African States & Civilizations PDF

rican Location Key City(s) Key Ruler(s) Economy Society/Culture States Ethiopia East King Merchants Christianity Africa Lalibela- close to gave them a Built 11 Saudi...

rican Location Key City(s) Key Ruler(s) Economy Society/Culture States Ethiopia East King Merchants Christianity Africa Lalibela- close to gave them a Built 11 Saudi unifying stone Arabia identity in churches Ethiopia Swahili East Mongadishu, Oversea Anamism, African Mombasa, trade Blended Islam Coast Kilwa, Sofala with local religions (sacritism) Ghana West Koumbi- Ghana's Trading Rich and Africa Saleh, king, who had a vast powerful due to made taxes, control value of gold, (Ghana's forbade over the lavish lifestyles capital) anyone from Empire of located owning gold Ghana, between nuggets, and accounting gold mines had a lavish for lifestyle due Ghana's to protecting riches his trade (gold) and routes and ability to conquering conquer. areas near TAXES them Mali West Timbuktu- Momsa Armies, Great Muslim Africa many Musa, taxation of influence over schools Sundiata gold and Momsa Musas major salt reign trade ON TEST Songhai Eastern Goa- trading Askia Wealthy Islam is part of cities Muhammad- from important in Mali leader, trading their society alongside Sunni Ali- along and culture, Usmiasm military Niger River war in River leader expanding Riverside territories trade! Strong Navy Golden and war age under canoes Askia Trade increased commerce Civilizations Maya Aztec Inca Government/Po functione Create Leader litics d as city- d by a Pachac states- tribe of uti used each had farmer politica its own s form l ruler + the alliance governme Mayan s+ nt empire military force to No ruler Made gain united people control Mayan pay of huge empire taxes ( territory tribune Trade s) in Empero linked the many r had city states forms the together ex. most Pottery power  Warfare blanket Didn’t also linked s, want cities by crops, local kings feather leaders trying to s etc. to gain gain control Mercha money so nts and power made would for leaders someti themselve of mes s conque act as red spies places for the move emper out + or replace d them with trustwo rthy people Economy run by Gained Comm trade wealth on + people Things like strengt had to Jade, h pay cotton, throug labor rubber h trade tax obsidian, and cacao  were + called traded tribune "Mita" Kings System Women gained and of fulfilled lost land roads tax by during helped doing battles in trade things hope for ex. Mercha more Weavin nts power g sold clothes luxury for goods army all over the Men empire payed tax by working on govt owned farms, mines, or built roads No mercha nts; govt moved goods around empire Used Quipu to track movem  ent of goods No written languag e Used Quipus for tax records , quantiti es for livestoc k+ Census Roads linked empire + helped Quipu keepers Society/Culture believed strictly In kings divided Centera communic into l Andes ated with differen each gods t family classes was  Performed Top: groupe public and king + d in a private family ( cooper ceremonie who ative s for the had to group gods be called a elected Allyu - Priests ) Next: worked who led Priests togethe religious Next: r in ceremonie Warrior activitie s) were on s s ex. the upper Farmin class, Lower g, warriors class building (responsib farmer , le for s could cerimo getting war raise nies victims to class etc. religiously by sacrifice) becomi Each ng group Below warrior of ten upper or allyus classmen studyin had a were g chief- merchants reporte Boys + Lower d to girls class- higher require peasants + govt d to go slaves ( to Clear provided school class services to until division the age 15 s wealthy upper Slaves No class) at slaves bottom but  of most class, belonge their d to the childre lower n were class born Las free restrict ed to wearing simple clothes + own the bare necessi ties The upper class lived in the capitol city + had fine houses + clothes Religion key People allowed to worship s gods  but sun god was the most importa nt Kings related to the sun god Mummi es of kings kept and worship ped Achievements Advanced artisan Organiz in s made ation architectu head- led to re ( canals) dresse many math, s, achieve astronomy shields ments + writing ,+ in warrior enginee Made 265 costum ring and day es art calendar for farming Metalw Talente + 260 day orkers d religious made builder calendar jewels s - built MORE temple  ACCURAT and s, forts, E THAN masks roads EUROPEA Stonew Cut N orkers blocks CALENDA decorat so R AT THE ed evenly TIME temple that Created a s+ mortar number made was not system + sculptu needed new res Skilled concepts Kept in in math ex. written metal Concept records work + of 0 weavin Accura Created a g- tely writing