History Unit 2 PDF

Key terms oml Theodore 26th U.S. president from 1901-1909. Made the Roosevelt Collorary (right to Roosevelt intervene in Latin America for stability and prevent European influence in the Americas, destined the role as a “policeman” of the world), Big Stick Diplomacy...

Key terms oml Theodore 26th U.S. president from 1901-1909. Made the Roosevelt Collorary (right to Roosevelt intervene in Latin America for stability and prevent European influence in the Americas, destined the role as a “policeman” of the world), Big Stick Diplomacy (negotiate peacefully but use force if necessary), Panama Canal Roosevelt President Theodore Roosevelt’s extension of the Monroe Doctrine; a proposition Corollary (following one already approved) asserting that the U.S. would oppose European colonization or influence on developing nations. Stated that the U.S. had the right to intervene in affairs, especially of Latin American countries to stabilize them. (1904) Dollar President William Howard Taft’s foreign policy to minimize the use or threat of Diplomacy military force (unlike Roosevelt who was known for carrying a “big stick”) and instead gain power with money. Lent money to foreign countries in return for the ability of the U.S. to manage the government in that country. Yellow The exaggeration and sensationalism of news for more readers. Started as a Journalism competition between two New York newspapers thanks to mass media. Demonized Spain’s brutality in Cuba further, leading to sympathy for Cubans seeking independence and fueling hate towards Spain (both leading to support for U.S. intervention in Cuba). South Cuba, Honduras, Panama, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Mexico, and American Puerto Rico. Motives of the Roosevelt Collorary, economic interests [investments, Intervention trade, access to resources], and regional stability. Place that U.S. viewed as its “background” to exert its power and influence. Cuban 1800s, Cubans sought self-rule/independence from Spain. A revolutionary group Revolt made of poor white people, free black people, and slaves demanded the establishment of a republic and to abolish slavery. They engaged in guerilla warfare until Spanish general Valeriano Weyler established unsanitary, crude reconcentration camps → thousands of innocents die from disease and starvation Rough Army regiment of volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt made up of college Riders athletes and western cowboys. Fought in Cuba during the Spanish American War, charged up Kettle hill while other forces went towards San Juan Hill to, through teamwork, successfully take the ridge by nightfall. Spanish Yellow journalism, the leaked De Lome letter criticizing president McKinely as American “weak”, and the USS Maine explosion with newspaper hoaxes blaming Spain War influenced public opinion to go to war. President McKinley called for an armistice with Spain and asked them to cease hostility and close concentration camps and gain Cuba its independence, but they were unwilling to give up control of Cuba → McKinley asks to declare war. Congress agrees and also passes Teller Amendment that states the U.S. would leave the government/control of the island to its people after Cuba was liberated. First battle occurs in the Philippines (Spain’s largest remaining colony). Fighting begins in Cuba, relying on the Rough Riders and African American soldiers. Results in U.S. winning its first overseas war as a new world power and gaining Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as a result of the  Treaty of Paris. U.S. becomes an imperial power. Platt Provision granting the U.S. authority to intervene in Cuban affairs and buy land fo Amendment rnaval bases in turn for true Cuban independence. President McKinley declared the U.S. would remain in Cuba to help restore it after the Spanish American War. The U.S. ruled Cuba under a military government and built infrastructure. However, many Cubans resented American control, referencing the Treaty of Paris agreement for independence and Teller Amendment. This led to the Platt Amendment, and American investments on the island would grow; U.S. business owned 60% of Cuba’s rural lands and many of its industries. Philippine Post Spanish-American war, McKinley refused to grant independence believing Insurrection they were unequipped to self-govern. Hoped to “civilize, uplift, and Christianize” Filipinos while also retaining U.S. control to prevent other nation influences. Ultimately, Filipinos wrote a constitution and elected leader Emilio Aguinaldo but the U.S. refused to recognize the new government. Fighting begun in 1899, with ultimately 200,000 Filipinos killed after U.S. retaliated