U.S. Imperialism PDF

U.S. Foreign Policy IMPERIALISM Late 1800s – 1900s  America’s Imperialism Objective The closing of Am’s frontier forced the U.S. to look beyond its continental borders. a. Increase in population & industrial production --- demanded more resources. b. Overseas mark...

U.S. Foreign Policy IMPERIALISM Late 1800s – 1900s  America’s Imperialism Objective The closing of Am’s frontier forced the U.S. to look beyond its continental borders. a. Increase in population & industrial production --- demanded more resources. b. Overseas markets to sell goods. c. Acquiring new colonies to expand markets & raw material. d. Competition w/ Europe for overseas empires.  IMPERIALISM 1. Expansion of one’s territory = territorial empire. 2. Control of powerful nation(s) over a less advanced or less civilized area.  POWERFUL NATION CHARACTERIZED BY: Advanced Economy (Industrial) Strong Gov’ment Military Power  “Less Advanced” Nation CHARACTERIZED BY Primitive Underdeveloped Weak gov’ment Limited military power  Imperialism The IR led to imperialism. Period of overseas territorial expansion by European powers, the U.S., and Japan. Imperialism = empire-building facilitated by capitalism. Capitalism needs raw materials and markets to survive.  The Rise of European Imperialism European Colonial Claims (1900) Africa became the target of an industrialized Europe in the late 1800s.  Sphere of Influence The Far East also became a target of European imperialism as nations sought to establish spheres of influence in China and Southeastern Asia. The Rise of US Imperialism  Policy of Isolation Monroe Washington’s Doctrine Manifest Farewell (1823) Destiny Address(1796) No more European colonization in W. Sea to Sea No involvement in hemisphere-- Am. will not foreign affairs or interfere in European permanent alliances affairs  ALFRED T. MAHAN The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) An expansionist/imperialist Believed control of the sea was necessary for world dominance Mahan’s beliefs --- the great naval race among the great powers --- America’s involvement in WW I. “Whether they will or not, Americans must begin to look outward.”  Mahon’s US Recommendations A large steel navy Strategically located “coaling stations” to protect U.S. trading interest. Construction of a Middle-Am. canal to speed trade and military access Justifications for Imperialism Economic Natural Resource ( raw material) Market to sell goods Lg. profits w/little risk Social Darwinism Am. democratic gov’t, race, & culture was the world’s “fittest” ( superior) and should spread to every land. Christianity Missionaries ( dominated by women) often went into countries to spread Christianity. Giving imperialism a moral undertone  U.S. in The Pacific  U.S. Expansion Purchased Alaska in 1867 for $7.2 million – “Seward’s Folly” Midway Island ( 1867) and Wake Island (1898) were claimed because other countries did not see them as being important. Secretary of State William Seward  Gun Boat Diplomacy 1899:Samoan Islands, Pago-Pago Harbor In 1899, the U.S. gained control of part of the Samoan Island and a major harbor, Pago-Pago. PROBLEM: both Germany and the U.S. wanted control of Pago-Pago harbor --- nearly led to a war between the two countries. Diplomatic Solution = divide the islands  U.S. Imperialism in Latin America (LA) The Monroe Doctrine --- to good relations bwt. the U.S. and LA. U.S. protected them from European powers = Big Sister Policy. Open up trade for U.S. businesses. THEN… “today the United States is practically sovereign on this continent and its Fiat (law) upon the subjects to which it confines…” Olney Corollary = U.S. controls the W. hemisphere ( LA) The Spanish-American War 1898 Causes of the Spanish American War  “Blood on the 1. “Yellow Journalism” “Weyler the brute the devastator of roadsides, blood in the haciendas, the fields, blood on the destroyer of doorsteps, blood, blood, blood! The old, the families, and the young, the weak, the outrager of crippled – all are women… his butchered without carnal, animal mercy…is there no brain running nation wise enough, riot with itself in brave enough, and inventing strong enough to restore peace in this tortures and bloodsmitten land?” Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst infamies of - New York World New York World New York Journal bloody debauchery.” Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst used yellow journalism to fuel public outrage against Spain thru the media--- jingoism ( nationalism fueled by an aggressive foreign policy.)  “Yellow Journalism” Hearst hired artist Frederic Remington to go to Cuba to document the atrocities of the Spanish regime and the upcoming war. “There is no war,” Frederick Remington wrote to his boss. “Request to be recalled.” Remington’s boss, William Randolph Hearst, sent a cable in reply: “Please remain. You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war." The media plays a role in how we William Randolph Hearst perceive things. New York Journal  2. The De Lôme Letter (1898) With an increase in public support for Cuban independence, Hearst printed a copy of a private letter where de Lôme criticized President McKinley as weak and a Dupuy de Lôme coward --- led to war sentiment Headline: “Worst insult to the U.S. In its History!!!”  