module001_Prehistoric-Architecture.pdf

INTRODUCTION ON THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE History of Architecture traces the changes in Architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends and dates INFLUENCES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE A. Geographical B. Geological C. Climatic D. Religious...

INTRODUCTION ON THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE History of Architecture traces the changes in Architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends and dates INFLUENCES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE A. Geographical B. Geological C. Climatic D. Religious E. Socio-political F. Historical PRE-HISTORIC STRUCTURES 3 Classification of Early known type of Architecture 1. Dwellings 2. Religious Monuments 3. Burial Mounds DWELLING STRUCTURES A. Rock Cave – the earliest form of dwellings 3 Stages of Evolution of Cave a. Natural cave b. Artificial cave c. Cave above the ground B. Tents and Huts – made from tree barks, animal skins and plant leaves. Huts – usually made up of reeds, brushes and wattles 1. DWELLING STRUCTURES A. Paleolithic derives from Greek:, palaios, "old"; and lithos, "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old Stone Age." Cro-Magnon - a hominid of a tall erect race of the Upper Paleolithic known from skeletal remains found chiefly in southern France and classified as the same species (Homo sapiens) as present-day humans. Neanderthal - an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between circa 120,000–35,000 years ago, with a receding forehead and prominent brow ridges. The Neanderthals were associated with the Mousterian flint industry of the Middle Paleolithic. Cro-Magnon peoples made tools of bone and antler carved with images of animals and other organic forms also painting images of hunting scenes on the internal walls of caves. structures are typically oval huts made of branches, animal hides, or even bone, with a hearth in the center larger huts might have more than one fire pit, with the interior space sectioned into different task areas. B. Mesolithic relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods  marked by the appearance of microlithic tools and weapons and by changes in the nature of settlements The Mesolithic Period also called Middle Stone Age. C. Neolithic relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age beginning around 10,000 BC in the Middle East and later elsewhere characterized by the development of agriculture and the making of polished stone implements. humans started to hunt and farm, communal tasks were divided up in a more sophisticated way dwellings and villages reflect this increase in human collaboration with a more structurally complex architectural system. The buildings are made of layers of flat stones, stacked up without mortar but layered to slope inward slightly and form a corbelled structural system. 2. RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS Classification of Religious structures A. Monolith – isolated single upright stone also known as “menhir”. Menhir – memorial of victory over one tribe. A tall upright stone of a kind erected in prehistoric times in western Europe. Prototypes of Egyptian pyramids. Menhirs may be found solely as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones. Their size can vary considerably, but their shape is generally uneven and squared, often tapering towards the top. Menhirs are widely distributed across Europe, Africa and Asia. B. Megalithic – several number of stones 1. Dolmen - 2 or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab.  word dolmen originates from the expression taol maen, which means "stone table" in Brittany.  first builders used stones that were within their reach. They built dolmens - sort of structures in a form of a "table", consisting of two huge standing stones supporting a horizontal giant stone. 2. Cromlech - a megalithic tomb consisting of a large flat stone laid on upright ones.  Indicates place of religious rites.  Post and lintel - (also called prop and lintel or a trabeated system) is a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them. 3. Stone Circle or Stone Row – made up of 3,000 stones  Stonehenge  group of standing stones on Salisbury Plain in southern England.  Dating to c. 2200–1800 BC,  megaliths are enclosed by a circular ditch and embankment that may date to c. 3000.  arrangement of the stones suggests that Stonehenge was used as a religious center and also as an astronomical observatory.  Stonehenge are made up of Concentric rings with the following:  Outer ring 106’ in diameter  Isolated blue stone  Innermost Circle  Smaller blue stone C. BURIAL MOUNDS 1. TUMULI OR “Barrows  earthen mounds use for burials of several to couple hundred of ordinary persons.   prototypes of pyramids in Egypt also of the “beehive huts”. HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE 4 CONSTRUCTIVE PRINCIPLES 1. Post and Lintel (Trabeated) 2. Corbel or Cantilevered 3. Arch and Vault 4. Trussed ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL SUPPORTS 1. BASIC FORMS a. Pier b. Pilaster c. Engaged Column d. Column e. Pedestal f. Baluster 2. SPECIAL FORMS a. Caryatids – draped female figure without hands and carrying nothing b. Canephorae – same as caryatids but with basket on her head c. Atlas or Atlantes – male figure in kneeling position supporting the world on his shoulders d. Telamon or Telamones – male figure in standing position in place of a column e. Anta Column – pier or pilaster formed by a thickening at the end of the wall.