History Paper 2 End of Year PDF

**[History notes ]** **[Communism in Russia 1917]** Socialism/Communism = belonging to all = no completion Communism took over Russia (first country to introduce communist system) Developed after **industrial revolution (change in society, new machinery, and production)** **What led to Industri...

**[History notes ]** **[Communism in Russia 1917]** Socialism/Communism = belonging to all = no completion Communism took over Russia (first country to introduce communist system) Developed after **industrial revolution (change in society, new machinery, and production)** **What led to Industrial revolution**: emergence of capitalism and agricultural revolution. **European imperialism** (colonization): 5 year century quest by European countries to acquire territory outside Europe. **Wealthy people = rich** **Famers = poor** **Key features of communism** - Resources owned by government. - Equality - Government controlled economy. - Human basic needs free - Individual freedom **[KARL MARX 1818]** (German philosopher ) **Marxism**= people more equal in a society = spread wealth more evenly Exile in London Wrote articles to encourage revolution. Ideas in **das Kapital** book Concern about social inequalities with industrial revolution Capitalist exploited workers. His theory: Marxism **Human history**: wealth and power **VS** poor and powerless Capitalist owned private property (factories) **VS** Proletariat (urban workers) First communist revolution happened in **the rural areas** Armed revolution **(fighting for independence)** = change Dictatorship of proletariat = government control in society = equality **Nationalise** (government controls) facilities to **redistribute** (divided ) wealth Everyone equal = no government need = communist society **[Issues that led to 1905 revolution ]** - Russia ruled by tsar Nicoles **(absolute power)** - System needed to reform and modernized. - Russians' peasants lived in poverty and hardship. - Peasants depended on nobles. - Agricultural low = food shortages - Low wages =poor working - Majority population illiterate = minority received education - Educated majority became leaders = inequalities and injustices - Opposition against government - (**Secret police**) Okhrana= crushed revolutionary = executed or imprisoned - **Opposition groups:** - Socialist revolutionaries (peasants supported) - Social democrats (workers supported) - **Social democrats:** - Mensheviks (minority) - Bolsheviks (radical majority) led by Vladimir Lenin **[The 1905 Revolution ]** **[Significance:]** people awakened to political consciousness**( awareness of political issues and need for change)** for the first time [ ] - Worker march winter place in St Petersburg = strikes = unrest - **Reason:** unemployment, inflation, food shortages. - Petition = improve working conditions and human basic right - **Petition demands:** - Amnesty (forgiven for crimes) - Civil liberties (protection from abuse from government) - Fair wages - Land for people. - Draw up constituent assembly(parliament) - Equal suffrage (vote for all) - Soldiers shotting workers **(Bloody Sunday massacre)** - Workers formed first soviet = give their demands - **Leon Trotsky:** - Social Democrat (Mensheviks), leader of soviet - Wrote to inspire workers. - Imprisoned = soviet closed **[The first duma (parliament )]** - Tsar established first duma = new laws - Protest stopped - Armed forces loyal to tsar = not real reform = Lenin was right - 2 dumas dismissed = no real power **[Leon Trotsky idea:]** - Pushed for revolution done by all peasants - No alliances **[Vladimir Lenin ideas:]** - Small vanguard lead revolutionaries **[February revolution 1917]** - Soldiers support demonstrators(socialists) - Tsar = no power = abdicated **[Causes of revolution:]** **Political economic social** - Defeat in WW1 effects of WW1 discontent caused by WW1 - ineffective government food shortages inequality - On going protests inflation unrest - Provisional government (control till elections) - Government= inexperience =couldn't tackle problems (redistribution of land) - **[Liberal reforms]** - Exiles return. - Political prisoners freed. - Freedom of speech - Lost against Germany = lack of weapon, food, clothes, soldiers - No faith in duma = support Petrograd soviet - **Petrograd soviet** led by Bolsheviks = **Lenin** leader & **Trosky** leader of soldiers - **[Lenin ]** - Ended war. - Redistribution of land - - - - - **[Lenin's slogan (peace, bread, land) ]** - This gave Bolsheviks power. - Support = Pravda (their newspaper) and propaganda (towards Russian army) - Built strength = Red guards - Russian army joined guards. - Government closed Pravada = government unpopular **[The October/ Bolshevik revolution ]** - Support for Bolsheviks grew. - Lenin and Trosky plan coup = success - Red guards seized key places in Petrograd. - Red guards stormed winter palace = provisional government surrender - Bolsheviks control Moscow= clashes=no resistant - **[Causes of October revolution ]** - **Political economic social** - War involvement land reforms inequality - Opposition to government economic problems leaving of the army - Exile leaders - Bolshevik's propaganda - Power of soviets - **[Lenin's political and economic policies ]** - Bolsheviks = communist party = controlled - Polices = Lenin's leadership - Lenin = political revolution - Totalitarian = one state in power - **[Bolsheviks seize control.]