History of Modern Medicine PDF

History of Medicine: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine WMSU Learning outcomes At the end of this session, learners will be able to: Explain the importance of history of modern medicine and its current trends Familiarize the time...

History of Medicine: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine WMSU Learning outcomes At the end of this session, learners will be able to: Explain the importance of history of modern medicine and its current trends Familiarize the timeline that composed the history of modern medicine Elaborate briefly the significant breakthroughs in modern medicine Appreciate the in-depth values of human achievements throughout history Why do we need to learn history? If you would want to understand anything, observe its beginning and its development. – Aristotle The value of history is that it teaches us what man has done and thus what man is. – R.G. Collingwood The history of medicine is both a study of medicine throughout history as well as a multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand medical practices, both past and present, throughout human societies "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" George Santayana, 1863 Spanish-American Philosoper Novelist Harvard University Michael Crichton, MD. Harvard Medical School. Novelist Author of Andromeda Strain, Jurassic Park, TV series ER Remembering the Past > Ancient Mesopotamian medicine A cuneiform terracotta tablet describing a medicinal recipe for poisoning (c. 18th century BCE). Discovered in Nippur, Iraq. > Ancient Egypt, a civilisation spanning across the river Nile, 3150 BCE Magical stela or cippus of Horus inscribed with healing encantations (c. 332 to 280 BCE). In Life as in Death … The earliest recorded form of Horus is the tutelary deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt, who is the first known national god, specifically related to the ruling pharaoh who in time came to be regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death. The promise of “immortality” Ancient GREEK Medicine The theory of humors was derived from ancient medical works, dominated Western medicine until the 19th century, and is credited to Greek philosopher and surgeon Galen of Pergamon (129–c. 216 CE). In Greek medicine, there are thought to be four humors, or bodily fluids that are linked to illness: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Hippocrates of Kos (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE), considered the "father of modern medicine." The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece strongly associated with Hippocrates and his students. Most famously, the Hippocratics invented the Hippocratic Oath for physicians. Contemporary physicians swear an oath of office which includes aspects found in early editions of the Hippocratic Oath. MODERN MEDICINE Modern medicine started to emerge after the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. During the 19th century, economic and industrial growth continued to develop, and people made many scientific discoveries and inventions. Infectious Diseases Industry: As more manufacturing processes became mechanized, various work-related diseases became more common. These included lung disease, dermatitis, and “phossy jaw,” a type of jaw necrosis that affected people working with phosphorous, usually in the match industry. Infectious Diseases Urban sprawl: Cities started to expand rapidly, and certain health problems, such as typhus and cholera became more common as a result. Infectious Diseases Travel: As people traveled between various parts of the world, they carried diseases with them, including yellow fever. MODERN MEDICINE Scientific breakthroughs: As “germ theory” developed, scientists began to test and prove the principles of hygiene and antisepsis in treating wounds and preventing infection. New inventions included the electrocardiograph, which records the electrical activity of the heart over time. MODERN MEDICINE Communications: As postal services and other communications improved, medical knowledge was able to spread rapidly. MODERN MEDICINE Political changes: Democracy led to people demanding health as a human right. Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), a chemist and microbiologist from France, was one of the founders of medical microbiology. Pasteur showed that bacteria caused wine, beer, and milk to go sour. Boiling and cooling a liquid, he explained, would remove the bacteria. Germ Theory of Disease Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale (1820– 1910) was a British nurse, statistician, and writer. She did pioneering nursing work while caring for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. In 1860, Nightingale founded a training school for nurses in London. Nurses who trained there went on to work all over the United Kingdom. Florence Nightingale They took with them everything that they had learned about sanitation and hygiene, proper hospital planning, and the best ways to achieve health. Nightingale’s work also marked a turning point for women, who took on a more significant role in medical care. Timeline of milestones: 19th century 1800: British chemist and inventor Humphry Davy described the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, known as laughing gas. 1816: Rene Laennec, a French doctor, invented the stethoscope and pioneered its use in the diagnosis of chest infections. 1818: James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performed the first successful blood transfusion on a patient who had hemorrhage. Timeline of milestones: 19th century 1842: Crawford Long, an American pharmacist and surgeon, was the first doctor to give a patient inhaled ether anesthesia for a surgical procedure. 