Final Exam Hum 111 PDF

Nov 8, 2022 topics for finals start here Rome in Pax Romana (200 years) The Five ‘Good Emperors’ - - Keeping the peace in Rome, not tyrants Peaceful transfer of power Doesn’t have a hereditary succession - Passed down not to a son, but would hand it down to the next rightful heir - Adopted an ari...

Nov 8, 2022 topics for finals start here Rome in Pax Romana (200 years) The Five ‘Good Emperors’ - - Keeping the peace in Rome, not tyrants Peaceful transfer of power Doesn’t have a hereditary succession - Passed down not to a son, but would hand it down to the next rightful heir - Adopted an aristocrat with potential as the next emperor - No nepotism Brought stability to the empire Roman empire expanded to its height, stopped at Germania, Rhine, and Danube The final ‘good emperor’ was Marcus Aurelius (121-180 CE) - A stoic philosopher king - Meditations of Marcus Aurelius weren’t meant to be published, like his diary - Hands down the empire to his actual son - 200s: several ‘barracks emperors’; bad years - Emperors who were not always Roman grew up fighting from the outside, favored soldiers, and ignores the city of Rome - Strong military culture - Began the decline and deterioration of the city of Rome Diocletian Reforms - - - From modern-day Croatia Persecuted Christians severely Saw that the Roman Empire was too big to be governed by one person; splits the empire into two halves ie. administrative split into East and West - Introduced Tetrarchy – ‘Rule of Four’ - Similar to a President and Vice President situation for each half - President equivalent is called Augustus (higher rank) - Vice President equivalent is called Caesar (lower rank) Diocletian appoints himself as the Augustus of the East (Greece, Turkey, Alexandria, etc.) Caesar becomes the next Augustus - People were wanting to become the next Caesar - Instead of trying to murder the Augustus, they wanted to become the next Caesar 305 CE – Diocletian retires, forces his co-Augustus to also retire The Rise of Constantine - Father (Constantius) was a Caesar under Diocletian - - - Constantine’s father In 305 CE – Diocletian retires as emperor Constantius raised to Augustus - He got sick and died almost immediately, right after he became Augustus Constantius raises up Constantine to be a Caesar; becomes Constantius’ Augustus 306 CE – Constantius dies; Constantine becomes western Augustus Diocletian’s reforms fail so badly; turmoil on eastern half of the empire - Diocletian comes out of retirement a few times to try to put them back on track 312 CE – Constantine invades Italy - Essentially means that he’s conquered Rome - Creates a civil war - Eastern Augustus makes his way to Italy to try and fix things, Constantine takes advantage of the turmoil to meet the other Augustus in Italy and fight him - Constantine’s vision - When he was invading Italy - Constantine’s mother is a christian, his father was a pagan; Constantine was a christian - He claims that Jesus gave him a vision and God also gave him a vision that if he goes by the sign of the cross, he will be led to victory - Defeats his rivals at the Battle of Milvian Bridgefa Christianity goes from the persecuted religion to becoming THE religion Eusebius, Constantine Emperor Constantine - - 313 CE – Edict of Milan: religious toleration throughout the empire - He made Christianity one of the legal religions Promotes building campaign of churches Hierarchy of the Churches: - Bishop (lowest) - Someone in charge of a city, but not very important - Low lever bishop is placed in unimportant cities. - Metropolitan (Archbishops) - When you’re a leader in a prestigious city - A lot of say and power in the church - Patriarchs - Most prominent cities. - A ‘Father’ - Leader in the most important cities in the world → Who has pre-eminence/most important? Calls together a council 325 CE – The Council of Nicaea - ‘Was Jesus God or just a prophet?’ - Arianism – named after a man called Arius - Denied the doctrine of the trinity - - - - - Jesus was a created being; did all that he did as a human and not a god - Believed that Jesus was God’s first creation - Not an acceptable form of Christianity - In the Council of Nicaea, Arianism was declared a heresy - Lasted for hundreds of years 325 CE – Constantine rebuilds Constantinople - It is now Istanbul, Turkey - ‘New Rome’ Constantine abandons Diocletian’s reforms - Abolishes the tetrarchy - Hereditary succession The empire shifts east - Started to create divisions - Divisions develop between east and west - Beginning of a major language difference between the east and west; Latin vs Greek - Eastern half: Greek - Christianity in the east continues to utilize greek - Western half: Latin began to grow because of Octavian - Christianity in the west started to utilize latin - The city of Rome abandoned; now in Ravenna 337 CE – Constantine dies - Divides the empire among his 3 sons - 3 sons ends up in civil