** - Provisional government elections = constituent assembly = Bolsheviks not secure - Constituent = criticise Bolsheviks = Bolsheviks sent troop= Constitute closed - Red Guards = force and violence - **[The vanguard of the proletariat ]** - Bolsheviks in power= communist in power = behalf of people - Oppositions banned and destoryed= secret police the (Cheka) - **[Reforms ]** - Peace with Germany = treaty with Germany - Land reforms = government confiscated large land = redistributed amongst peasants - Working conditions =insurance to protect workers - Education =crucial = free educations **[Civil war and War communism]** - Opposition because communist destroyed democratically parliament. - Communists not secure - One party dictatorship = radical system - [**Civil war** ] - overthrow of government - opponents = "white Russians" = get rid of communist party = supported old tsarist - opponents; landowners, liberals, socialists - opponents got aid from Britain, France, USA, Japan - rivalry amongst white forces= weakened - Trotsky led red army. - Red army won = united= equipped = discipline - **[War communism ]** - Reason for communist victory - Communist = controlled economy = nationalisation (private ownership) - Food =high prices = requisitioned from peasants = feed red army - Conscripted (compulsorily participation) = factories or fight in red army - Strikes banned = strictly controlled - Private ownership banned = governments possession - Production fell= food shortages = famine - Sailors at Kronstadt = freedom = no communist - War communism = bad for economy **[New Economic Policy (NEP) ]** - free enterprise - Compromise = solution to fix economic crisis - **[Features]** - Peasants pay tax in grain = sell any extra - Famers wealthy = Kulaks - Government = control large companies - Set up of own business = Nepmen - Workers = bonus = worked hard - Government = trade with capitalist western countries - **[Benefits ]** - Restored economy. - Government consolidates power - **[Disadvantages ]** - Communist unhappy about capitalism - Inequalities - Against Marxist belief - Poorer resented successful **[Women in Russian revolution ]** - Active in revolution - Some leading roles in Bolsheviks party - Many upper classes and middle-class women - Bolshevik's radical ideas = removing discrimination against women - Propaganda stated = women = men - Women department (Zhenotdel) = women relation to employment and education - Kindergartens and creches = women working independently - Family code = equality in marriage = abandonment of wives - Women paid less - Women Lost jobs to men returning from war - After death of Lenin women department closed down **[Lenin's death and struggle after ]** - Russia = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)1923 - Elections =communist party only legal party = Bolsheviks - Bolsheviks = autocratic(rule by on authority ) - Communists = Comintern = promote communism worldwide **[New leader of Russia ]** - Trosky = successor = leader of red army = world revolution - Trosky = to powerful =might become a dictator - Stalin = general secretary = average politician - Trosky = Left wing= world revolution = spread communism to make stronger - Bukharin = Right wing = world revolution would turn capitalist against Soviet Union - Stalin = right wing = socialism in one country - Stalin = wanted to defeat Trotsky - Left party = overthrow government = expelled from party - Trosky = exile = killed by Stalin's agents - Stalin = attacked right policies because it would led to capitalism - Stalin = leader of USSR **[Stalinism ]** - Cult of personality = great wise leader - Worshipped through public displays and statues = art promote his greatness - Personal power = terror to control population - Industrialisation = centralised system of government and economic control - Censorship of all media = no foreign influences and contact - State propaganda controlled how people think. - **[Stalin's interpretation of Marxism -- Leninism ]** - Stalin proclaimed = soviet rule