History Revision Exercise (Updated Dec 2023) PDF

Chapter 1 Roadmap to the First World War Part 1: The map of Europe Part 2: Write down some key points for each of the Great Powers. Britain 1. Strongest Power Strongest navy Most colonies 2. Diplomatic (foreign)...

Chapter 1 Roadmap to the First World War Part 1: The map of Europe Part 2: Write down some key points for each of the Great Powers. Britain 1. Strongest Power Strongest navy Most colonies 2. Diplomatic (foreign) Policy Splendid isolation Germany 1. Victory in Franco-Prussian War (1871) Unification of Germany Caused revengeful feeling of France Gained Alsace Lorraine 2. Hated by France, Suspicious feeling of Britain France Hunger for revenge…against Germany Austria- 1. Multi-nations (>10) Hungary 2. To expand to Balkan Peninsula 3. Slavs seeking for independence Russia 1. To gain an ice-free port for international trades 2. To expand to Balkan Peninsula and Mediterranean Sea 3. To unite Slavs in Balkan Peninsula 4. To regain power after the defeat of the Crimean War Italy 1. Competed in Tunisia (Africa) with France for colonies 2. Compared to other European powers, it was economically and militarily weaker Part 3: Draw a relationship map Chapter 2 Causes of the First World War: Formation of rival military alliances Part 1: What is the origin if the Alliance System? Otto Von Bismarck Three Emperors’ League Austria-Hungary & Russia Purposes of this alliance was: To isolate France: Bismarck was worried that France would recover and want revenge for its defeat in 1871 To prevent two-front war The above league ended in 1887 as Austria-Hungary and Russia had conflicts over Balkan Peninsula. Part 2 Part 3: The European powers were unwilling to settle disputes in a peaceful way since they believed that their allies would give them military support The alliance system stirred up international tensions which caused regional conflicts and escalated into a world war. Part 4 Chapter 3: Causes of the First World War: Scramble for colonies among the powers CORN: C: Cheap labour force O: Overseas markets R: Raw materials N: National glory Try to explain in full sentences: 1. To find supplies of raw materials and overseas markets for their industrial products, and obtain cheap overseas labour force for industrial development 4. Causes of the First World War: Growth of extreme nationalism Part 1: What is the definition of extreme nationalism? Unquestionable/ absolute loyalty to the nation What are the 2 characteristics of extreme nationalism? National pride is south through national expansion War is inevitable, prioritise their own national interests Part 2: What were the 4 major forms of extreme nationalism? Form of extreme Definition and expression nationalism Revengeful feelings of the After Franco- Prussian War, France wanted defeat Germany and French take back Alsace and Lorraine Pan- Germanism - Germany & Austria- Hungary - The German people should expand in Europe Pan- Slavism Russia put forward the idea of Pan- Slavism to unite all Slav people under Russian control Greater Serbia Movement Greater Serbia Movement, emphasising the unification of the Serbians in Balkan Peninsula Part 3: How did extreme nationalism lead to the outbreak of WWI? It promoted foreign expansion, which in turn, worsen their relationship, even caused conflicts among European powers. Part 4: Homework 1. Negative attitude, because Germany was stretching their hands to the globe, trying to get the whole world. And there are dead soldiers and weapons, creating a war-like situation at the background, meaning…. 2. The cartoonist thought that German are desperate in expanding the whole world in an extremely cruel way, war. Other countries can only hide and were flabbergasted by Germany’s cruel actions. 5. Causes of the First World War: Armaments race among the great powers Part 1: Give examples of different ways to strengthen the military power of a country Practised conscription and lengthened the period for military services Designed strategic plans against the enemies Invented new weapons, such as fighter aircrafts and submarines Built up power battleships, such as dreadnoughts Part 2: The naval race between Britain and Germany. a) Starter: Why did Britain need/ want a strong navy? Britain was an island. It needed a navy to protect its coastline To protect her vast overseas Empire Britain relied on trade with other nations. It needed the navy to protect its trade ships Why did Germany need/ want a strong navy? Kaiser was jealous of Britain’s power and Empire. He wanted Germany to become just as powerful He claimed that since Germany had an Empire, she needed a large navy to protect it b) Development and result More dreadnoughts Expensive; Give up and let Britain win; The army was demanding its fair share c) Impact Disarmament conferences/ The Hague Conference The fear, suspicion, and hatred 6. International crises before the outbreak of WWI Part 1: Crisies in North Africa Both France and Britain wantered to Colonize Morocco They wanted to colonize Morocco because: 1. Rich in natural resources: - The main industries in Morocoo are petroleum and raw materials 2. High strategic value: - It has a long coastline; - The entrance and exit of Mediterranean Sea; - For France: entrance and exit of Africa; For Kaiser William II, he was very curious about the 1904 entente between Britain and France was a military alliance or just a friendly agreement. Results of the First Moroccan Crisis: - France won with the help of Britain; - Germany decided to accept a face- saving compromise Results of the Second Moroccan Crisis: - France won with the help of Britain; - France would take over Morocco completely and in return they would give Germany some lands in Africa Part 2: International conflicts in the Balkan Penisula First Balkan War (1912) (including Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece) V.S. Ottoman empire “the Sick Man of Europe” Results: - Serbia won - Serbia wanted to gain access to the sea, but denied by Austria- Hungary - Albania became an independent state. Second Balkan War (1913) Launched by: Bulgaria V.S. Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and the Ottoman Empire Results: - Bulgaria was defeated - Serbia gained much land & became stronger - Relationship between Serbia & Austria- Hungary was greatly worsened. Bosnian Crisis (1908) Serbia (‘Greater Serbia Movement’) V.S. Austria- Hungary (Pan- Germanism) Results: - Austria-Hungary won and successfully annexed Bosnia Herzegovina with the support of Germany. - Relationship between Austria- Hungary & Serbia was grealy worsened.  7. Sarajevo Incident and the outbreak of WWI Part 1: Sarajevo Assassination as the immediate cause (trigger). Victim Archduke Franz Ferdinand Nationality Austria – Hungary Occupation Heir to the throne of the Austro- Hungarian Empire Date of death Jun 28 , 1914 Time of death 11 a.m. Place of death Sarajevo City Hall, Bosnia Cause of death Gun shot, murdered Assassin Gavrilo Pincip Purpose of the assassin Support the unification between Bosnia and Serbia Background of the Member of Black Hand assassin (a Serbian Nationalist Society) Part 2: The outbreak of the War – 3 steps to war (S.U.M.) Support: Austria-Hungary gain support from Germany. Ultimatum: Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia and asked them to response within 48 hours Mobilisation and Declaration of War: Serbia could not accept the ultimatum in full. As a result on 28 July, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Part 3: How did the Austro-Serbia conflict (a regional conflict start) start off the WWI (a world war)? a) Russia began to mobilise its troops to support Serbia. b) Schlieffen Plan c) Belgium d) Britain Results: By 4 August, a local conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia had developed into world war. Part 4: Opposing camps of WWI Allied Powers: Britain, France, Italy, Russia Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers in 1914, they used to own Balkan Peninsula, they hope to regain their lost hands Bulgaria joined Central Powers in 1915, they lost territories in the Second Balkan, they hope to regain their lost lands. Italy joined Allied Powers in 1915, they were promised to give them land. Part 5: Battle fields and war fronts: The Western Front (Britain & France VS Germany) The Eastern Front (Germany & Austria VS Russia) 8. The main development of the WWI - On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. The First World War broke out. - After the outbreak of war, Germany carried out Schlieffen Plan in order to avoid a two- front war. However, its plan failed, and the Central Powers had to fight on both Eastern and Western Fronts. - In 1915, Germany and Austria-Hungary defeated Russia on the Eastern Front, but failed to make it surrender - In July 1916, both Britain and Germany started to use warplanes. Since then, air combat had become an important pattern of war. - In September, Britain used tanks on the Western Front, making trench warfare ineffective. - In February 1917, Germany adopted the policy of unrestricted submarine warface to cut of Britain’s supplies. - In April, the United States declared war on Germany. - In Novmeber, the October Revolution took place in Russia, and the Czarist government was overthrown. The new government soon withdrew from WWI the fighting on the Eastern Front ended. - In Early 1918, Germany made several major attacks on the Western Front, but all of the attempts failed. Then, the Allied Powers counter-attacked. - During September and early November, Bulgaria, Turkey and Austria- Hungary surrendered one after the other. - On 11 November, Germany also signed an armistice with the Allied Power. The First World War ended. 9. The peace arrangemet: Paris Peace Conference Part 1: Why did they need a peace conference? When WWI ended, Europe was in ruins. It was so destructive, so everyone (no matter victorious countries or defeated countries) wanted peace/  Part 2: How to run a peace conference What they should What did they really do for their own interests? do for peace? 1.Hold the peace They held the conference in Paris, the capital of France. conference in an (Because France wanted to make sure that everyone did allied/ central/ see how destructive of First World War had been, and to get neutral country revenge for what Germany had done to their country.) 2.Negotiate (frankly They didn’t invite German and people from defeated & openly/ secretly & countries to take part in the peace conference and they privately) with your didn’t negotiate with them. They were only invited to turn opponents up right at the end to sign the treaty. They stage-manged the signing ceremony; 3.Humiliate/ Don’t They also drew up the most humiliating treaty in history. Humiliate your opponents Treaty of Versailles The German army was reducted to 100,000; no tanks, submarines and fighter planes were allowed; Germany had to pay reparations to the powers (6.6 billion pounds in 42 years) Germany had to give up all its colnies Germany had to cede 13% of its land to neighbouring nations. The Rhineland would become demilitarised zone. German and Austria were forbidden to be unified; German had to accept full responsibility for causing the war (the War Guilt Clause) Part 3: The impact of WWI Change in world politics: 3 powerful European empires fell (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Tsarist Russia) and many new nation states were created; the US and Japan grew stronger