war, one dies in battle, leaving two to fight and will eventually result in a singular ruler - Short return to ‘paganism’ under Julian (360-63 CE) - Julian was Constantine’s nephew - He believed in the traditional Greco-Persian traditions - Referred to as ‘Julian the Apostate’ - Julian dies early on in his reign because of battle - After 363 CE, there are no more non-christian rulers; Julian is the last non-christian emperor of the Roman empire Shaping a New World 391 CE – Emperor Theodosius outlaws paganism - Outlaws non-christian religions in Rome Christianity is the only legal religion Back 100 years 291, hate christians Fathers of Christianity/The Church Fathers - People outside the bible - Most important and prolific thinkers 3 substantial figures: 1. Jerome (340-420 CE) - Translation of the bible from Greek to Latin (Vulgate) Vulgate: The language of the everyday Vulgate – considered the ‘vulgar’ language; the language of the people His translation becomes the primary version of the bible in western Christianity 1960 is when the church finally says you can do masses/services in their own preferred language Comentaries on the bible Jerome was a good commentary on the Bible; vital to become a good theologist - Makes comments on how to ‘properly’ interpret the bible Jerome liked both classic pagan and christian writers - Plato, Aristotle, Virgil, etc. 2. Bishop Ambrose of Milan (340-397 CE) - - - The bishop of Italy He questions who’s in charge? The emperor or bishops? Who has the higher power? The emperor or the church - From emperor pov: he’s in charge of the army, taxes, etc., kind of like an absolute power - From church pov: they have a divine power, the emperor doesn’t have this; power of salvation Clerical power over salvation Theodore, Humiliation of Theodosius - There was a revolt in Thessalonica that the emperor had to stop. Theodosius took it one step further and ordered a massacre for the people in Thessalonica. Viewed as a great sin in christianity. Theodosius was on the way to mass at Ambrose’s church in Milan, to which he was refused entry. ‘You cannot take communion until you have publicly repented’ (because of the massacre of people in Thessalonica). He obeyed this and publicly repented his sin of massacring the people of Thessalonica. - May have been politics too from Theodosius’ side Theodosius massacres subjects - Ambrose denies the eucharist. - Theodosius Publicly repents and listens to the ambrose. - Showcases the churchs power over salvation. 3. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE) - A Greco-Roman pagan - - - - - Didn’t grow up a christian Went through a long spiritual journey through greek and roman philosophy - To try to answer the question of: why does evil exist Neo-platonism and Manicheism - Plato’s philosophy continues to evolve - Neo-platonism didn’t give him ‘good answers’ - Manicheism – a mix of platonism, christianity, and persian religion - Main question of: what’s going on with evil - Manicheism says that the god of good and evil are always fighting and the evil we see around us are the evil ‘winning’ Went to Milan to hear the preachings of Ambrose Converts to Orthodox Christianity - Orthodox is opposite of heresy Eventually becomes a bishop in North Africa Writings: Confessions (Autobiography, creator, gets transition of thoughts, nature of time) and The City of God (The first chritsitan version of what heredotus has done, historian after greko persian wars, Augustine provides the first christian history of the world) The doctrine of Original Sin (No write, just popularize) - Everyone after that is born guilty after adam and eve - Everyone is born with a sin. - Which is why people baptist babies, so you believe that washing away the sins of original sin. - No Baptism, baby is born with sin, dies go into limbo. The doctrine of Predestination (No write, just popularize) - Kind of like fate - God has predestined some people to go into heaven or hell. - The idea that god has predestined every action of every human - No one has free will; free will is an illusion - Pessimistic view of humanity - God make me chase but not yet - Humans are not that great Defender of orthodoxy correct christian doctrine. The Middle Ages The End of Rome The Collapse of the Western Roman Empire - The shift East - Essentially ignores the western half - Causes plenty of internal divisions, resulting in internal tensions - - - Dynamic changes, so the empire moves to the east and they forget about the west. - Nothing is going on in the west. - Western is forgotten - Internal tensions, and east becomes opposed to the west. - Greek Vs Latin problem, the language of the empire is starting to split. - Religious differences - Orthodox vs Catholics - Orthodoxy Right - Left Catholicsy The Rise of the Goths - Comes in from Eastern part of the empire - Germanic peoples (German people) Modern day german - The perfect example of a barbarian group for