was Marxism-Leninism - Stalin = followed Lenin's interpretation - Stalin = built on Lenin's dictatorship = personal control and terror - Stalinism = contradiction of communism **[Collectivisation and industrialisation ]** - Stalin's slogan = socialism in one country - Abandoned NEP = five years plans = enlarge industrial power **[Collectivisation ]** - Increased agricultural production. - Collectivisation =ownership of land and production by sate - State = health care and schools - Peasants = government-controlled collective farms = government control - Food production high = food export = tec imported - Peasant(kulaks) resistance = didn't want to give up land = deported or shot - Food taken for peasant's = starvation - Stalin used famine = starvation= peasants submit of government **[Industrialization ]** - **Benefits** - 5-year plans =Economy modern industrialised state - Heavy industries (iron, mining, steel oil) =expanded - New infostructure and towns - Schools built = skilled workforce - **Disadvantages** - Goods = bad quality - Productivity low - Shortage of workers = low production levels - Workers worked in = dangerous conditions and suffering - Workers not cooperating = Sent to Gulags **[5-year plan]** - Transformed soviet into leading industrial powers - Withstand German invasion - Successful **[Political terror: purges and show trials. ]** - **Show trials.** - Bolsheviks confessing crimes. - All leadership from Lenin's time = put on trial or executed - **Purges(removing) of communist party** - Expelled members of party = replaced by his supporters - **Purges(removing) of the army** - Officers in army = imprisoned or executed - **Labour camps** - Gulags established = political prisoners forced to work = mines - Death in camps **[Stalin's polices on the people ]** - Soviet people strictly controlled - Children taught to be loyal communist from small = rid of ambitions from families - Komsomol = teens spy and reported who wasn't loyal to party - Workers controlled = conditions harsh and dangerous - Force = higher productivity - Heavy industry = storage of consumer goods - **Second five-year plan** - Improvement of goods - More housing - Improve standard living - More jobs - Government provided = health services and education - Government encouraged = sport and fitness **[Women under Stalin ]** - Women = to men - Given leading roles - Abortion , divorce = traditional family values - Family code - Difficult divorce - Restrictions on abortion - Allowance to married couples. - No independent women = support male and mother of family - Bolshevik family code denounced = labour camps - Lenin's wife and leading revolutionary = forced to state they no longer support female equality - **Second world war** - Hitler = chancellor of Germany - Nazi invaded European countries = WW2 - Soviet and nazi = non-aggression act = no war against the two - Hitler invades Soviet Union = soviet working with allies - Soviet army was weak = many soldiers executed - Amry drove out nazis. - Infrastructure destroyed - Industrialization = soviets' resistance to Germany **[Pseudo-scientific ideas of race ]** **[Hierarchies of race ]** - Ideas of race developed amongst Europeans = pseudo-scientific =fake science - Ideas were based on prejudice= opinion - Government = racist polices based on pseudo-science **[Scientific racism ]** - Social Scientist studied human sociteis and their behaviours - Social factors = analysed and classified same as nautral science - Zoologist = classified animals and plats based on physic - Social scientist thought humans could be studied the same= skull size, skin colour - Humankind = separate races = distinct physic - Racist views based on science - Europeans applied = when came across indigenous people = measured their heads - Indigenous = primitive way of life thus not fit for industrialized world - Charles Darwin theory of evolution = animals and species were changing - Theory = better adapted species flourish at expense of less adapted ones - Herbert spencer took theory = the survival of the fittest = applied to humans - Different races = different stages of evolution = technology - Social Darwinist believed = hierarchy of races = European more advanced = better tec - Hierarchy = reason for expansion = Europeans "right" - Social Darwinism = misunderstanding of Darwin's theory = spices change not superiority - Disabled and less intelligent = lower developed - Sinister science = wrong to protect weak in society - "Good genes" = only supported - Eugenicists believed = better humans could be produced - Right physic and metal health = encouraged to have children = better population - Britian, Sweden, US = accepted eugenics - **Positive polices** - Nutrition - Fitness and