made calcula system interact ted the called ed movem glyphs ( orname ent of symbols) nts + some and life-size planets written field of pieces ( corn codex) out of silver and gold Worked with cotton + wool, particul ar pattern s were  used to indicat e high statues membe rs of society Decline Envirome In the Began ntal early to change + 1500s suffer drought to contact form feed with internal everyone Euorpe conflict ans Warfare Lasted brough increased only t an want for 100 end to land years the Abuse of empire Arrival power by of kings such Spanis as Yax Pak h in of Copan Peru in 1532 Declined marked around the end 900 but of the Incan  did not empire disappear Due Date Chapter and Section Number Name Period # Title Teacher Name. The song dynasty China split apart after Tang dynasty. Reunified with Song dynasty in 960. Ruled for 300 years, ending in 1279. Produced significant achievements and prosperity. Chinese civilization became the world's most advanced under Song The government + civil Service Established a capital at Kaifeng and restored centralized government control Expanded government bureaucracy for empire management. Reformed civil service examination system → helped ensure govt officials were talented Tested grasp of Confusionism + related ideas  Introduced new form of Confusionism Neo (New)- Confucianism, emphasized ethics + spiritual matters Civil service exams were difficult, but those who passed The southern song became scholar-officials-elite educated members of govt Exams became a pathway to wealth and status, making them more accessible to ordinary people. Despite achievements, Song rulers couldn't regain lost northern and western lands that Tang lost Nomads threatened Song borders, despite attempts to buy peace. Cultural achievements Jurchen, a nomadic people, conquered northern China in the 1120s. Despite this, the Song dynasty continued to rule in the south for 150 years as the Southern Song dynasty Literature + Art Tong + Song periods of Enhanced art and literature Boost in science + technology Poetry Art Tang period produced China's greatest poets: Du Fu and Li Bo. Du Fu's poems expressed Confucian ideals + war horrors. Li Bo's poems focused on friendship, life joys, nature, and Pottery solitude. Li Bo's poem expresses nighttime homesickness.  Tang artist Wu Daozi created lifelike murals celebrating Buddhism and nature Architecture Really lifelike-some thought he had powers Song artists created landscapes using black ink. Tang period is known for pottery figurines ( to go in tombs), Inventions + Innovations often depicting horses or entertainment ( dancing, polo, other games) Song artisans excelled in making porcelain Porcelain covered in white, black or green glazes Tang Song porcelain was admired globally due to its quality. ▪ Indian Bhuddism temples inspired Chinese Pagodas ▪ Multistory buildings w/ roofs that curled upward at each corner Major invention: Gunpowder, used in fireworks in China ▪ Spread around world + used as firearms, and cannons, Song transformed warfare Technical advance Tang: Perfection of the magnetic compass, revolutionizing sea travel and increasing world exploration. ▪ Paper + ink made in china Printing invention Tang: Woodblock printing, a method where text is carved into a wood block, coated with ink, and pressed against paper. Blocks could be reused for other prints. Prosperity + society ▪ Inventors during Song dynasty developed movable type, a faster method using blocks for carving individual letters or characters, blocks + letters could Agriculture be re-arranged based on needs Despite being faster than woodblock printing, it was infrequently used in China due to the vast number of Chinese characters. Paper money, a lighter and easier form of currency, quickly spread in Song China due to its convenience. Improved trade and agriculture. Trade Growth of cities. Societal changes Increased Agricultural productivity due to new irrigation techniques ( increased farming land) and fast-ripening rice ( from Southwest Asia)- could grow 2-3 crops a year Increased production of cotton and tea, making them important crops. Tea became popular during the Song dynasty. Increased food production led to population growth, reaching around 70 million by the 740s of tang. ▪ Song dynasty farmers fed 100million people- made China most populous country in the world City Life  ▪ Agriculture and trade expanded due to road and canal improvements. Rural farm products+ other goods could be transported to local markets. Foreign trade expanded through land routes - Tang dynasty mostly Silk Roads for foreign trade Routes connected China to Central Asia, + Indian subcontinent Sea trade with Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia also flourished. Sea