History - Preliminary Exam PDF

n Philippin s i e H g by Prof. Clair ed e n ar Tro ep no Pr ist di ory Re...

n Philippin s i e H g by Prof. Clair ed e n ar Tro ep no Pr ist di ory Rea History and Its Sources and Evaluation  Definition of History History is the study of past events, particularly in human affairs. Key Points: - Focuses on understanding and interpreting past occurrences. - Uses various sources like documents, artifacts, and oral testimonies.  Relevance of History Understanding Origins: Helps us understand how past events shape current societies. Learning from the Past: Offers insights into avoiding past mistakes and building on successes. Cultural Identity: Preserves cultural heritage and informs our identity. Example: Historical events such as revolutions or discoveries that have shaped modern laws, technology, and culture. Analyzing Historical Sources Historical Sources: The historian’s vital research tools classified into primary and secondary sources. Evaluating Reliability: Consider the source’s origin, purpose, and context. Example: How historians use primary sources like letters from a historical figure to reconstruct events.  Primary Sources Sources generated at the same time as the event, era, or subject being studied. Examples: Birth certificates, photographs, diaries, letters, artifacts, newspapers.  Secondary Sources Sources created by someone who did not witness the event but used primary sources to write about it. Examples: Research articles, books, artworks depicting historical events.  Tertiary Sources Sources that compile and summarize information from primary and secondary sources. Example: Textbooks that summarize historical events. Evaluating Research Sources Types of Sources: - Peer-Reviewed Journals: Articles reviewed by experts in the field. - Research Reports: Findings from scientific studies. Evaluating Reliability: Check the methodology, sample size, and peer review status. Example: Understanding how scientific studies on climate change are assessed and verified. Evaluating Historical Sources External Criticism: Examination of the physical characteristics and authenticity of a source. - Aspects to Examine: Paper quality, type of ink, language, author, date, and place of creation. Internal Criticism: Scrutiny of the content and context of a source. - Key Questions: Is it an eyewitness account? Why was it created? Is there internal consistency?  Practical Applications Daily Life: - History: Helps us make informed decisions by learning from past experiences. - Science: Aids in making health decisions, using technology, and understanding environmental issues. Example: Using historical knowledge to understand cultural events and scientific knowledge to make informed health choices.  Questions - How does understanding history influence our view of current events? - Can you think of a historical event that has impacted your personal or family life? Introduction to the Tabon Cave  The Tabon Cave - Known as the “cradle of civilization” in the Philippines - Located on the west coast of Palawan, Lipuun Point, Philippines - Features about 200 caves and rockshelters - Approximately 104 hectares - Known for its archaeological and historical significance - It has Limestone promontory with rounded domes and deep chasms Archeological Significance Exploration: Explored by Robert B. Fox and the National Museum team (1962-1966) Tabon Cave: First site of human presence in the Philippines during the Pleistocene Findings: - Fossil evidence of Homo sapiens dating back to 47,000 years ago - Artifacts include tools, pottery, and burial items  Conclusion - The Tabon Cave Complex is a key site for understanding human prehistory in Southeast Asia - Offers significant insights into early human migration and cultural development - Continues to be a vital area for research and preservation  Conclusion Tabon Cave, located in Palawan, is one of the most significant archaeological sites in the Philippines, often referred to as the "Cradle of Philippine Civilization." It was the first dwelling of Taong Tabon, early humans who lived over 50,000 years ago, relying on the cave for shelter and the abundant resources of food from the surrounding environment, including fish, wild animals, and fruits. The cave offers a unique experience as only 7 out of the 200 caves in the complex are open to the public, adding to its remote and isolated charm.  Conclusion The cave has natural round domes and deep chasms that perfectly align with moonlight and sunlight, creating a sacred atmosphere that ancient humans may have regarded as spiritual. The cave system also served as a cemetery, where the famous Manunggul jars, used for burials, were discovered, reflecting early Philippine culture and practices regarding death and the afterlife.  Conclusion Significant historical finds, including evidence of the discovery of fire, were uncovered by Robert Fox, a pioneering archaeologist. Visitors today might even encounter rare insects that thrive in the cave's untouched ecosystem. Tabon Cave is not only a reflection of ancient Filipino culture but also a sacred space that showcases the beginnings, or the start, of human life in the Philippines. Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyage Around the World  Antonio Pigafetta Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan and later Juan Sebastián Elcano on the famous expedition to circumnavigate the globe from August 1519 to September 1522. Pigafetta's detailed journal, The First Voyage Around the World, provides a first-hand account of the journey, its discoveries, and its encounters with various cultures. Overview of the First Voyage Date of Arrival: September 8, 1522 Ship: Victoria Key Figure: Antonio Pigafetta, Italian nobleman and assistant to Ferdinand Magellan Outcome: First circumnavigation of the world  Magellan’s Ships Santiago: Shipwrecked San Antonio: Overtaken Concepcion: Burned Trinidad: Abandoned Victoria: Survived Survivors: 18 out of 237 sailors  Key Events from Pigafetta’s Account 1. March 17, 1521 (originally March 16): The expedition reached the island of Zamal (now Samar), marking the first European arrival in what is now the Philippines. Shortly after, they landed on Humunu (modern Homonhon Island), where they recuperated. 2. April 1, 1521 (originally March 31): The first mass in the Philippines was held in Mazaua (now Limasawa), officiated by Magellan and attended by Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu, along with Spanish voyagers and local islanders. This marked the beginning of Christian influence in the region. 