exercise - Better diet and fresh air = prevent racial decline - women considered health = encourage to have kids - Maternity clinics - Family programmes - Bad genes = prevented from having kids - Inferior in their eyes = high birth rates - Negative polices. - Encourage contraception. - Birth control. - Compulsory abortion - Sterilisation - Prohibited sexual relations amongst unfit = mental and criminals - Britain = lock mentally ill - USA = forced sterilisation - Norway = voluntary sterilisation - Eugenics applied to race = some races better than others - Eugenics = breeding of superior races = limiting inferior races - Racial mixing = spoiled superior race = no sexual contact across races - Polices of genocide = extermination of Herero in Namibia and jews in Germany Understanding of race - Eugenics = unsafe - Eugenics = abuse of human right = sterilisation and mass murder - Genetics show= pseudo-science = wrong - Trace DNA = mitochondrial chromosome =mothers DNA - Genetists = researched how close DNA are - Research = no genetic differences between people of different races - Humans = descended from common ancestor from Africa = migrated up **[Human genome project ]** - What = identifying different DNA structures - Why = better understanding and treat medical disorders - Project shows = different physic = no consistent difference in DNA - Ideas about race = false **[Practices of race a eugenics]** - **[USA]** - Theories used to justify keeping races apart - Native and African Americans = different from whites - Native Americans died = disease , starvation , killed - Remaining native = forced to live in reservations - Laws enforced segregation = schools, transport - Whites = superior - Davenport and Goddard = encouraged government to improve genetics of the fittest - Weak and poor= no support from government = should die out - Immigrants of southern and eastern Europe = cause of crime and over population - States = controlled breeding of inferior = sterilisation - People consider metal couldn't marry - **[Australia ]** - Race ideas and eugenics applied where whites were alongside indigenous people - European superiority = justified by science = pseudo-science - Indigenous collapse = diseases , violence of colonial wars - Inferior dying out = unable to compete in modern world - **[Namibia ]** - German applied pseudo-science = Haeckel applied survival of fittest to humans - Southwest Africa = suitable for white settlement - More living space for nation to flourish - Southwest Africa occupied by = Khoi (Nama) and Herero - White settlers want land = native tribes must leave = natives have low cultural standards - German forcibly removes native = Herero rose up= Germans killed - Germans implemented = policy of genocide = native killed or driven into Kalahari Desert - Nama rose up = crushed = leaders deposed - Racial purity = marriages between Europeans and Africans forbidden - White men that had relations with African women = barred from voting = no support - Race law = broke up mixed couples - Mixed race = mentally and physically inferior to pure white people - - - **[South Africa ]** - Hendrick Verwoerd = promoted apartheid - Immorality act = no sexual relations between white and black - Government focus =improving genetic quality of white south Africans = poor whites - Great depression = whites becoming poor = Afrikaner - Race welfare society = encouraged birth control among poor white women - Smaller families = uplifting wealth - **[Australia and indigenous Australia ]** - **Colonisation** - Indigenous people = Aborigines = hunter gathers = nomadic and felt spiritual link to landscapes = created by their ancestors - British set up jail in Aborigines land = for prisoners for poor people and criminals who stole - Colonized Australia = prevent Australia from being colonised by French their rivals - Colonist = cleared tress and land = built houses - Colonist = kept sheep = export wool = wealthy - Prisons = Swan river, Victora , Queensland - Victoria = gold discovered inland from Melbourne - Melbourne = largest and wealthiest British empire = forming self-government - **Negative impact of colonisation on indigenous** - No rights to land = no longer hunter-gatherers - Indigenous = depend on settlers food , worked for them on farm , low wages - Diseases were brought by Europeans = no immunity to smallpox - Some indigenous = resisted loss of their land = attacked farmers - Tasmania = guerrilla warfare - Some Historians believe; Europeans killed indigenous by bring diseases , taking land and killing them= genocide - Some historians believe = collapse of indigenous happened because they couldn't adapt to change - **[Racial suicide and racial decay ]** - Racial suicide= not wanting to