trade became more important in due to loss of Tang land in Central Asian lands. Society Advances in sailing and shipbuilding techniques facilitated this shift. During the Song dynasty, foreign merchants filled China's port cities. Enhanced importance of merchants during Song dynasty. Development of money and banking system. Growing farming and trade led to urban expansion in China. City streets were bustling with shops, teahouses, restaurants, and markets. City bustled w/ activity + provided foreign goods Entertainment districts provided entertainment. Tang capital, Chang’an, had over 1 million people ( also had 1 mill, living around it) and was a major trade center. During the Song dynasty, cities had millions or more people. Sea trade boosted China's port cities.  Despite urbanization, most Chinese lived in the countryside and farmed. Decline in aristocratic families and rise of gentry class. Gentry included scholar-officials and powerful leading landowners. Most Chinese were peasants, farming, paying taxes, and receiving little formal education. In Song, Women's status declined, especially among upper class women who were encouraged to stay home Foot binding practice ( wrap cloth around feet starting from young age) was done for desire of small, dainty feet - deformed foot overtime + painful Women with bound feet had difficulty walking or other activities. Bound feet became symbol of husbands authority over wife  pg 312. Summary The Song dynasty ruled China for 300 years, marked by significant cultural and economic achievements. Their inability to reclaim lost territories ultimately led to their downfall. Pg.313 The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of significant cultural and technological advancement in China. Chinese art flourished, particularly in painting and ceramics. The Chinese also made groundbreaking innovations in technology: gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and woodblock printing, which had a profound impact on the world. PG.314 The Song dynasty's innovations, particularly movable type printing and paper money, significantly impacted world history. These innovations, and advancements in agriculture and technology, contributed to the prosperity and cultural achievements of the Song dynasty and had a lasting influence on global development. Pg. 315  During the Tang and Song dynasties, China experienced significant growth in population, trade, cities, and economy. this progress was accompanied by a decline in the status of women, particularly among the upper class. Due Date Chapter and Section Number Name Period # Title Teacher Name The Zhou dynasty Taken over from Shang around 1100 BC. Divided into two periods: Western Zhou (ruled from Xian) and Eastern Zhou (response to Chinese conflict). Western Zhou period marked by cultural achievements and peaceful rule. Eastern Zhou period marked by eastern expansion to Luoyang. The government Zhou leaders feared Chinese rejection after overthrowing Shang  Introduced Mandate of Heaven principle for rule acceptance. Mandate of heaven Mandate: Gods supported just rulers, not corrupt ones. Zhou overthrew Shanghai due to losing gods' favor, due to Mandate Mandate of Heaven used by later Chinese rulers to explain Dynastic cycle the dynastic cycle: The rise+ falls of dynasties in China Dynasties losing power were deemed corrupt. Overthrown dynasties were god's will. Historians still use dynasty cycle in early Chinese history studies. Zhou Achievements Learned to use iron → backbone of economy. Iron strong+ cast more cheaply than bronze Iron weapons strengthened the Zhou army. New weapons like catapult and China's first cavalry were developed. Under Zhou Chinas pop. grew Pop. growth led to increased harvest size and food surpluses. Cities also grew, facilitating better transportation and Decline of Zhou communication. → Canals, roads Zhou introduced coins and chopsticks, still used today. Warring States Period Conflict arose in late Zhou dynasty. Clan leaders rebelled against king. Local leaders turned against Zhou, weakening rule.  