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell, an American, became the first fully qualified female doctor in the United States and the first female to be on the U.K.’s Medical Register. She promoted the education of women in medicine. Timeline of milestones: 19th century 1867: Joseph Lister, a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, successfully used phenol — then known as carbolic acid — to clean wounds and sterilize surgical instruments, resulting in a reduction in postoperative infections. Timeline of milestones: 19th century 1879: Pasteur produced the first laboratory-developed vaccine, which was against chicken cholera. 1881: Pasteur developed an anthrax vaccine by attenuating the anthrax bacterium with carbolic acid. He demonstrated its effectiveness to the public using 50 sheep. All 25 of the unvaccinated sheep died, but only one vaccinated sheep perished, probably from an unrelated cause.  Timeline of milestones: 19th century 1890: Emil von Behring, a German physiologist, discovered antitoxins and used them to develop vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus. He later received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 1895: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German physicist, discovered X-rays by producing and detecting electromagnetic radiation in this wavelength range. Timeline of milestones: 19th century 1897: Chemists working in the German company Bayer AG produced the first Aspirin. It was a synthetic version of salicin, which they derived from the plant species Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet). Within 2 years, it became a global commercial success.  Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1901: Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian biologist and physician, identified the different blood types and classified them into blood groups. 1901: Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist, identified “presenile dementia,” later known as Alzheimer’s disease. 1903: A Dutch doctor and physiologist called Willem Einthoven invented the first practical electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).  Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1906: Frederick Hopkins, an English biochemist, discovered vitamins and suggested that vitamin deficiencies were the cause of scurvy and rickets. 1907: Paul Ehrlich, a German doctor and scientist, developed a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness. His lab also discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective treatment for syphilis. These discoveries were the start of chemotherapy. 1921: Medical scientists Sir Frederick Banting, a Canadian, and Charles Herbert Best, an American-Canadian, discovered insulin. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1923–1927: Scientists discovered and used the first vaccines for diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tuberculosis (TB), and tetanus. 1928: Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist, discovered penicillin, which came from the mold Penicillium notatum. 1929: The German doctor Hans Berger discovered human electroencephalography, making him the first person to record brain waves. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1932: Gerhard Domagk, a German pathologist and bacteriologist, developed a cure for streptococcal infections and created Prontosil, the first antibiotic on the market. 1935: Max Theiler, a South African microbiologist, developed the first successful vaccine for yellow fever. 1943: Willem J. Kolff, a Dutch doctor, built the world’s first dialysis machine. He later pioneered artificial organs. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1946: American pharmacologists Alfred G. Gilman and Louis S. Goodman discovered the first effective cancer chemotherapy drug, nitrogen mustard. Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie invented acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol). 1949: Daniel Darrow recommended using oral and intravenous rehydration solutions to treat diarrhea in infants. With Harold Harrison, he created the first electrolyte-glucose solution for clinical use.  Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1952: Jonas Salk, an American medical researcher and virologist, invented the first polio vaccine. Salk was hailed as a “miracle worker,” because polio had become a serious public health problem in the U.S. after World War II. 1953: Dr. John Heysham Gibbon, an American surgeon, invented the heart- lung machine. He also performed the first ever open-heart surgery, repairing an atrial septal defect. 1953: Swedish physicist Inge Edler invented medical ultrasonography (echocardiography).  Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1954: Joseph Murray carried out the first human kidney transplant, which involved identical twins. 1958: Rune Elmqvist, a doctor and engineer, developed the first implantable pacemaker. He also developed the first inkjet ECG printer. 1959: Min Chueh Chang, a Chinese- American reproductive biologist, carried out the in vitro fertilization (IVF) that later led to the first “test tube baby.” Chang also contributed toward the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill, which the FDA approved in 1960. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1960: A group of Americans developed the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). They tested it successfully on a dog first, and the technique saved a child’s life shortly afterward. 1962: Sir James W. Black, a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist, invented the first beta-blocker after investigating how adrenaline affects the functioning of the human heart. The drug, Propranolol, is a treatment for heart disease. Black also developed cimetidine, a treatment for stomach ulcers. 1963: Thomas Starzl, an American physician, performed the first human liver transplant, and James Hardy, an American surgeon, carried out the first human lung transplant.  Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1963: Leo H. Sternbach, a Polish chemist, discovered diazepam (Valium). Throughout his career, Sternbach also discovered chlordiazepoxide (Librium), trimethaphan (Arfonad), clonazepam (Klonopin), flurazepam (Dalmane), flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), and nitrazepam (Mogadon). John Enders and colleagues developed the first measles vaccine. 