Rome seen as barbaric - No major cities in the Gothic realm - No laws → perfect example of unlawful and barbaric - They are threated as second class citizens - Romans treated goths vry poorly, they didnt speak greek. - Don’t speak latin or greek - Incursion of the Huns - Huns – horse-borne nomads from the east who were skilled archers - Goths are pushed out by the Huns and go south to invade the Romans - 378 CE – Gothic Revolt - Goths defeated the Romans in Adrianople The Rise of Alaric - Gothic leader of Revolt - Granted Italy for him to ‘protect’; he was the protector of Italy - Given a military post by the emperor to avoid revolt - Sack of Rome in 410 CE - Huge moment, in roman history. Setting the scene for the collapse. Romulus Augustulus - The last Western Roman Emperor In the late 400s He was raised to the throne; but only reigns for a short period of time Deposed in 476 CE - The day the western roman empire collapsed. - By a mix of barbarians Nov 15, 2022 Odoacer - Gothic king of Italy Theodoric - - A goth raised among the court of Constantinople Given free reign to depose Odoacer by the Eastern Roman Emperor - Eastern Roman Emperor always influencing what’s going on in Western Europe - Helps to raise up Theodoric Eventually deposed Odoacer He kills odoacer Creates his own stable Italian kingdom - Has the support of the Constantinople Emperor (eastern roman emperor) Coins were minted with his face He’s a christian, but doesn’t believe Jesus was god - aka. an Aryan Christian 500 CE – Loose Western Kingdoms - Barbarians are in charge in these loose western kingdoms. No domination Roman stability is gone Lack o Western Roman has to figure out what will they do after Rome collapses Eastern Roman empire will last for a long time 500 CE to 1500 CE: The Middle Ages - The Western Middle Ages The middle of 2 heights 3 major successors to Rome has come out of this time: - Byzantine Empire - The Eastern half of the Roman Empire - Refers to themselves as Roman - Called the Byzantine Empire as Constantine’s name was Byzantine - The Islamic Empire - Spreads to North Africa and even to Spain - Conquers a lot of cities - Western European Kingdoms Successors to Rome Tried to be like Rome in one way or the other. Sometimes referred to Byzantine Empire Eastern part of rome. - Eastern Empire: Byzantium The Roman Empire in the East - - - - Byzantium – the ancient name of Constantinople Referred to themselves as ‘Romans’ not ‘Byzantines’, They called themselve - Hence, the emperor of Byzantine refers himself as the Roman emperor he is the Roman Empire Far smaller than Octavian’s empire as big as it will ever get, it does not explore. Succession from Constantine’s rule - Constantine converted to Christianity. - The byzantium took expectation from the constanin empire. Solidly Christian – paganism outlawed. No other religion is allowed. Islam is about to rise. Eastern is Orthodox. Western is Catholic. Pressure from Persia, then Islam - Has to deal with a revived Persian empire; the Sasanians - There’ll be an islamic Persian empire - Persia is converted to Islam The problem with byzantine they will create a clash with the islamic people. Finally falls in 1453 CE - Collapses fully in 1543 CE (HUM 212) - Causes the Rise of the Ottoman Empire The Emperor Justinian (527-565 CE) - Byzantine. - - - - He expanded the byzantine empire to its largest point Born to a very low-standing family by the name of Peter the Serb - Outskirts of Byzantine From a low birth to Emperor Justinian’s uncle (Justin) was a highly influential member of the court in Constantinople - Justin didn’t have legitimate heirs in his family - Justin brings young Justinian to Constantinople to learn about the empire - Educated in Constantinople, Becoming a law degree semi. The emperor died, and Justin (Justinians Uncle) was appointed to be the emperorr. Justin was chosen as a co-emperor of the Byzantine empire - Rite of passage to be raised up to be emperor When Justin is of older age, he raises up Justinian to be co-emperor of the Byzantine empire - Justinian eventually becomes Justinian, emperor of Rome Justinian became emperor in 527 CE, and takes over from his uncle because he was getting old. His Conquest: - Reconquers North Africa from Vandals. - Reconquers Italy from the Goths. The only emperror to reconquer italy. Re-establishes rule in Italy and North Africa Briefly re-conquers Italy The one Byzantine emperor that significantly expands the Byzantine empire - - - - Failed to unite the old Roman Empire and he was sad. This desire was abandoned. Justinian’s Law Code: Codification of Roman Law - Founded on God’s guidance; based on Christianity, the Holy trinity. - In the name of our lord, Jesus Christ. - Established the sovereign’s power - What pleases the price has the force of the law - Powers delegated by the people - What has been given can be taken away - Early interpretation and idea that the emperor has