architect, designed many public buildings and parks in the Philippines.
- The Pensionado System, established in 1903, provided scholarships for aspiring architects to study in the US.
- The First Generation Architects, including Arcadio Arellano, Ralph Doane, and others, were influenced by Beaux-Arts and Renaissance styles.
- The Second Generation Architects, including Andres Luna de San Pedro, Fernando Ocampo, Pablo Antonio, and Juan F. Nakpil, introduced innovative ideas and Art Deco styles.
- Notable buildings include the Manila Hotel, El Hogara Filipino, Pacific Commercial Company, and the Metropolitan Theater.### Philippine Architecture and Urbanism
Pre-War Period
- Manuel Quezon, the President, envisioned a new city for the commonwealth, inspired by Washington D.C.
- Streamlined art deco was a popular architectural style during this period.
- The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) produced documentaries and films showcasing the country's cultural heritage.
World War II and Japanese Occupation
- The Pacific War hindered Quezon's urban vision, and Manila was declared an Open City in December 1941.
- The 3-year Japanese occupation (1942-1945) was detrimental to architectural production, and private and public buildings were taken over for military and political purposes.
Post-War Period
- The Philippines became an independent republic in July 1946.
- The country received US war damage rehabilitation funds, which were used to rebuild Manila's neoclassical architecture.
- The Philippine Islands were rebuilt, but the architectural heritage of the colonial period was irreparably damaged.
Modern Architecture
- Modernism emerged in the Philippines, emphasizing simplicity, functionality, and honesty of materials.
- The 3rd generation of Filipino architects, including Cesar Concio, Angel Nakpil, and Alfredo Luz, played a crucial role in shaping the country's modern architecture.
- The book "Arkitekturang Filipino: A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines" by Gerard Lico (2008) provides a comprehensive overview of Philippine architecture.
Mid-Century Modern Aesthetics
- Mid-century modern architecture in the Philippines was influenced by new materials, scientific events, and the Space Age of the 1950s.
- The visual language of long, lean horizontal lines, soaring upright structures, and parabolic arches emerged during this period.
- Innovations in building materials, such as reinforced concrete, plastic, and steel, enabled architects to create complex structures.
Soft Modernism
- Soft modernism experimented with sculptural potential, using thin shell technology to create soft and organic forms.
- The folded plate structure was a special class of shell structure formed by joining flat, thin slabs along the edges.
- Architects like Angel Nakpil designed buildings with a focus on simplicity, functionality, and honesty of materials.
National Housing Authority
- The National Housing Authority (NHA) developed new suburban communities in Quezon City, providing low-cost concrete bungalow units for middle-income households.
- The NHA's projects, such as the People's Home Site and Housing Corporation, aimed to provide affordable housing for Filipinos.
Ferdinand Marcos Dictatorship
- The Marcos regime (1970s) promoted a cultural and architectural agenda, with Imelda Marcos as the Patroness of the Arts.
- The regime's projects, such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater, and the Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions, showcased the country's cultural heritage.
Postmodern Architecture
- Postmodern architecture emerged in the 1980s, reacting against the modernist aesthetic.
- The style incorporated elements of classical architecture, ornamentation, and a mix of historical references.
- Filipino architects, such as Francisco Mañosa, used an imitative and straightforward approach to incorporate vernacular architecture into their designs.
Disneyfication
- Postmodernism in the Philippines led to the creation of themed environments, such as Eastwood City and Fort Bonifacio Global City (BGC).
- The Disneyfication of urban landscapes perpetuated escapist fantasy environments, detaching from the harsh realities of the third-world country.
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Description
This quiz covers the features and characteristics of Philippine architecture during the American period, including building designs and infrastructure developments.