to brutal force destroying villages and prison camps. Post war, the U.S. sets up a central and local government and builds schools and improved harbors. They control the Philippines for 50 years, finally granting independence in 1946. Big Stick Roosevelt’s strong arm approach to foreign affairs. Work quietly and Diplomacy patiently/negotiate to achieve goals overseas, but use force as necessary. Used to inforce idea that the U.S. was an “international police” and that it must preserve peace and order while protecting American interests. Panama Many nations wanted to construct a canal across Central America to create a Canal shortcut. Roosevelt wanted to lease land in Panama for a canal, but the Colombian government declined. Resultingly, the U.S. encouraged a revolt in Panama in 1903 and supported them wtih warships. The revolt succeeded, and Panama was recognized as an independent nation. When the canal was built, workers died from tropical diseases from mountainous rainforests and swamps. Opening in 1914, the canal ultimately angered Latin Americans, especially as the U.S. treated the canal as its own property until it finally relinquished control to Panama in 1999. Open Door Created by Secretary John Hay to prevent foreign colonization of China in order to Policy maintain access to Chinese Markets. Allowed foreign nations to have equal, free access to trade in China. China didn’t like how other countries controlled their trade and were upset being undermined, so many attempted to persuade their government to implement reforms for the nation to successfully compete in the world and resist western influence. Boxer War As a result of Open Door trade in China, a group of Chinese rebels known as the “Boxers” took up arms to resore national control. They led an insurrection (violent uprising against authority/government) to expel “foreign devils” from China. They killed hundreds of foreigners (mainly Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians) but the U.S. and other powers united to crush them. Out of fear that foreign powers would use the Boxer Rebellion to assert stronger control over China, John Hay stated that the Open Door Policy would not only allow free trade but respect Chinese independence. Jingoism Extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive/warlike foreign policy. Seen in the annexation of Hawaii, as America overthrew the constitutional monarchy and declared it as a republic of its own. Queen Strong queen of Hawaii in 1891 as a constitutional monarch who resented wealthy Liliuokalani white minority on the islands. Hence gave power to native Hawaiians, but white planters [manager of plantation] refused to accept the constitution, calling on the U.S. for help. In 1893, American military forces helped the planters overthrow the queen. Annexation To add a nation under its own country. Seen mainly in Hawaii and Texas. General Summary: Lesson 19: Monroe Doctrine: non-colonization and non-interference in the Western Hemisphere. America needs to prevent European from taking control of the Americas Expansion through diplomacy: inspired by Manifest Destiny ○ Belief that U.S. was meant to spread its democratic ways and ideals led to U.S. gaining Florida from Spain, Oregon from Britain, and Alaska. Texas Revolt and independence ○ Businessman Austin was allowed to found a colony in Texas; his son takes over just as Mexico declares independence from Spain, and is allowed to continue only if settlers learn Spanish, become Mexican citizens, and join the Catholic church. # of settlers grow but they don’t follow these rules, leading to tension between American and Mexican government ○ Austin’s son travels to negotiate, but General Santa Anna of Mexico throws him in jail and amends constitution to power the central government Texans revolt and take over Santa Anna’s army, resulting in a treaty granting Texas to be independent with Rio Grande as its southern border ○ Desiring to be a part of the U.S., Texans join America. Mexican-American War ○ Annexation of Texas angers Mexico and disputes occur over the border; the Mexican government’s refusal to negotiate and invasion of American territory leads President Polk to justify war ○ U.S. seizes New Mexico and California and war ends  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo recognizes the annexation of Texas and Rio grande as the border. Ceded land to the U.S. (Texas to California) Lesson 20: Cuban Revolt ○ Poor white people, free black people, and slaves demand independence from Spain in Cuba They revolt led by Cuban Jose Marti, who resorts to guerilla warfare Spain sends General Valeriano Weyler, who brutally shuts down the revolt with crude reconcentration camps and