adapt - Racial decay = killing themselves = alcohol, unemployment , being nomadic - Settlers thought they were superior according to social Darwinism. - Aborigines isolated from rest of world. - **[Actions done. ]** - Keep land aside for indigenous to keep them safe. - Separate areas for indigenous because they were inferior - Some whites believed indigenous should integrate into settler society= not apart **[Government laws ]** - Aborigines and mixed (half castes) = moved to reserves against will - Not allowed to vote, drink alcohol, guns, dogs - Marriages between different races needed special permission. - White officials in charge of reserves had control over every aspect of their lives - Protectors of aborginies = banned dances , confined their children , confiscate property - Aborigines = denied civil rights, discriminated against = not allow live in areas as white - Schools for Aboriginal children - taught to turn from own customs = speak English - schooling prepared them for manual labour - Indigenous not dying out although they lived in poverty and where neglected - Indigenous =protested harsh treatment **[White immigration policies ]** - Immigration restriction act = refusing entry to any immigrant - Dictation = test based on English = given to those not wanted in country - Rejection of Asian and Chinese = took jobs away from whites - "White Australia" =Only white immigrants only - For economy to grow = white women given maternity allowances to encourage reproducing - For economy to grow = Australian government encouraged immigrants to come from Britain - Immigrants = worked as labourers and cosmetic servants - After WW1 = Australian government successful in recruiting British ex soldiers and families who wanted better life - **Children from Britain sent to Australia after WW1** - Government = special schemes to recruit children from Britain - Orphans who were living in children's homes - Boys = worked on farms - Girls = domestic service - Abused and neglected. - In 2000 Australian government ordered investigation - Lost innocents = fund victims for them to traces their families in Britain **[The stolen generation: treatment of mixed race children]** - Children who were mixed racial descents. - Aboriginal mother and white father - Separated from their mothers at four or five years - Where they were taken to = Christian families, missionaries, state orphanages - No contact with real families = integrates them into white Australian society - Full Aborigines = had to die out - Mixed children = trained to be domestic farm worker who blend in with whites **[Integration programmes for breeding blackness out ]** - Promoted by - Cecil Cook= chief protector of Aborigines northern - Auber Neville = chief protector of Aborigines in western - Enforced removal of mixed-race children from their mothers - Mixed Children only allowed to marry white Australians or other mixed - Marriages = "breed out the colour" - Protecters controlled =education, clothing, and money - Some children feared him some saw him as a benefactor (gives money) - **[Apology ]** - Mixed children where told their real parents didn't want them or they were dead - Conditions children lived in were poor = strict discipline and sexually abused - Loss of identity - In 2008 Australian prime minster Kevin Rudd apologised to "the stolen generations" - Eugenicist thinking and polices led to this **[Nazi Germany and the Holocaust ]** - **How did Hitler(all powerful leader) consolidate power from 1933 to 1934** - Hitler became chancellor of Germany Jan 1933 - Chancellor: solve economic problems Germany was facing during great depression - Hitler part of nazi: nazi changed Germany into totalitarian dictatorship - Getting rid of communist: nazi accused communist of burning down the parliament and they were banned from parliament - Enabling act: law passed giving nazis total power - Social democrats: voted against act and nazis made Germany a one-party state - Legal system under nazi control: - No independent judges - No fair trial and no justice **[How propaganda strengthened fascism ]** - Fascism: country is ruled by one ruler or one group - Nazi use of propaganda to persuade the German people to support them - Media were strictly controlled by nazi - No criticism of government allowed, anti-Nazi books were burnt - Nazi used education to influence the younger through teaching books - Children taught to support nazis and serve Hitler - Nazi controlled churches and all churches were closed for an official nazi church - Secret police crushed opposition, and they were sent to concentration camps - The SS (elite military which carried out Hitler brutal commands) - SS controlled camps - To get support of army: Hitler disbanded