responsibilities to his people and free speech. - He opened the door for riots. - State is a public entity, not a private possesion. - Not your private bank account for the emperor, the soldiers are not a private army - Its a public good. - Foundation for many modern law codes - Napoleonic code. Viewed as ‘second Rome’- Constaninople. Borders recede in the west and the east - Too much pressure from North Africa and the Sasanian Empire - Taken over by the islamic empire Sassanid empire conquers former Persia and ANE Centralized and efficient bureaucracy Strong trade of luxuries and coins Mosaics of Justinian and his wife are found in Ravena, Italy – supports the idea that Justinian successfully re-conquers Italy Orthodox Christianity – eastern side of Roman empire, Byzantine Empire - Tends to utilize Greek - Iconoclast Controversy - Image of religious figures - In the East, the Byzantine argue whether or not iconoclasts should be allowed - They argue that Christians shouldn’t depict the figures as icons Catholic Christianity – western side of Roman empire - Tends to utilize Latin Hellenistic Education Hagia Sophia - The Great Church of Holy Wisdom - Architecture - It’s now a mosque - Begun by Justinian, when it was finished, he (allegedly) proclaimed: Solomon I have surpassed thee - Tracing it back to King Solomon - Example of imperial christianity The Rise of Islam The Arabian Peninsula - Nomadic tribes Mecca and the Kaaba - Has been big for trade for many countries - Close proximity to the Red Sea - The Kaaba – a religious site - Originally a polytheistic religious site - The Quraysh – the tribe in charge of the Kaaba during the time of Muhammad The Life of Muhammad - - - - Born in 570 CE in Mecca Married a wealthy widow - A wealthy trader Became a prosperous trader Most likely to be polytheistic 610 CE – Muhammad receives spritual visions - Visions sent by the angel Gabriel - Visions are the conviction that there aren’t multiple gods, but only one all-powerful god - Led to his revelation that there’s only one god His revelations are first rejected in Mecca - Including the Quraysh Muhammad was kicked out of Mecca and travels to the town of Yathrib (Medina) - The Hijra – marks the beginning of time - Changes the name from Yathrib to Medina – ‘city of the prophet’ Followers begin to raid Mecca’s traders - Intentionally disrupting the trade routes of Mecca - Set off a large civil war between Mecca and Medina 630 CE – Muhammad gains control of Mecca - The Kaaba became an Islamic holy site 632 CE – Muhammad dies Muslim Conquest - The first caliph (deputy): Abu Bakr – Muhammad’s father-in-law - The successor 630s – Islamic armies conquer Arabian Peninsula 646 – Conquer Roman Egypt 651 – Conquers Persia By early 700s – North Africa and Spain are under Islami control Shi’ite and Sunni Split - - Who should be Muhammad’s successor? Shi’ites – only a relative of Muhammad through his daughter can be true caliphs - Daughter: Fatimah - Only descendents of Fatimah - Shi’ites – translates to something like a faction Sunnis – a general consensus leader - More of looking for the most apt person - The person doesn’t necessarily need to be part of Muhammad’s family - Most of modern day muslims are Sunnis Islamic Dynasties Umayyad Empire - The ones that are considered to have ‘spearheaded’ the movement Not closely related to the Muhammad family The empire is centered in Damascus (Syria) A Roman successor state Many Byzantine and Roman architecture Umayyad spreads Islam to Spain Attempted 2x to conquer Constantinople Abbasid Empire - Rose from the Persian side of the Islams Opposition of Umayyads Claimed authority through Muhammad’s uncle - Sunnies; Fatimah’s descendants Overthrew the Umayyad Empire Heavily stressed Persian Culture - Moved the capital city to Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia) Spreads quickly and begin to push the Umayyad empire back Revolt from within the Umayyad empire More conservative with their theology 800 CE – Umayyads in Spain; Abbasids in North Africa and ANE Muhammad and the Qur’an - Islam – submission to Allah - Submitting to Allah is the primary mission of Muslims Same god of Judaism and Christianity Muhammad is the greatest prophet Qur’an means ‘recitations’ - Qur’an has many poetic features - A recital of what Gabriel said to him - Muhammad’s direct revelations - Its exactly what Gabriel said to Muhammad - Focus on a day of Judgment - Escatological Religion (focused on the end times) - Human choice: submit to Allah or follow your path Nov 29, 2022 Western European Kingdoms. A time of instability - Breakdown of roman culture - Lack of a strong currency - Bartering system - The breakdown of Roman culture - Lack of a strong currency - The rich are hoarding the money and luxury items - Elite: coins and luxury items - The rich aren’t doing anything to spur the economy - Everyone else: bartering and trade as currency - Went backwards to an