Result of rebellion known as Warring states Period 403 BC - 221 BC: Small states headed by nobled fought for land and power Zhou dynasty nominally in charge, power nearly nonexistent New philosophies by mid-200s BC. Qin dynasty emerged to end Warring States Period and Zhou dynasty. Conflicts sparked questioning the nature of society and peoples' role in it Creation of new Chinese philosophies( ways of looking at the world) to understand chaos. Two influential philosophies created during the late Zhou period: Confucianism and Daoism. Confucius Laozi 551-479 BC 500s BC Born to a poor Laozi the but noble author of Dao family. De Jin, (largely Known as unknown) Kongfutzu/Master ancient historian Kong in China suggests Laozi served Known for his as the official historian eagerness and for a powerful noble. questioning. Laozi met Confucius, Became a teacher who was younger than making education him. accessible to all Historians suggest children. the Dao De Ching was written by multiple writers  Viewed education as Despite this, Daoists the only way to self- continue to honor Confucianism improvement. Laozi as its creator Held various local government positions. Attracted followers to his teachings, with over 3,000 followers by his death. Based on teachings of Kongfuzi, known as Confucius. Believes in treating others humanely. Promotes love and respect through traditional rituals. Includes honoring ancestors. Believed love and respect were disappearing in his lifetime Believed this disappearance caused societal violence. Advocated for restoring respect for tradition for stability. Thoughts on how to improve society collected in the Analects Believed Rulers should treat subjects fairly. Subjects should reward rulers with respect and loyalty. Respect for family members is essential. Children should respect parents and elders. Parents should care for their children with love and Key details kindness. All educated individuals should devote themselves to public service.  Ideas influential to Chinese history Advocated for rulers' advisors to be qualified, well- informed individuals. Influenced China's emperors to select advisors based on merit not birth Spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam Oldest son respects→ father Youngest son respects→ oldest son wife respects→ husband friend respect→ friend citizens respect→ emperor Filial Piety: Respecting your parents Daoism 1. Emperor/king 2. Scholars + farmers 3. Farmers + peasants 4. Merchants Daoism emphasizes retreating from societal laws and embrace laws of nature The concept of the dao, or the way, is central to Daoist teachings. The dao is a limitless force in all creation, connecting all things in nature. By finding one's place in nature it is possible to achieve harmony with the universe Daoism incorporates the ancient Chinese concept of yin and yang, representing the balancing aspects of nature.  The balance of yin and yang signifies the perfect harmony of nature ( Yin can't exist without yang + vice versa) Origins of Dao Unclear Most Dao teachings attributed to Laozi. First Chinese to''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' write about Daoist beliefs in Dao De Jing. Influential book includes short sayings summarizing Daoist thought. Teachings popularized in China, leading to worship of Laozi as a god. Less influential than Confusionism in Chinese teachings Played a significant role in later dynasties. Influenced the concept of balance in China. Led followers to work for environmental preservation and protection. Inside story Muhammad more than messenger- leader of Islamic community After control of Mecca Muhammad (PBUH) saw his death coming 632 Mahammad ( PBUH) passed away Bedouin tribes that had been personally loyal to Muhammad broke away Islam After Muhammad Who would be the new leader? (PBUH)'s death Muhammad's successors Muhammad had not names successor-no clear candidate for position Abu Bakr one of the closest companions of prophet + earliest converts was chosen ( Not everyone agreed) Caliph "successor"; Abu Bakr + the people that came after him As Caliph Abu Bakr felt loyalty of Bedouin tribes slipping away-focused on bringing them back Expansion Territory Built strong Arab fighting forces  After reuniting Arabia Caliph led armies north Under Abu Bakr and successor Umar Muslim territory expanded Weakness of neighboring empires ( Persian empire ) helped spread 637 Muslims defeated Perians in Iraq 642 complete victory over Persian empire Arab army turned to wealthy byzantine empire in west ( eastern half of old roman empire) Byzantines first lost Damascus, Syria + Jerusalem 639 Byzantine Egypt fell 642 Nile river valley under Arab rule 10 years after Muhammad followers created an Empire Internal conflict and division 661 Caliphate ( area ruled by caliph) stretched from northern Africa in the west to Persia in the east Arab armies successful in field but had internal conflict Some people thought Ali ( Muhammad's son and husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatima) should've been caliph instead of Abu Bakr 644- Ali lost again for being caliphate Ali became Caliph + civil war winner Uthman was supported by powerful clan from Mecca called the Umayyads Umayyads hesitatingly converted + were longtime enemies of the prophet Sunni Rebels killed Uthman Shia Ali became Caliph Civil War broke between Ali supporters and the Umayyads Ali killed + Umayyads