3. The U.S.S. Maine Following the De’Lome incident, McKinley ordered the USS Maine to the Havana harbor to protect Americans if a war broke out. The Maine mysteriously blew up, killing all 260 American sailors. Spain was blamed! Americans were outrage and demanded action!!!!!  We don’t want the world to think bad of us so let's add the Teller Amendment The U.S disclaimer … Cuba will remain an independent nation … the US WILL NOT annex Cuba  The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War” Commodore George Dewey attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Manila Bay, Philippines. Undersecretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt planned the attack. The U.S. military also brought back Filipino exiled nationalist, Emilio Aguinaldo. Emilio Aguinaldo ---- the Sp-Am War kicking off in the Philippines.  Theodore Roosevelt in TR resigned from the Navy and formed the Rough Riders. Cuba Along with the Buffalo soldiers, TR and his Rough Riders overtook San Juan Hill in Cuba--- Spain surrendering. U.S. troops also liberate Spanish occupied Puerto Rico  Results of the Splendid Little War (1898) The U.S. acquired: 1.Puerto Rico NO! 2.Guam 3.Philippines  Teller Amendment The United States Platt Amendment hereby disclaims … any intention to...US can intervene exercise sovereignty, in Cuba’s affairs for the jurisdiction, or control preservation of Cuba’s over Cuba independence & we get Guantanamo Bay Changes to Less than 400 Americans died in combat; but more than 5,000 died from yellow fever, typhoid, and other diseases. Walter Reed – (Army Dr.) found that mosquitoes were the source of the malaria (“yellow fever”) William Gorgas developed a technique to controlled the mosquito problem with draining and oil smothering McKinley pondered while the whole world watched…What to do w/ the Philippines?  Annexation Debate - Philippines PRO-Annexation ANTI-Annexation Educate Filipinos Violated the Declaration of Independence Uplift Filipinos Denied Self-Government to the Civilize Filipinos new territories Introduced more racial William Howard Taft, problems Governor of Philippines  The Filipino-American “Bolo” War The decision: McKinley paid $20m to Spain to keep it Emilio Aguinaldo and Filipino rebels felt betrayed --- guerilla warfare against the U.S. for three years+. The Philippines gains its independence on July 4, 1946.  Yellow journalists and Anti-Imperialists expansionists praised McKinley’s decision for investing in new markets for Am. industries. Anti-imperialists spoke out against it. Mark Twain: “The United States had the banner of the Prince of Peace in one hand and its loot basket and its butcher knife in the other.” Andrew Carnegie: “governing the Philippines would be of no benefit to the U.S. , and the huge Army and Navy required to keep them in submission would be a grievous drain on revenue.” Americans strongly supported imperialism for the following reasons: 1) Social Darwinism: race superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race --“survival of the fittest” 2) Missionary and expansion of Christianity 3) Political superiority of America’s democratic government 4) Economics of new markets and profits for American industries American in the Far East /Pacific Power Spheres of Influence  The Open Door Policy... the economic value of China’s huge market for the BBBs--- Sec. of State, John Hay, sent notes to the “powers,” to respect & to give all nations equal access to trade in China --- the Open Door Policy. AND... to guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Open Door Policy was quickly put to the test by a group of Chinese Nationalists --- “Righteous Harmonious Fists” or “Boxers” The Boxers ousted foreign interest by force or death from China’s capital city of Peking – They wanted the foreigners OUT!! They targeted Chinese Christians and missionaries The Boxer Rebellion would be put down by the European powers and the U.S.--- solidifying the faith of the Open Door Policy  - Mark Twain; Berkeley Lyceum, New York, November 23, 1900 China never wanted foreigners any more than oreigners wanted Chinamen, and on this question I am with the Boxers every time. The Boxer is a patriot. He oves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success. The Boxer believes n driving us out of his country. I am a Boxer too, for believe in driving him out of our country.  President McKinley Assassinated: V.P. Theodore Roosevelt becomes President President McKinley is re-elected in 1900; is assassinated. Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt (VP) becomes president. Hay’s Open Door Policy will be put to the test when Russia and Japan fought over claims in Manchuria ( whose sphere of influence)---Russo-Japanese War.  Russo-Japanese War The Japanese WINS!! It was the first time that an Asian power had defeated a European power.  Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 TR negotiated the treaty invoking the Open Door Policy & prevented either side from annexing Manchuria--- strained relationship w/Japan TR won the Nobel Peace Prize  The Great White Fleet - U.S. warships made of steel to demonstrate U.S. naval power on a world cruise --- TR’s intent was to intimidate the Japanese. Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) --- An informal agreement bwt Japan & US restricted in flow of Japanese immigrants in exchange for school desegregation  Hawaii’s Queen Liliuokalani’s “ Hawaii for Hawaiians” Movement failed because of the US economic interest & the naval base at Pearl Harbor. U.S. in Latin America The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 By the 1900’s… -LA countries were in debt to European powers. -The European powers threatened military attack if not paid in violation of the Monroe Doctrine! - TR’s remedy was the Roosevelt Corollary ( or amendment ) to the Monroe Doctrine The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 The Roosevelt Corollary or “Big Stick Policy” established the following: Speak Softly, But Carry a Big 1) U.S. commitment to the Monroe Stick! Doctrine 2) U.S. would intervene in the affairs of W. Hemisphere nations to make sure European nations DID NOT!!! 3) U.S. would act as international police w/ power to collect unpaid LA debt to pay off its European creditors. - Thus, the U.S. became an International Police Power! Panama: The King’s Crown Roosevelt had other reasons to issue the corollary and bring stability to the Caribbean Rim. A Mahanist, TR wanted to build a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans --- Panama Canal PROBLEM: Colombia owned Panama Nicaragua Original site planned for canal to be built French attempting to build a canal in Panama Eventually went bankrupt Colonel George Washington Goethals is put in charge of building the Panama Canal  Hay Bunau Treaty Recognized Panama as an independent nation after revolting against Columbia --Paid $10 mill for the canal zone $250,000 annual rent --Panama regained the canal in 2000 Panama Canal Construction began in 1904 and ended in 1914 ( WWI). Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt’s usage of his “Big Stick led to resentment and fear throughout LA --- Yankee imperialist.  Reaction to the Canal Some opposed TR’s methods for acquiring the canal zone --- Congress voted to pay $25m to Colombia in 1921 after TR’s death. Ownership returned to Panama in 1999 result of a treaty under the Carter administration.  10/15 Bellringer & Agenda BR: Prepare to take notes!! Objective(s): Examine the need to imperialize & its impact on America’s foreign policy in the Pacific, Caribbean & LA. 1. Review: New South 2. Notes 3. Work on Imperialism (7) BK (Correct) Upcoming: B: Imperialism 10/3 Today ED: U.S. Imperialism + ED: Spanish-American War 10/18 ED: WWI 10/22 Q: Imp/WWI 10/23 Test : Imp/WWI 10/30 America’s New Role  What You Know? Westward Expansion: Manifest Destiny, Homestead Act 1862, TCR, Plight of NA, Dawes Act, Plight of Farmers, Gr Laws, tariffs, gold/silver, Populist Party, William Jennings Bryan (COG) ICC ( ICAct) Industrialization: BBBs, Carnegie, Rockefeller, JP Morgan, monopolies. VI, HI, Gospel of Wealth, Social Darwinism, Sherman Anti-Trust Act , KOL, AFL, Strikes, collective bargaining Urbanization/Immigration: Old v New, migration/immigration, Chinese Exclusion Act, Gentleman’s Agreement, nativism, Americanization, Social Gospel, settlement house, Jane Addams, Patronage(Spoil System), Pendleton Civil Service System, Boss Tweed( Nast), defacto segregation New South: 13-15 admen.,Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, dejure segregation, Ida Barnett-Wells, disenfranchisement, Washington v. DuBois Progressive Era: muckerakers attack on the establishment – politically, socially, & economically, Prog. Pres. Prog. Amends, & Fighting Bob Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” In 1908, Taft became president. DD was a shift from “warlike/political” policy to a “peaceful/economic” policy U.S. allowed its banks and businesses to flex its power in Latin and Asian countries to guaranteed U.S. economic and strategic interests in the region. This allowed America to appear less imperialistic & increase trade. Critics coined Taft’s policy of substituting dollars for bullets = “Dollar Diplomacy” Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” Wilson became president in 1912. GOAL: to spread democracy, capitalism, and Christian values to promote stability and progress in LA and expand America’s markets. Make them like us!! Neither economic nor force!!- - - Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba & Mexico. Pancho Villa and his bandit troops John Pershing will be pulled to fight lead in WWI… Zimmermann note from Britain ---- WWI  Return to Big Stick Policy Despite attempts at other policies, the U.S. repeatedly intervened with military force in LA from 1898- 1920’s.  “In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others.”  What You Should Know About Imperialism? Isolationism: Washington’s FW, Monroe Doctrine , Manifest Destiny Alfred T Mahan: Steel Navy, coaling stations, & middle canal U.S. Land Acquisition/Imperialism: Alaska, MidW, Wake, Samoa, Hawaii Spanish AmWar: Cuba, YellowJ --- Hearst & Pulitzer --- Remington --- DeLome L, USS Maine --- Teller Amend, Philippines, Emilio Aquinaldo, San Juan Hill, ---PGP – Platt Amend --- Guantanamo Bay Philippine/Am War --- Purchased for $20m Open Door Policy--- China--Boxers Russo-Japanese War; Manchuria --- Portsmouth Treaty --- GWF --- Gentlemen’s Agreement Roosevelt Corollary+: LA debt, Big Stick Diplomacy --- LA dislike Am Panama Canal: Colombia/Panama, trade/military, $25m Taft DD: substitute dollars for bullets Wilson’s MD: Be like us NR, TRADE, MONEY, POWER!! MexicanR: hunt for Pancho Villa --- ZimmermannT --- WWI ---Good Neighbor Policy