economy like in the ANE - Doesn’t help to develop the economy - Moves backward - Threat of Islamic invasion - Strong well trained, technologically advanced people are scared. Kingdom of the Franks (Modern day France) - Associated with modern day France At its height, it enters northern Spain, and a little bit of Geneva as well Kingdom as a whole is called franks. - Early Dynasty of the Franks is Merovingian dynasty. - Merovingian Dynasty - The most important early dynasties of the Franks Get their name from a man called Merovech Their first king (400s CE) Dynasty continues to expand outward Rising when the western is drawing down. Clovis (466-511 CE) - Accepts Catholic Christianity - The king of the Franks in the Merovingian Dynasty - The king that converts to Catholic Christianity - Many people move over to this religion because they are semi forced into it. - - A stable king; helps give the Merovingians stability They don’t practice primogeniture - Primogeniture – handing it down to the first son - They instead pass it down to all of the sons equally - Often results in civil wars because the sons get ambitious ‘Stable Division’ - The kingdom remains a cohesive cultural unit despite all the issues stemming from primogeniture - Breaks apart frequently but stays together ultimately The Carolingian Empire - - A family growing in power in the Merovingian Dynasty A Frankish family Growing in power beginning with a man called Pepin I (635-714 CE) Pepin I - He was never a king but he - Hold the job called Maior Domus – ‘mayor of the palace’ - He’s Maior Domus for a few decades - De facto king, he has more power than the actual king. - The primary administrator of the kingdom - The Maior Domus ends up becoming the De Facto king De Facto King – with the power he has, he could be the king Charles Martel (688-741 CE) - Martel – ‘The Hammer’ Receives the title of Maior Domus from his father (passed down) Defends Franks from Umayyad invasion and defeats the Umayyad Empire in France Help spread Christianity in Northern Europe Patronizes Catholic missionaries into Northern Europe Connects Franks with the Bishop of Rome (Pope) Pepin the Younger (714-768 CE) - Kicks out the meonvingians. Member of the Carolingian Dynasty The one that takes the last step; when the Merovingian Dynasty had no king, he declares himself king The king of the Carolingian king His claim to the throne was tenuous - Usurped Merovingians He knew his tenure as king was thin; needed someone else to establish his rule Anointed king of Franks by the Bishop of Rome (Pope) Solidifies connection of church and state Charles I ‘The Great’ [Charlemagne] (742-814 CE) - Becomes king of the Franks after Pepin dies Aggressive military campaigns Expanded the borders Conquered Lombardy (Northern Italy) Conquered Germany Spread borders into Northern Spain Converted conquered areas for Catholicism Strong network of local officials – counts He sends out loyal administrators to the conquered territories Minted a new currency - Distributed according to ‘pounds’ - Viewed himself as a leader of a unified community: Christendom - ‘Protector of the Papacy’ (the Pope) - The pope makes him the king of the Holy Roman Empire Dec 2, 2022 - Christmas 800 CE: Emperor of the new Holy Roman Empire - Rival to the Byzantine Empire - Now 2 ‘Roman Empires” - Helped produce a western European identity - Dissolved after Charles’s death in 814 CE - Viking invasions - After Charlemagne’s death - Coming down from Scandinavian nations to England, and even Constantinople - Evidence that the vikings were trading with muslim people - Plundered the cities of the former Charlemagne empire - But also spread wealth after plundering; by utilizing the cash taken from the different cities in another city - Viking invasion lasts for a few hundred years - Carolingian Renaissance – ’standardization’ (NOT THE RENNAISACE) - Goal: to make every city look and feel of the same culture all throughout - Rebirth of learning/education - Charles himself was illiterate - Charlemagne’ Hired Alcuin of York - Alcuin is a monk - He collected and copied works of the classical world to standardize them - Copying the Latin Bible – scriptorium (a place where bibles were copied) - Corrected scribal errors - Standardized writing - Standardized way to write and spell latin - How should latin letters be shaped - Standardized Catholic worship - Gives a lot of knowledge for the catholic mass - Previously, bad books, bad knowledge, - There’s local variations on worship depending on where one is but the main guideline is more or less the same Standardize the practices for church Standardized education - Some people are still poor The Power of Monasticism - - - - - The purpose of monasticism: Be like Jesus - You cannot be killed because of your faith, because you cannot be a martyr - A new way of dying to yourself to become jesus (Becoming a Monk) Reject earthly pleasures; live in imitation