tactics. ○ Americans sympathize with the rebellion with their own American Revolution Cuban crisis settles as Spain promises greater self-rule in Cuba and removes general Weyler. Yellow Journalism ○ Sensationaization of news to gain viewers exaggeratingly and fabricate new about Spain This fuels hatred for Spain and call for intervention U.S. Related Events ○ Explosion of US battleship in Havana. Newspapers pointed to Spain, fueling hatred. ○ De Lome Letter Spanish Ambassador’s leaked letter criticising President McKinley for being “weak” ○ President McKinley calls for an armistice-- --until permanent peace on the condition of closing concentration camps and giving up control over Cuba. Spain agrees but refuses to give up control, resulting in Mckinley to declare war Spanish American War ○ Congress passes war and also the Teller Amendment that states upon the grant of independence to Cuba, the U.S. will leave government to its people Fighting begins in Philippines Spain’s largest remaining colony. Fighting moves to Cuba  Rough Riders and African-American enlistees work together to capture the ridge of San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill U.S. captures Puerto Rico next week ○ Spain agrees to a peace settlement a few months later Treaty of Paris ○ Ends Spanish-American War Spain grants independence to Cuba, cedes Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines to the U.S. U.S. becomes colonial empire ○ Senate Debate For the Treaty of Paris to take effect, the Senate would have to ratify it resulting in debate over imperialism in the entire nation ○ Anti-Imperialist League Diverse members from the powerful to the weak, union leaders to millionaires. Believed that U.S. imperialism violated the founding principles ○ Imperialism supporters Others believed that forming an empire was critical to the nation’s future and it would allow the U.S. to compete with other countries. Ultimately, they win and Treaty of Paris is passed Post- War Cuba ○ Despite being granted independence, Cuba remained under an American military government as President McKinley viewed it “too weak” to be able to rule itself ○ Cubans resent, referencing Teller Amendment and Treaty of Paris. Results in creation of Platt Amendment, which gave U.S. authority to intervene in Cuban affairs and obtain land for naval bases for the withdrawl of troops Americans also gained lots of economical control over Cuba Big Stick Policy ○ President Theodore Roosevelt’s aggressive foreign policy with the desire to make the U.S. a great influence with lots of power ○ Work patiently and quietly to achieve goals overseas, but use force as necessary to manage foreign relations He formalized this policy to Congress as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the U.S. wouldn’t tolerate further European colonization of monarchy, claiming the Big Stick Policy to be an extension of the doctrine.  Hence, this statement became known as the Roosevelt Corollary, where the means for his policy is to intervene in as a resort to prevent European influence in the Western Hemisphere. Dollar Diplomacy ○ President William Taft continued the aggressive stance but with less/limited the use of force ○ Encouraged and protected American trade and investment in Latin America, believing it would advance American interests. Used in Nicaragua to support a revolt placing a pro U.S. leader Provided bank loans to support the new government However, government was corrupt and unpopular, resulting in another revolt. Was not very successful Moral Diplomacy ○ President Woodrow Wilson took a moral and democratic approach to foreign relations ○ Based on ideals and democracy and in pursuit to use its power to aid development of liberty in the world ○ Introduced self-determination into foreign policy, the right of other people to determine their own government. Used in Latin America in 1915 when a revolt in Haiti prompted Wilson to send troops to protect American lives and investments Panama Canal ○ Nations wanted to build a canal as a shortcut, so Roosevelt sent a rejected negotiation to the Columbian Government ○ Leads to a successful revolt, allowing the U.S. to recognize Panama as an independent nation ○ New gov in Panama allowed U.S. to build the canal Many workers died from environmental conditions building Canal opens 10 years later ○ U.S. treated it as its own canal for ½ a century until finally giving control to Panama in 1999, angering many Latin Americans U.S. investments in Mexico ○ Dictator Porfirio Diaz ruled the country with force → many Mexicans remained poor while foreign investors grew rich ○ Revolution brews in Mexico, and general Victoriano Huerta takes over after killing his Francisco