Innate Lymphoid Cells Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which innate lymphoid cells are associated with Type 1 immunity?

ILC1 and LTi

LTi and ILCp

ILC2 and ILC3

NK cells and ILC1 (correct)

What type of immunity is ILC2 associated with?

Adaptive immunity

Type 2 immunity (correct)

Type 1 immunity

Type 3 immunity

What kind of infections stimulate NK cells and ILC1?

All types of infections

Intercellular infections (correct)

Extracellular infections

Infections by only bacteria

What is the main stimuli for ILC2 cells?

Extracellular infections with multicellular parasites Signup and view all the answers

ILC3 cells primarily respond to which type of infection?

Extracellular infections with bacteria or fungi Signup and view all the answers

What common precursor do LTi and ILCp originate from?

Common lymphoid precursor (CLP) Signup and view all the answers

What stimuli do LTi cells respond to?

Retinoic acid and mesenchymal organized cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor for ILC3 cells?

ILCp Signup and view all the answers

What controls the kill decision made by cytotoxic NK cells?

Sum of many molecular interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interferon is responsible for differentiating NK cells into cytotoxic effector cells?

Type I interferon Signup and view all the answers

Which TLR does not use MyD88 in its signaling pathway?

TLR3 Signup and view all the answers

What interferon(s) is synthesized and secreted by the TLR7 pathway?

Type I interferons, including IFN-a and IFN-B Signup and view all the answers

Which two immune cells actively enhance each other during infection?

NK cells and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

How do macrophages recruit NK cells to sites of infection?

By secreting cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What specific molecular signal does endosomal TLR7 use to induce IFN gene expression?

MyD88 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of type I interferons in the context of NK cells and macrophages?

To differentiate NK cells into effector cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the mediators of ILC2 cells involved in immune response?

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is predominantly produced by ILC1 cells?

IFN-y Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytokines produced by ILC3 cells?

Promotion of phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial peptides Signup and view all the answers

What are the key mediators produced by LTi cells?

Lymphotoxin, TNF Signup and view all the answers

What type of cytokine is IFN-y classified as?

Type II interferon Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is NK cell cytotoxicity primarily activated?

At sites of viral infection Signup and view all the answers

What function do NK cells perform regarding infected cells?

Kill infected cells and stop the spread Signup and view all the answers

What mediators play a crucial role in the NK cell's immune response?

Perforin and Granzymes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)

ILCs are a diverse group of lymphocytes that contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity.
ILCs develop from a common lymphoid progenitor cell.

ILC Subtypes

NK cells are the only ILC subtype that is not dependent on IL-7 for development and survival.
ILC1 cells are also known as natural cytotoxic cells and are responsible for the production of IFN-γ.
ILC2 cells are involved in the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
ILC3 cells produce IL-22 and IL-17, and contribute to the immune response against bacteria and fungi.
LTi cells play a role in the development of secondary lymphoid tissues.

ILC Function

NK cells primarily kill infected cells and release cytokines (type II interferons) to activate macrophages.
ILC1 cells provide a key role in defense against intracellular infections and tumor cells.
ILC2 cells contribute to defense against helminth infections.
ILC3 cells protect against extracellular infections and contribute to the gut barrier function.
LTi cells promote the formation of lymphoid tissues.

ILC Signaling

Endosomal TLR7 binds ssRNA and signals via MyD88 to induce IFN gene expression.
Endosomal TLR3 binds dsRNA and signals via TRIF to induce IFN gene expression.

NK Cell Regulation

NK cells are a critical component of innate immunity, with around 100 million circulating.
The decision for NK cells to kill or not is driven by the summation of various molecular interactions, which can be either activating or inhibitory.

Macrophage-NK cell Interaction

Macrophages and NK cells enhance each other's activity at sites of infection.
Macrophages recruit NK cells through secreted cytokines.
Macrophages are activated by inflammatory signals and release cytokines, which in turn activate NK cells.

ILC Mediators

NK cells release perforin, granzymes, and mainly IFN-γ.
ILC1 cells release IFN-γ.
ILC2 cells release IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
ILC3 cells release IL-22 and IL-17.
LTi cells release lymphotoxin and TNF.

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Description

Explore the diverse world of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) and their pivotal roles in immunity. This quiz covers the various subtypes of ILCs, their development, and specific functions in immune defense mechanisms against infections and tumors.