of Jesus’s life Become a spiritual martyr Independence from local church authorities - Independent from church, so it lives alone without a bishop or pope, they have no overseeing and gives them a position of superiority Male and Female monastic orders - Females were viewed as more pure than the men - Common for unmarried, volatile, and politically ambitious women to be sent to monasteries - Women were sent to monasteries involuntarily. Because their family is poor. Places of social and political power - Located not just in mountains but also central in cities, ran taverns, had manipulative power Missionary Activity Monastic Reform - The need for reform: Spiritual authority gone - People dont trust them that much anymore - Take monestaries out of the hands of local lords - Starts supporting political families - Placed directly under the pope in rome - Networks of MOnastic houses, they started to collaborate with each other and formed an alliance, Brother and sister house that were connected and started connecting with other monasteries and formed their own semi network alliances of monastic houses that was to lead to the same goal - The rule of St Benedict of Rosia - Turns to strict monastic culture - Keeps in line with keeping poverty - If monks are not praying, they should be in the garden Pope Gregory the Great (540-604 CE) - Considered one of the major patriarchs - Rejected his family’s advice and became a monk; uses his family’s wealth to support the poor people of Rome - First form of a ‘food bank’ - Elected pope by acclamation - Apostolic tradition - First people to start making theological arguments for why the pope should be considered the highest authority in the church - Argument based on the Apostolic Tradition - Expanded the role of the Bishop of Rome (Pope) in the West - Connection with Peter the Apostle (The guy with the key) - Pastoral care (What priests should do) - Like being a shepherd; He argued that Bishops should shepherd the flock (the people) in proper theology and conduct - Development of the doctrine of Purgatory - Not heaven or hell - Diantara Dec 6, 2022 1000 CE – Europe was divided (politically) Medieval Warming Period (950-1250 CE) - - - Better crop yields Allowed for farming throughout Europe - Britian was able to make wine and grapes - Better crop yields, since golden zone expands. Agricultural Revolution - Revolution in farming technology: - Animal-drawn plow cow pulling a plow - More animals are placed on the cow, heavier and they become better plows. - The wheelbarrow - The watermill - Adaptations to increase the production and efficiency of food Manor system (Farms were bigger stronger and more effective) - There’s a village run by a Manor/Castle/Chateau (basically big old houses) - Manors are owned by a Lord; rich elite person of the middle ages - The payment for living on the land is to work the fields, pay taxes of the production to the Lord, farm crops for themselves and for the Lord in exchange for protection too (knights). They ask for money - Good: community sharing - Because the farming technology were still expensive, the peasants spread out the cost to buy one for the whole village - They are able to make it to be cheaper - Bad: serfs - - Produces another level of slaves called serfs A category of slaves that developed from this system Could not move upwards in society or get married without the approval of the lord The title of ‘serfs’ are inherited from their fathers Historian refer to this as a version of slavery as they aren’t allowed to leave legally; not legally free Serfs cannot be bought Crop Rotation - 3 fields: autumn field, spring field, and fallow field (empty) - At least 1 field being left empty for the animals to help replenish nutrients - Expanded their crop variation to beans and oats (higher in protein than bread and beer) - Can be used to feed the animals too - Help to produce more abundance overall; healthier lifestyles The Growth of Towns - - - Influx of gold and silver due to Vikings, they destroyed a lot of property. They were barbaric and abusive. When the vikings came through they also brought through gold. There is a church name, near the heart of the city. Convent garden, wesminister abby. Growth around monasteries so the monasteries are centalized. Specialization in trade; towns specialized in producing a good (eg. England and wool) - These goods are exported and imported, producing a market; free market economy - Each town has their own, classification. Towns were wild - Gardens in the middle of the town, animal/human feces in the middle of the road, a lot of animals running around - Theres farms in the town - Thers many weird things in the towns, and it was crazy Locales of freedom - Independent from a manor-system Lord and Bishops - Independent from both secular and religious power - Serfs can escape to towns because towns were independent The Rise of England 1066: King Edward the Confessor