took control again under caliph Mu'awiya Called Sunnis " Followers of the Sunna"/"Way of the prophet" Conflict between sunni and shia Non-supporters of Umayyads called Shia " Party of Ali" Believed god blessed Ali's descendants bc they were the true heirs of Muhammad Ali's successors- Imaam Believe only imam allowed to interpret the Quran Conflict deepened after ali + Mu'awiya's death Many believed Mu'awiya's son Yazid stole Caliphate + was not a good Muslim Husayn ( Muhammad's grandson) rebelled Sufis against Yazid 680 Yazid's army + Husayn's small band met in battle at Karbala, Iraq Husayn shot with arrows while holding infant son Yazid ( victorious) killed remaining survivors + The Umayyad dynasty took some prisioner Continued expansion Known as " The Maytrydom of Husayn" Shia and sunni split became bitter Third division in Islam Sufis seek a mystical + personal connection with go Use range of practices" breathing ,meditating in rituals Muslim rule spread Internal problems weakened Umayyad's and led to fall Umayyads strengthened rule of Caliphate after death of Husayn Ruling the empire Established Arabic as official language Began first great Muslim architecture- come of the rock, Jerusalem Armies extended boarders Conquered east to the boarders of China + Indus The End of the Umayyad river valley Dynasty West- took northern Africa, crossed Mediterranean + took Spain 717- failed to take Constantinople Rise of the Abbasids Small force took France Defeated in battle of tours 732 Conquest spread Islam but allowed religious freedom as well  Non-Muslims had do pay heavy taxes + endured restrictions on daily lives Synagogues had to be built underground because The Abbasid Dynasty Judaism as inferior to Islam Persian Influence Umayyads strengthened central government, leading to dissatisfaction. Arab Muslims became ruling class-had pwr unlike the people they conquered conflicted with Muslim ideal of equality. A changing culture Wars over succession upsetting, faithful, dissatisfied people Though it was due to political ambition. Widespread discontent with Umayyads led by Shia and conquered people. Unrest among Arab tribes and conquered people who though Umayyads favoured certain families The End of Unity Umayyads weakened, ripe for rebellion. Abbasids, led by a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, united Umayyads' opponents. Challenges form Europe Shia believed Abbasids supported their caliphate position. Devout Muslims believed Abbasids would return Islamic values  After battles in Iran+ Iraq Abbasids wiped out Umayyad family in late 740s, introducing the Problems in Egypt Abbasid dynasty. Relocated capital of empire to Baghdad, Iraq on The Seljuk Turks Tigris river Abbasids moved to Baghdad, marking end of Arab domination in muslim world Adopted Persian style of government, separating Mumluks + Mongols themselves from people. Caliph hidden behind screen in throne room so he could npt be seen. Relied on Persian officials, called viziers to overseeing state affairs. Islam became universal, appealing to all cultures, not just Arabs. Trade helped spread Islam, facilitating exchange of goods and information. Trade also funded cultural achievements Caliph Harun al-Rashid most prominent Abbasid caliph from 786-809 supported of scholarship contributing to Islamic arts and science.  Despite cultural growth, Abbasid political power weakened in the 800s. 900s, independent states emerged + broke away from caliphate, the was caliph a powerless figurehead. European Christians weakened Muslim rule in some areas. Christian armies drove out Umayyads in Spain in the 1000s. European Christians fought against Muslims in and around Jerusalem to make the region, the Holy Land, Christian. Despite initial victory, Muslim forces eventually retook Jerusalem, leading to the Crusades. Emergence of Fatimid dynasty in Egypt in 969. Fatimids claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. Control over Mediterranean and Red seas disrupted Abbasid trade. Fatimids became richer and more powerful than Abbasids. 1055, Seljuk Turk Non-Arabic Sunni Muslims, took control of Baghdad.  Supported the Abbasid caliph and defended Abbasids against Fatimids. Went to war against the Byzantine Empire, resulting in a defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Most of Anatolia fell under Turkish control. Later Seljuk Turks established their own empire. Mamluks, enslaved soldiers, took power in Egypt and Syria. Mongols arrived in 1258, conquering China and Central Asia. Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killing the Abbasid caliph. The caliphate ended. Islam remained vital, spreading beyond Middle East and Africa to India, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. From