1965: Harry Martin Meyer, an American pediatric virologist, co-developed the rubella vaccine. It became available in 1970. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 966: C. Walton Lillehei, an American surgeon, carried out the first successful human pancreas transplant. Lillehei also pioneered open-heart surgery, as well as new equipment, prostheses, and techniques for cardiothoracic surgery. 1967: Christiaan Barnard, a South African cardiac surgeon, carried out the first human-to-human heart transplant.  Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1970: Doctors used the first effective immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporine, in organ transplant procedures. Cyclosporine also treats psoriasis and other auto-immune conditions, including severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis. 1971: Raymond Vahan Damadian, an Armenian-American medical doctor, discovered the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis. In the same year, Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, a British electrical engineer, presented the computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan machine that he had developed. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1978: Doctors recorded the last fatal case of smallpox. 1979: George Hitchings, an American doctor, and Gertrude Elion, an American biochemist and pharmacologist, made important medications. Their pioneering work eventually led to the development of azidothymidine (AZT), an HIV drug. 1980: Dr. Baruch Samuel Blumberg, 1980: Dr. Baruch Samuel Blumberg, an American doctor, developed the hepatitis B diagnostic test and the hepatitis B diagnostic test and vaccine. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1981: Bruce Reitz, an American cardiothoracic surgeon, successfully performed the first human heart-lung combined transplant procedure. 1985: Kary Banks Mullis, an American biochemist, made improvements to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), making it possible to generate thousands and possibly millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence. 1985: Sir Alec John Jeffreys, a British geneticist, developed the techniques for DNA fingerprinting and profiling that forensic departments now use worldwide. These techniques also resolve problems not relating to crime, such as paternity disputes. Timeline of milestones: 20th century 1986: Eli Lilly launched fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class antidepressant that doctors prescribe for several mental health problems. 1987: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first statin, lovastatin (Mevacor). Statins can reduce LDL cholesterol levels by up to 60 percentTrusted Source, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. 1998: James Alexander Thomson, an American developmental biologist, derived the first human embryonic stem cell line. He later found a way to create stem cells from human skin cells.  Timeline of milestones: 2000 to the present 2000: Scientists completed the draft Human Genome Project (HGP). The project involves collaborators from around the world. It aims to: determine the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up DNA identify and map all 20,000–30,000 or so genes of the human genome 2001: Dr. Kenneth Matsumura created the first bio-artificial liver. This could lead to scientists creating artificial livers for transplantation or other techniques that enable a damaged liver to renew itself. Timeline of milestones: 2000 to the present 2005: Jean-Michel Dubernard, a French transplant specialist, carried out a partial face transplant on a woman whose face became disfigured as a result of a dog attack. In 2010, Spanish doctors carried out a full-face transplant on a man who had been in a shooting accident. Where are we now? Targeted cancer therapy: Doctors are starting to use a new class of drug called biologics to treat cancer and other diseases. Unlike conventional chemotherapy, which can destroy fast-growing healthy cells, these drugs target specific proteins on cancer cells and cause less damage to the whole body. Where are we now? HIV treatment: The effectiveness of HIV treatment is now such that people who take the medication regularly will not pass on the virus. The amount of the virus in their blood, known as viral load, is almost zero. Where are we now? Stem cell therapy: Scientists are working on making human tissue and even whole organs from stem cells. This technique could one day help in treatments ranging from wound healing to prosthetics and replacement livers.  Where are we now? Gene therapy: A type of genetic engineering known as CRISPR gene editing may make it possible in the future to prevent genetic and inherited conditions, such as heart disease, leukemia, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia. Where are we now? Robotics: Robotics and remote- controlled tools can already help surgeons carry out certain types of procedure. One day, surgeons may carry out all operations by controlling the movements of a surgical robot while looking at a monitor. This could enable greater precision and remove some of the risks of human error. Takeaway: Challenges today While modern medicine continues to make headway, some significant challenges remain. One is the upsurge of antibiotic resistance, partly in response to the overuse of antibiotics and also because pathogens, or germs, are adapting to resist them. Another is the increase in pollution and environmental hazards. While the 20th century saw a massive drop in fatalities from infection, future centuries could see that number rise again. It is not yet time to sit back and relax.  Muchas Gracias, Thank You, Shukran, Magsukol The Outstanding Filipino Physicians Awards 2009 “In the Service of Humanity “ JCI Senate Philippines, DOH, Philhealth Manila Hotel, December 2009