Dies - Didn’t have a legitimate heir to the throne; people were fighting for it - William – Duke of Normandy (France): claims dominion over England - Herold Godwinson contests William’s claim - William invades England - Conquers England in 1066; marks the beginning of the modern English monarchy - - - William pacifies local rulers, using English common laws (traditions that have the force of law): - He conquered, so he is king - Rewarded followers with fiefs (land) - Fiefs reciprocated with loyalty Claimed power of the English King - Only king could mint coins, William minted coins - Shire Reeve → Sheriff (enforcer) ‘William the Conqueror’ Monastic Reform - Monasteries have become a place where people can gain power The need for reform: spiritual authority gone Take monasteries out of the hands of local lords - Placed directly under the Pope in Rome Networks of monastic houses (brotherhoods/sisterhoods with local oversight to keep them in check) - In order to maintain the purity of the monasteries - The Rule of St. Benedict of Norcia - Returns to strict monastic culture - Wear simple clothing, one color - No idle time Popular Religion: Pilgrimage and Relics - - Relic – Fragments of dead saints (property or bones) ‘Go on pilgrimage’ to see a relic; doing a holy act which they will be rewarded for time off purgatory/bypass purgatory, by practicing pious acts - People say that you can feel the holiness from relics Hopes of grace or healing People go under the bones of saints to get grace and healing Relic is inside of a gold statue, and jewels. Relic Quary Clergy Reform - Simony: paying for a church office, he would sell the bishops position to other people, through a higher bidding. They are purchasing their offices, This position isa good positions. Simony became ilegal by the order of the church. - Bishops buy and sell a church office (includes land) - Clerical celibacy (church law; priests are ‘married to the church’ and shouldn’t be having children). They are married to the church and are not allowed to have their own family. Dec 9, 2022 The Crusades (Lowest point in western world) Context of Christianity - 1054 CE – Orthodox and Catholic Churches split this is the official break. - Aka ‘The Great Schism’ - The eastern church of the byzanitne and catholic western europe, they split into 2 seperate religions, claiming that they are the one true church of jesus christ. - The Byzantine Empire - Gets the worse of the Crusades Accidentally begins the Crusades Threatened by Seljuk Turks (Islamic empire that comes closer into the empire) At one of its lowest points in history They are in a difficult position and squeezed in both sides But particularly scared of the east islams. Requests aid from Western Europe - Even though the Byzantine Empire is an Orthodox denomination, they ask help from the other Christian counterpart. - They ask for help even though they already split and that they are - They need help protecting Constantinople; its key for their own position. - They ask for aid. - Western europe is so many different empires, so the eastern empire requests the Pope for assistance. Specifically the pope, so that they can unite all these countries. The bishop of Rome. The Pope Pope Urban II - - Agrees to help the Byzantine Empire to assists protecting Constantinople. Reasons: - He may think that by coming to the aid and helping of the Byzantine empire, he can fix the Schism; hopes to reunite Christianity both eastern and western under the Pope/Bishop of Rome - Stop rival knights and lords; give a common enemy for them, the Seljuk Turks - They are afraid that the knights would attack since knights are loyal to the money, not to the person. There are gangs of knights. - The pope wants them to focus, on the islamic enemy. - Offer salvation to crusading knights so that all their killings, all their crimes, they go on crusades and help for the enemy of christianity, the islamic empire. He offers them salvation. - Crusades not started by king, but by the pope, and took a turn for a religious war. Army of 100,000 sent to Byzantine emperor, all are volunteers they tookup crusandine. Voluntary and they are helping the byzantine empire protect Constanipole. - Feels like an invasion force and its not a defensive army. - There’s a goal difference between the Byzantine and Urban - Byzantine’s goal: defend - Urban’s goal: retake Jerusalem (like 300-400 years after it was taken from the Muslims) Invade Turkey and reconquer Jerusalem. Motivation for the Crusades Why are they attacking. - - - Worldly motivations: money, land, adventure, they wanted to go the holy land and become wealthy and rich. Vast majority: religious motivation to serve Lord Jesus christ and the pope. It costs a lot to go on crusade its very expensive - 2 years worth of wages. - People sell lands, mortgage lands, to go on crusades - This was because of the way it was promoted Crusading was the ultimate pilgrimage everyone wanted to be a part of it. - Significant time off of purgatory and absorb the holiness. - If you made it to the church of the holy jesus tomb. Plenary Indulgence All you sins, will be forgiven by the pope. - If crusaders made it all the way to Jerusalem, all your sins are forgiven They cannot go back home because they have no money to go to crusade. Various routes of crusades. 