SA (stormtroopers) after ordering murder ot its leaders - Hitler becomes commander in chief of army - Defeat in war led to conscriptions so that all men had to serve in army and Germany had strongest army because of this - Nazis were fascists: believed in law order and obedience - Strong leader was more important, and war was natural state of humankind - Nazis: anti-intellectual, anti-communist and anti-democracy, extreme view about race and eugenics - Hitler wanted to expand Germany over easter Europe leading to WW2 **[Nazis idea about race and eugenics and how it was applied ]** - Nazi race: based of social Darwinism and eugenics - Their belief: tall, blonde, blue-eyed Europeans were superior to all other people - Inferior: exterminated so that ideal race would flourish - Eugen Fischer: ideas about eugenics and racial purity support sterilisation programmes in USA - Hierarchy of races: ideal (blond haired) Aryan race, discrimination against inferior - Discrimination: led to persecution and death for millions of people - To preserve purity in German nation: marriage or sexual relations between German and other inferior races were outlawed - Theories about race: presented in textbooks and taught in schools - **[How nazis applied negative eugenics]** - **Sterilisation:** people seen as genetically inferior by nazis were forcibly sterilised so they couldn't have children - **Separation:** people with mental disabilities or illness removed from society. Disable people were lock away and excluded from society and used as cruel scientific experiments - **Extermination:** theories eugenics mass murder - **Euthanasia:** mentally ill patients institutions killed euthanasia campaign - - **How Nazis applied eugenics to promote "Aryan blood"** - Nazis promoted Volksgemeinschaft - Volksgemeinscaft: community of healthy Aryans working for the good of the nation - Nation needs were important than individual rights - People who did not support general good were outsiders were removed from society - People of Aryan blood duty **was to have many children as possible** - Women encouraged to produced and nurture children at home - **Planned build up strong master race racially pure Germans** - **[Group of people were targeted by Nazis]** - Laws passed to discriminate against people who did not fit into the nazi ideas of perfect master race - Political opponents and those who refused to accept nazi teaching; communist, Jehovah witness - Black people and mixed race - Homosexuals threated nazis plans to breed master race; seen as weak or degenerated - Slavs (Russian) treated curly when German armies invaded their countries - Criminals were seen as genetic degenerates - People who couldn't find work were 'work shy' forced to work on labour camps - Gypsies had different languages and customs; nazis called them criminals and disorderly wanderers many killed in nazi death camps - Jews were the main victims Nazis tried to kill as jews with nazi police of genocide called the holocaust **Nationalism** **[What is nationalism]**: sense of belonging and identifying with a nation **Origins of nationalism inn Europe** - Nationalism developed in 18^th^ century were there was change in political system and social structure - Feudal system (kings and nobles inherited power and privilege) - Feudal system began to break down: people no longer had to serve a local lord and owned no personal loyalty - Middle class became more prominent: they became educated and got better privileges - Industrialization and growth of towns: people moved from country side and met new people thus they wanted something to clink them to other people **Key events in the development of nationalism** - [Events in different countries:] - **[France:]** - [ ] French revolution and king where overthrown France became a republican - **[Britain: ]** - industrial revolution where people moved to industrial towns. - They wanted a sense of belonging as they were no longer connected to their local region. - It developed during wars against France under napoleon as people developed a sense of patriotism towards Britain. - Nationalism also came when power and success that Britain gained from having colonies made people proud to be British - **[USA:]** - People in America fought together and won their independence from Britain this made them united - **[Europe in 19^th^ century:]** - Many separate states but the feeling among them shared common history and country that could form one country - This led to unification of Germany **[Nationalism as imagined community:]** - Historians: nation is not real nut imagined community - This means although people don't know everyone who is part of their nation, they can imagine they share things in common and