Madero who successfully overthrew Diaz’ monarchy  Pres. Wilson was horrified by Madero’s murder and wanted to promote democracy in Mexico so he refused to recognize Huerta’s government Tensions nearly lead to war, but as the U.S. approached entry into WWI, Wilson withdraws his troops from Mexico. Puerto Rico ○ Gains Puerto Rico after Spanish American war and establishes a military government to develop its infrastructure until a civilian government was established, led by an American governor. The island however remained as an American possession. ○ Puerto Ricans grew frustrated, as they were not recognized as U.S. citizens nor was the country independent U.S. wanted control over the island b/c it was a strategic location ○ Pres. Wilson signs Jones Act, making Puerto Rico a U.S. Terrritory and Puerto Ricans citizens. However, they were still not granted all rights such as the ability to elect their own govenor or vote in U.S. electrons ○ Puerto Rico was impoverished, leading many to migrate to the U.S. East Coast for more job opportunities. ○ However, later, they would see many reforms for poltical change, and the island became a commonwealth [having the freedom to govern (such as making its own laws and managing its own economy but all under the U.S. supreme authority] ○ Voters chose to remain a commonwealth, despite some arguing it would be better off as either an independent nation or a U.S. state. Philippines Independence ○ U.S. was granted Philippines from the Treaty of Paris, but president McKinley argued they were not equipped to self-govern. ○ Filipinos fought for independence regardless, establishing their own government and electing Aguinaldo, the leader who helped the U.S. capture the Philippines during the Spanish American War, establishing their own government ○ The U.S. refused to recognize the new government, and a fight erupted ○ The U.S. retaliate to brutal tactics of destroying villages and prison camps, ultimately gaining control. Results in death of 200,000+ Filipinos Central U.S. Government is established - U.S. would control the Philippines for the next ½ century. Hawaii Annexation ○ America was interested in Hawaii for its location and as an economic asset for its tropical crops  ○ Under Queen Liliuokalani’s constitutional monarch, native Hawaiians were given more power out of the dislike of white minority planters Planters called for U.S. help, leading to the overthrowing of the Queen ○ White planters controlled the Hawaiian government and applied for annexation While Pres. Benjamin agreed, the next Grover Cleveland would reject the offer, calling on the planters to put the queen back in her place. Planters refused, instead now calling Hawaii as an independent republic. Ultimately Hawaii became a U.S. territory despite the many feared the introduction of new races/culture, indicated that colonization caused problems, or believed it was un-American of an act. China ○ Nations fought for spheres of influence over Chinese territory ○ U.S. wanted to prevent foreign colonization of China to maintain access to its own trade in China ○ Secretary John Hay creates Open Door Policy, calling free trade in China. Announces that it was final and definitive. Chinese were infuriated that other countries controlled China, many calling for government reform to resist western influence Rise of The Boxers, who insurrected foreign influence by killing any foreigners and those believing in those ideals Resulted in Hay stating the Open Door Policy respected Chinese independence in fear of nations using the Boxers to establish tighter control Lesson 22 WW1 ○ Sparks as Austro-Hungarian heir and his wife are assasinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, in Austria-Hungary by the “Black Hand” (secret Serbian society) (The empire taking control of Bosnia a few years prior had angered Bosnians who wanted closer ties to Serbia and other Slavic countries) ○ Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, leading Germany, Russia, and France to join to help their according allies ○ How a “small” incident sparked WW1: Complex tangled alliances linked European nations. Nationalism to become more powerful motivated Germany to be a world power. ○ U.S. adopts neutrality and allows loans/materials to both sides  Challenges to neutrality: Britain stops U.S. ships going to Germany, but Pres. Wilson doesn’t do anything b/c of economic ties w the country. Germany uses U-boats to sink passenger ships. The British Lusitania had American passengers, fueling resentment for Germany → Wilson calls for cease of unrestricted submarine warfare, Germany, pledges to save all lives in future U-boat attacks on merchant ships with the Sussex pledge but doesn’t follow