HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and Generation of B-Cell Diversity Quizlet PDF

HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 1. What five types of innate lymphoid cells develop NK cell, ILC1, ILC2, from a common progenitor cell? ILC3, LTi 2. What is the precursor of...

HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 1. What five types of innate lymphoid cells develop NK cell, ILC1, ILC2, from a common progenitor cell? ILC3, LTi 2. What is the precursor of each innate lymphoid NK cell: NK cell precur- cell? sor NK cell: ILC1: ILCp ILC1: ILC2: ILCp ILC2: ILC3: ILCp ILC3: LTi: LTip LTi: 3. LTip and ILCp both come from what precusor? CHILp, common helper innate lymphocyte pre- cusor 4. CHILp and NK cell precusor come from what pre- CILp, common innate cusor? lymphocytes 1 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 5. What innate lymphoid cells are Type 1 immunity? NK and ILC1 6. What innate lymphoid cell is Type 2 immunity? ILC2 7. What innate lymphoid cell is Type 3 immunity? ILC3 8. What is the stimuli of NK cells and ILC1? Intercellular infections with viruses, bacteria or protozoa. Cancer, malignant cell mutation 9. What is the stimuli of ILC2? Extracellular infection with large multicellular parasites or exposure to allergens 10. What is the stimuli of ILC3? Extracellular infection with bacteria or fungi 11. What is the stimuli of LTi cell? Mesenchymal orga- nized cells, retinoic acid, CXCL13, RANK ligand 12. What is ILC1 cells immune response? conventional inflam- matory activation of macrophages 13. What is ILC2 cells immune response? noninflammatory acti- vation of macrophages 14. What is ILC3 cells immune response? 2 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a promoting phagocyto- sis and secretion of an- timicrobial peptides 15. What is LTi cells immune response? formation of secondary lymphoid structures 16. What are the mediators of NK? perforin, granzymes, mainly IFN-y 17. What is the mediator of ILC1? IFN-y 18. What are the mediators of ILC2? IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 19. What are the mediators of ILC3? IL-22, IL-17 20. What are the mediators of LTi? lymphotoxin, TNF 21. What are the main circulating lymphocytes that NK cells contribute to the innate immune response? 22. What about the virus titer buys time for adaptive plateau immunity to come in? 23. Killer lymphocytes are better at killing in the pres- interferons ence of what? 24. NK will produce IFN-y which is what type of inter- type II feron gamma? 25. What are the two main functions of NK cells? 1. Kill infected cells, stop spread 2. Release cytokines (type II interfer- 3 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a ons which activate macrophages) 26. Where is NK cell cytotoxicity activated? At sites of virus infec- tion 27. For NK cells, what is needed to decide whether a NK cell synapse (con- cell lives or dies? tact) Kill decision is then controlled by the: sum of many molecu- lar interaction (activat- ing vs inhibitory) 28. Control of cytotoxic NK cells is _____________ paramount (100M cir- culating) 29. In the triggering of the interferon response by a proliferates NK cells virus infecting a cell, it is type I interferon that and differentiates them does what to NK cells? into cytotoxic effector cells that can induce apoptosis 30. NK cells express what three TLRs? TLR3, 7, 8 What is the only TLR that doesn't use MyD88? TLR3 31. Describe the two pathways of pathogen recogni- 1. Endosomal TLR7 tion and intracellular signaling that give an inter- binds ssRNA and sig- feron response. nals via MyD88 to in- duce IFN gene expres- sion 2. Endosomal TLR3 binds dsRNA and sig- nals via TRIF to induce IFN gene expression 32. 1. What interferon gene(s) is synthesized and se- 1. Type I interferons creted by TLR7 pathway? IFN-a and IFN-B 4 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 2. What interferon gene(s) is synthesized and se- 2. Only type I interferon creted by TLR3 pathway? IFN-B 33. What two immune cells activate and enhance NK cells and each other at sites of infection? macrophages 34. Explain the process of how macrophages and NK 1. Macrophages se- cells activate each other at the site of infection crete cytokines that re- cruit NK cells 2. Macrophage and NK make contact, deliver- ing IL-15 and IL-12 that activates NK 3. NK cells proliferate and differentiate, se- creting IFN-y 4. IFN-y binds to macrophage receptor, increasing its phagocy- tosis and cytokine se- cretionS 35. What cells reside in macrophages and are re- dendritic cells porter cells - NOT effector cells 36. At the plateau of titer diagram, what cells stimu- DCs late the adaptive immune response because in- nate immunity was insufficient? 37. 10^9 5 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a In antibody repertoire, it's said there is 10^16 antigen specificity, but the actual number tends to be what? 38. 1. Antibody light chain has what region and termi- 1. variable region, N ni? termini 2. Antibody heavy chain has what region and ter- 2. constant region, C mini? termini 3. What chain is membrane bound? 3. Heavy 4. Antigen binding sites are on which chain? 4. Light 5. Hinge region is made of what bonds? 