1095 – Western European begin first crusade this is the first batch of crusades, when pope urban moves to crusades. Starts from Colonge and all the way down to Jerusalem. - ‘Peasants Crusade’ (Purple line) they were the lower class 1097 – in Constantinople, they reached here and the emperor is freaked, and was weirded out by an invasion force. They started to fight in Nicea, 1098 – Crusaders recapture the city of Antioch (Syria) - First place where Christians first called themselves Christian 1099 – Crusaders recapture Jerusalem They are in a frenzy of crusade and started killing people. - Disastrous 4 years: disease, massacres, etc. - Power shifts to Western Europe: Naval Power - At Venice, its starting to overpower and expand and become a major power of the Mediterranean. - Its turning to a naval power in the mediterranean world, the major naval power used to be the byzantine. Crusader Kingdoms - Made up by a mix of people Western european kingdoms, that are in the ancient near east, They are strange. In the long run, the kingdoms would fail because they are unstable. The County of Edessa: Parts of Turkey Syria, and Iraq (Mix of many religions, Random religions and races & Cosmopolitan) - Lasts 40-45 years before it is re-conquered by the muslim empires, Because the people that completed their missions, packed up and went home They dont like the westerners Internal disagreements. Kingdom of Jerusalem - 1187 CE recaptured by islamic–empires because people left Richard the Lionheart The king of england. After - Spoke only French, no english - He lived in france more of his life. - Restarted another crusade to takeover the city of jerusalem. - Hes a failure, he goes down and does not conquer jerusalem,and made a deal with a muslim sultan, and then going back to france. Where he died where he was killed by a Kid, shopoting a crossbow - He didnt go back to england - He got captured on his way back to england, then england paid the ransom. 1300 CE – European and Christian control of the Middle East is over crusader kingdoms are gone, and all the western control in the middle east in over, biggest failure flop because the money, time, and resources was gone very quickly in the grand scheme of things. Crusades have illustrated themselves as failure Constantinople and the West - When crusaders are going into constantinople Crusaders, sooner and later, they came to venice since they were gaining in popularity and strength and they rode boats, instead of walking through europe. A crusade team, was accidentally dropped of in Constantinople, and they chose to sack the place and steal it. The city of Venice-Sacks Constantinople in 1204 CE Offensive moment. Where this was tense between east and west. For a short time, Venice controls them. They are pretending that they are coming down. Impacted the Western Europeans too, faced persecution and death “Crusades at home” - Jews - Massacre of Jews in Western Europe - They were attacked in their home - They were seen as the enemy of christ. - - - - They cannot afford, and they see attacking jews as pilgrimage and the goals of the crusade (Not supported by the pope) - Jews were put into their own Jewish neighborhoods that are walled and protected - Made it an easy target too Albegensians (Cathars) - Believed that God and Satan are equally matched gods who are always fighting (heresy) unlike christian where god will always prevail. - God is the good god - Satan is the evil god Waldensians - Want to setup their own religion. - Believed that Christians should live in poverty and become beggars (heresy) - Makes life for everyone worse What does the pope do? - They try to corre through the Mendicant Orders Dominicans – “Order of Preachers” - Preach to people like the Albegensians, Waldensians; teach people the proper doctrine and to prevent further development of these groups. Educate heretics. They preach their errors and started educating priests. Franciscans – “Friars Minor” - - He used to be rich and he threw everything to be poor St. Francis of Assisi - They are saying that they are intentionally poor, and appeal to the poor and uneducated to get more support from the people. - This is to, help crusading at home. - Allegedly very wealthy Practiced intentional poverty Franciscans got approval from the pope to be a legitimate monastic house - Unlike the Dominicans In Conclusion Hum 2 Everything Falls Apart. A return to antiquity : Greece and Rome Foreward to modern world: Monarchies Further expansion: The new World A scientific Revolution Hum 212