through. Preparedness movement → led by former pres. Roosevelt, who was concerned with Wilson’s handling of the war, claiming the U.S. was unprepared for war in the case they would join ○ Wilson resisted demands for military increase, but he was pushed out of Germany’s danger of submarine warfare. Ultimately, Americans elected Wilson again in the view that he “kept them out of the war”. Pres. Wilson’s Speech ○ Pres. Wilson calls the nations to accept a “peace without victory”, but Germany responded by resuming unrestricted submarine warfare and increasing war power. →Wilson cuts off relations with Germany. ○ U.S. joins the war Lesson 23 Pres. Wilson planned to send troops, while many expected fighting a distant war with money, food, and equipment. Selective Service Act ○ National draft requiring every man 21-30 to register for military service. First time establishing a draft. ○ Propaganda for draft to urge many. American Expeditionary Force ○ First American troops to alnd in France. Most were infrantry--soldiers who fight on foot. African-American Training Camp ○ Military segregation of black and white troops in training camps and forces overseas initially ○ 1917, a camp for black soldiers was officially established. Many black soldiers erved under white officers in labor or supply units in either France or the U.S.  369th Regiment: all black regiment under French command participating in active combat. Earned high praise, awarded by France as the highest military honors, and known by Germany as the “hell fighters”. Warfare Technology ○ New chemical weapons (mustard gas, etc). ○ Aircraft innovations introduced shooting and bombing planes/airships ○ Improved weapons (machine guns, cannons, flamethrowers). New military strategy. Resulted in... Trench Warfare ○ Rapid firing machine guns and long range big guns made ground attacks too dangerous; they dug trenches in zig-zag patterns for protection. ○ Trench conditions were dreadful, with lots of disease and discontent Lesson 24 Role of Women in WW1 ○ Shortage of labor → looking for employers, many women worked in occupations usually taken by men Public Opinion For War ○ Pacifists or people who for political, moral, or religious reasons opposed all wars, expresed their views to the public Women’s Peace Party Despite the conscientious objectors’s views opposing war for religious or moral reasons and thus refused to serve in the armed forces, these men were still drafted ○ Government uses propaganda to “sell” war CPI Commitee on Public Information, was a propaganda agency that hired reporters, artists, movie directors, writers, and historians to create a propaganda campaign to support war 4-minute Men made four minute speeches at social places to deliver patriotic speeches for the means of U.S. intervention and necessity of conserving fuel All of this results in high patriotism, their goals are basically achieved ○ Fuels hatred towards Germany, banning all German items and books. Bonds ○ War Revenue Act was passed raising taxes to fund ¼ of the war ○ Bonds raised the remaining funds, promoted as liberty bonds  All citizens were pressured, especially those who were foreign-born, out of fear that they would be considered un-American and face dire consequences War Industries Board (WIB) ○ Created to coordinate work of gov agencies to and industry groups to ensure supplies and equipments were produced and delivered to military Conservation efforts ○ Distribution of food and fuel to feed armed forces and sustain the country. Fuel administration creates and introduces daylight savings time to reduce electricity use War Impact for African Americans Many Black leaders disagreed over war, stating how the U.S. is fighting for democracy overseas when discrimination is still rampant in the country ○ Great Migration African Americans in the south migrate north for opened job opportunities. When faced with race riots, they were finally able to retaliate back Americanization ○ Rumors of enemy agents sparked anti-immigrant sentiment ○ Patriot groups patrolled immigrant neighborhoods looking for signs of disloyalty and sent the FBI names of people they suspected ○ Many were killed and attacked simply because they were born in Germany and many other immigrants were targetted Espionage Act 1917 ○ Criminalized attempted interference with the military draft and made severe penalties for spying, sabotage, and “obstruction of the war effort” Newspapers and magazines were banned, Americans were encouraged to spy on neighbors Sedition Act 1918 ○ Criminalized saying anything “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive” about the government Hundreds were arrested for offenses like criticizing the draft or wartime taxes