5. Disulfide 6. What molecule is attached to the heavy chain 6. carbohydrate near the hinge region on IgG? 7. 25 kDa 7. The light chain is at what kDa? 8. 50 kDa 8. The heavy chain is at what kDa? 39. 1. What IgG antibody region turns into a Fab frag- 1. variable ment when cleaved? 2. constant 2. What IgG antibody region turns into a Fc frag- 3. Fragment antigen ment when cleaved? binding 3. What is Fab? 4. Fragment crustalliza- 4. What is Fc? tion 40. Why is the antibody hinge important? So antibodies have more of a chance to bind to antigen epi- topes 6 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 41. What chain (light/heavy) decides class Heavy (G,M,D,A,E)? 42. 1. What fraction of light chains are kappa? 1. 2/3 2. What fraction of light chains are lambda? 2. 1/3 43. 1. Immunoglobulin chains are folded into: 1. compact and stable 2. every V domain includes: protein domains 3. What domains have little to no sequence varia- 2. a variable from heavy tion? class and light class 3. C domains 44. 1. The 3D structure of the Ig C and V domains are 1. sandwich referred to as: 2. Superfamily 2. Antibodies are part of Immunoglobulin 3. C terminus, B-strand, ______________ disulfide bond, loop 3. Light chain C domain is made up of: 4. N terminus, B-strand, 4. Light chain V domain is made up of: disulfide bond, loop 45. 1. An antigen-binding site is formed from the: 1. hypervariable re- 2. HV: gions of a heavy-chain 3. FR: V domain and a light-chain V domain 2. hypervariable re- gions (loops) 7 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 3. framwork regions (B strands) 46. What is important in knowing how antibodies hypervariable regions have higher antigen specificites? (loops) 47. Antigen binding site also known as: composite site Furthermore, variability happens at the site of complementarity-deter- interaction of: mining regions (CDR) and hypervariable Important to note that each HV is accompanied by region (HV) the corresponding ______ CDR 48. Another name for epitope is: antigenic determinant Effective antibodies bind exposed and accessible Glycoproteins molecules on the pathogen surface called epi- Polysaccharides topes which are typically what four proteins or Glycolipids carbohydrates? Peptidoglycans Wider range of chemical structures also possible, autoimmune (lu- but normally destructive (2): pus/DNA) allergy (antibiotics) 49. What are multivalent antigens? antigens with more than one epitope or multiple copies of the same epitope 8 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 50. Epitopes can bind to what four shapes on anti- pockets, grooves, ex- body-binding sites? tended surfaces, or knobs 51. Is a linear or discontinuous epitope more sticky? discontinuous 52. What are four non-covalent forces of antigen-an- 1.Electrostatic forces tibody interactions? (+/-) 2.Van der Waals forces What is based on the strength of these interac- 3.Hydrogen bonds tions? 4.Hydrophobic interac- tions Affinity 53. What are monoclonal antibodies produced from? a clone of antibody-pro- ducing cells 54. Antisera Abs aka: traditional Monoclonal Abs aka: modern 55. When B cells from mouse immunized with anti- hybrid, later called hy- gen are fused with myeloma cells and grown in a bridoma drug-containing medium, what are the only cells that live? 9 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 56. What are the two analyses of flow cytometry cells One dimensional his- stained with labeled antibodies? togram and two dimen- sional dot plot 57. Since anti-CD3 therapy to block T cell activation chimeric monoclonal following a kidney transplant can only be used antibodies once, what can be used instead? 58. Chimeric are not always accepted, there is less of humanized an immune response with: 59. 1. Target disease of mouse monoclonal antibody 1. Organ transplant re- type CD3, PSMA and CD19: jection, prostate cancer 2. Target disease of chimeric monoclonal anti- diagnosis, lymphobla- body type CD20, IL-2 and IL-17: sic leukemia 3. Target disease of chimeric monoclonal anti- 2. non-Hodgkin's lym- body type HER2, CD52 and IgE: phoma, acute kid- 4. Target disease of chimeric monoclonal anti- ney transplant rejec- body type TNF, CTLA-4 and IL-6: tion, psoriasis 3. metastatic breast cancer, lymphocytic leukemia, asthma 4. arthritis, metastatic melanoma, arthritis 10 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 60. 1. Does the generation of immunoglobulin diver- 1. Before sity in B cells occur before or after encounter with 2. families of alterna- an antigen? tive versions arrayed 2. Gene segments: sequentially in DNA 3. Germline form/configuration: 3. inherited form of Ig genes 61. 1. What is gene segment V 1. variable region 2. What is gene segment D 2. diversity 3. What is gene segment J 3. joining 4. light chain V region is assembled from what two 4. 1 V + 1 J gene segments? 5. 1 V + 1 D + 1 J 5. heavy chain V is assembled from what three gene segments? 62. 1. What produces diversity in the antigen-binding 1. random recombina- sites of immunoglobulins? tion of gene segments 2. What type of recombination splices V, D, and J 2. somatic sites together? 3. inherited from par- 3. Germline DNA come from where? ents 4. DNA is no longer germline after what happens 4. after cell has decid- ed to make genetic re- arrangements 63. 