3. April 15, 1521 (originally April 14): A mass was held in Cebu, attended by Rajah Humabon and his people, during which 800 locals were baptized. Pigafetta describes how he showed the queen an image of the Virgin Mary and a wooden statue of the child Jesus. The queen requested to keep the child Jesus, which became known as the Sto. Niño of Cebu, a significant symbol in Filipino Christianity. The Encounter with the Inhabitants of Zamar (Samar) In Zamar (Samar), Pigafetta describes the first friendly interactions between the Spaniards and the native inhabitants, who were initially cautious but eventually welcomed the Europeans. The natives offered provisions like coconuts, fish, and other local foods, highlighting their agricultural and fishing lifestyle. This encounter is crucial as it reflects the early diplomatic exchanges through the sharing of resources, which set the tone for future interactions between Europeans and the local populations. The cultural context is one of initial wariness but eventual openness. The local inhabitants, likely unfamiliar with Europeans, displayed hospitality after assessing that the Spaniards posed no immediate threat. Pigafetta’s account captures this pivotal moment where mutual curiosity led to peaceful exchanges. The Encounter with the Inhabitants of Zubu (Cebu) When Magellan’s expedition reached Zubu (Cebu), the interactions grew more formal and complex. The King of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, and his subjects engaged with Magellan and his crew, leading to significant events, including the conversion of Humabon and his people to Christianity. Pigafetta’s account reveals a strategic exchange of gifts, including European goods such as mirrors and spices, and a ceremonial approach to diplomacy, which fostered good relations between the two parties. The context of Cebu was politically and economically significant. Cebu was a major trading hub, and Rajah Humabon saw an opportunity to gain an advantage by allying with the Spaniards, especially with Magellan’s show of superior weapons and the promise of economic and military support. The conversion to Christianity further solidified the alliance, though it also marked the beginning of religious imposition that would reshape the social and cultural fabric of the region.  Analysis of Pigafetta’s Perspective Pigafetta, as a chronicler, provides a European perspective that emphasizes the marvels of the indigenous cultures while also reflecting a sense of European superiority. His detailed observations show admiration for the local customs, yet there is an underlying notion of European civilization as more advanced, particularly evident in his descriptions of Christianity’s influence. The account demonstrates the power dynamics at play, with the Spaniards positioning themselves as liberators and civilizers through religion and trade, while the native rulers sought to use the newcomers for their own political gains. Pigafetta’s narrative is both a record of the practical aspects of the voyage and a window into how the Spanish viewed their encounters with new cultures through the lens of conquest and conversion.  Conclusion Pigafetta’s account of the encounters in Zamar (Samar) and Zubu (Cebu) illustrates the complexity of early contact between Europeans and indigenous Filipinos. While these interactions started as peaceful exchanges of resources and goods, they soon developed into deeper alliances based on political, religious, and economic motives. The encounters reflect the beginnings of colonization, marked by mutual benefit but also by the long-term consequences of European intervention in local cultures. The Customs of the Tagalogs  Key Terms Barangay: A traditional Filipino community or village led by a datu. It is the basic unit of society in pre-colonial Philippine culture. Datu: The chief or leader of a barangay, responsible for governance, justice, and defense in the community. Noble: A member of the highest social class in the barangay, often holding land and influential positions.  Key Terms Freeman: An individual who was not enslaved or of noble rank but had certain rights and privileges. Slave: A person bound to serve others, often as a result of debt or war, and without personal freedom. Polytheistic: Belief in or worship of multiple deities or gods. The Tagalogs practiced polytheism, worshipping various deities and spirits.  Key Terms Datu’s Court: The place where the datu administered justice and resolved disputes based on customary laws. Barter: A system of trade where goods and services are exchanged directly for other goods and services without using money. Oral Literature: Traditional stories, myths, and poems passed down verbally from generation to generation, important in preserving cultural heritage.  Key Terms Rituals: Ceremonial acts performed in accordance with religious or cultural practices to honor deities, spirits, or ancestors. Customary Laws: Traditional rules and norms followed by the community, based on long-standing customs rather than written statutes. Polytheism: The worship of or belief in more than one deity or god.  Juan de Plasencia Juan de Plasencia, a Spanish friar, describes the social and cultural life of the Tagalogs before the full imposition of Spanish colonial rule. He focuses on the barangay system, which was the basic unit of government, comprising small independent communities led by a datu (chieftain). These barangays were self- sufficient, with leadership often inherited through family lines, though merit could also play a role. Arrival in the Philippines of Fray Juan de Plasencia Fray Juan de Plasencia was among the first batch of Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the Philippines to spread the Catholic faith. His arrival in the Philippines, along with other missionaries, was recorded on May 21, 1577, in the dispatch from the Casa de la Contratación of Seville. Plasencia, whose full name was Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, played a significant role in the early Christianization efforts in the archipelago. Historical Background of "Customs of the Tagalogs" Plasencia wrote "Customs of the Tagalogs" shortly after his arrival in the Philippines, aiming to document the traditions, governance, and beliefs of the native Filipinos, particularly the Tagalogs. Only two months after arriving in Manila, Plasencia and his fellow missionary Fray Diego de Oropresa began preaching around the Laguna de Bay area and extended their mission as far as Tayabas (now Quezon Province), actively converting the local population to Catholicism. Missionary Work and Legacy Fray Juan de Plasencia’s missionary efforts spanned a wide geographic area, covering present-day provinces such as Bulacan and Rizal, where he preached and founded various communities, including Tayabas, Calilaya, Lucban, Mahayhay, Nagcarlang, Lilio, Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumbang, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycawayan. His work laid the foundation for the spread of Christianity in these regions and the establishment of local churches, many of which still exist today. Plasencia's documentation in "Customs of the Tagalogs" provides a valuable historical and anthropological insight into pre-Hispanic Filipino society and culture, offering researchers a glimpse into the traditions that were either adapted or transformed through the process of colonization and conversion.