1. What does RAG stand for? What is it? 1. recombination-acti- 2. RAG is only made where? vating gene (RAG-1 & 3. RAG is critical for the function of what? RAG-2), DNA shuffler 4. Result of RAG: 2. in lymphocytes 5. post cut, what happens to the signal joint? 3. adaptive immunity 4. a cut between the segment and the RSS, results in coding joint and signal joint 5. it gets lost forever 11 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 64. What are the two recombination enzymes that - P nucleotide insertion produce additional diversity in the antigen-bind- (palindromic) e.g. SO- ing site? LOS - N nucleotide inser- tion (non-templated) by TdT (terminal deoxynu- cleotidyl transferase) 65. Where are P and N nucleotides generated? Between V and J, where loop is 66. List the steps of D --> J rearrangment (aka gener- Heptamer cleaved ation of junctional diversity RAG nicking makes P-nucleotides TdT enzyme Random pairing Unpaired removed Gaps filled =RANDOM Sequence 67. The C region most proximal to VDJ are: C¼ and C´ 68. 1. What do developing and naive B cells use to 1. alternative mRNA make both IgM and IgD? splicing 2. Antibody isotype is determined by: 2. Its heavy chain 3. All naive B cells start with ¼ and ´ (IgM and IgD), 3. yes, (the only excep- can be expressed simultaneously? tion) 4. When the RNA level occurs, C¼ or C´is chosen, 4. C¼ results in IgM, and which results in what? C´results in IgD or a protein 12 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 69. Despite having 2 copies (or alleles) of each gene allelic exclusion in the genome, what ensures only 1 allele/copy is expressed in each B cell 70. 1. Does each B cell have a single antigen speci- 1. yes ficity? 2. B cell Receptor Ig- 2. What co receptors help transport Ig to surface? ±and ² 3. Expression of membrane-bound IgM and IgD 3. mature are on what stage of B cells 71. 1. How are secreted antibodies produced? 1. by an alternative 2. Does secreted antibody production require pattern of heavy-chain gene rearrangement? RNA processing 3. Whether IgM are Transmembrane or Secreted is 2. no, because of splic- embedded at the end of the constant region, can ing either be: 3. Hydrophobic (MC, membrane coding) or hydrophilic (SC, secre- tion coding) C-tail 72. 1. Rearranged V-region sequences are futher di- 1. somatic hypermuta- versified by what? tion 2. AID (activation-induced cytidine 2. specifically targets deaminase) does what? part of Ig gene for mu- tation 73. What is affinity maturation and what does it al- - Selection of mutated low? immunoglobulins with improved antigen-bind- ing - Allows the human im- mune system to keep up with the pathogen evolution 13 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a 74. What is the trend seen in affinity maturation from One week: there is one week to two weeks? only IgM, most immu- nity is in CDR3 of the heavy-chain V region. None in CDR1 Two weeks: IgM/IgD are present, immuni- ty everywhere, most- ly in CDR3 of the heavy-chain V region and CDR1 of the light-chain V region 75. 1. What produces immunoglobulins with 1. isotype switching different C regions but identical antigen specifici- 2. has a limited ability to ties (V region is unchanged) clear 2. Initially made IgM has limitations, it binds well 3. 5 monomeric IgMs to repetitve sequences BUT: plus a J chain 3. How does surface (monomeric IgM) turn into secreted (pentameric IgM)? 76. 1. Isotype-switching or class-switching only oc- 1. during an active curs when? immune response and 2. What Ig is the deathmark for hypersensitivities? is 3. List the steps of Isotype-switching or dependent on anti- class-switching gen-activated 4. What heavy chain isotype does IgG1 have? T cell cytokine secre- tion 2. IgE 3. IgM and IgD are pro- duced AID targets the S-u and 14 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a S-y1 switch regions DNA in those regions are nicked Looping out and switch-region recom- bonation occurs IgG1 is produced 4. y1 77. 1. The body has more IgA than IgG. In the serum, 1. IgG which is higher? Which has a higher 1/2 life? 2. IgGs and IgA 2. What Igs neutralize 3. IgG1 3. What Ig opsinizes 4. IgE 4. What Ig sensitizes mast cells? 5. IgM 5. What Ig activates complement? 6. IgA 6. What Ig transports across epithelium and has 7. IgG1 the ability to form dimers? 7. What Ig transports across the placenta? 78. 1. Affinity vs Avidity: 1. Affinity (single site) 2. What enhances affinity, what does it lead to? vs. Avidity (multiple sites; e.g. IgM) 2. Somatic hypermuta- tion enhances affinity. Leads to 2 sites (e.g. IgG) being of sufficient avidity to replace IgM. 79. 1. Dimeric IgA is made where? 1. in the lymphoid tis- 2. They're in what? sues underlying the 3. What do they help? mucosal 15 / 16  HLSC 3P02 Ch 4 - Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversit - final Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e72f2a surfaces 2. Gut Milk Saliva Sweat Tears 3. help keep commen- sals in check 80. 1. What is the trend of hinges among IgG1-IgG4 1. IgG1 and 4 the same. 2. How many epitopes can IgG4 interact with? IgG2 a little longer. *as a note, in B cell genome patterns are re- IgG3 wayyyy longer versible, recom/rearrange are not 2. 16 / 16