this leads to them being part of same community - Invented tradition: government propaganda stressing heroic traditions or events in the past making them more than they are **[Nationalism in south Africa ]** - **Rise of nationalism in South Africa** - African nationalism was a political force in the 2oth century in SA - Different views on nationalism - Nationalist movement includes all south Africans equally - All South Africans weren't equally because of white government that supported segregation polices - Segregation: black South Africans developing their own sense of African nationalist pride - African nationalism in SA started as a form of resistance to colonialism and segregation - Many black south Africans had supported the Britain in the south African was(1899-1902) because they hoped that this would ensure better economic and political conditions like an end to pass laws and the right to vote - **1902** - Coloured South Africans in the cape formed the African political organisation - Dr Abdullah Abdurrahman became leader in 1905 - APO protested the segregation laws and plans to exclude black south Africans from the right to vote - Coloureds were concerned that segregation polices against Blacks would be applied to them - They wanted to extended union and to achieve goals through negotiation and without violence - **[Formation of the native congress ]** - After SA war the union of SA would be based on white political control at expense of black South Africans - The native congress was in all 4 colonies - Transvaal native congress wrote to British government complaining about pass laws but they were ignored - **1909:** newspaper editors, Dube, Jabavu, Rubusana called a meeting = **SA native national convention** - The meeting: demanded votes for all males and end racial discrimination - **1909 delegation**: which included the editors and Abdurahman went to London to ask British government to intervene - Delegation was ignored - **May 1910:** union of SA was formed, this meant white men had all political power - **Power:** right to vote and ownership of land - **[The formation of the African National Congress ]** - First step in African nationalism in SA: Formation of SA Native National Congress (SANNC) later African National Congress (ANC) - John Dube was president and Sol Plaatje as secretary general - **Aim of ANC**: untie Africans by overcoming ethnic differences - encourage united action to oppose discrimination and prejudice - win political rights for all - first act of ANC: send delegation to London to protest 1913 land act (not successful) - 1919 delegation sent to Paris: they had hoped gain support of British government for self determination for black people in SA (not successful) - ANC was a moderate (peaceful) organisation - Many ANC members were educated, and they didn't pay attention to the needs of black workers and people living In rural reserves **[The ICU draws Mass support ]** - **Industrial and Commercial Workers Union in 1919** - Organisation which drew support of working class - 1920s: They protested the policies of the government by ending of 1920s it declined - In contrast to ICU, ANC didn't have mass support because they were only representing the elite - **[1930s ANC:]** worked with other organisations to protest segregation laws(unsuccessful) - Black political organisations became disillusioned with the moderate approach - They wanted a more determined form of African nationalism - **[The influence of the WW2: ANC after 1940]** - WW2 had an important impact on development of African Nationalism - **Allied was propaganda**: claimed the war was fought for freedom and democracy - **Propaganda**: encouraged Africans to hope that post war would see an end to discrimination and oppression everywhere - **1940**: Dr Alfred Xuma became president of ANC - **Xuma**: wanted to co-operate with coloured and Indian leaders to present united front against discrimination - **1941**: allied leaders Roosevelt and Churchill issued Atlantic Charter - **Atlantic Charter**: promised support for self determination - ANC: set up committee to study implications of Atlantic Charter for Africa - **1943**: Xuma drew up document called African Claims in SA - **African Claims**: votes for all adults, fair distribution of land, right for Africans to own land in urban areas, end discrimination in work area - **1943**: younger members of ANC formed **Congress Youth League (CYL):** president Anton Lembede and Mandela as member - CYL: accused ANC leaders of representing elite and excluding masses - CYL wanted to overcome conservative attitude of the older members of ANC and turn into more active nationalist organisation, this would bring real change for South Africans - **[South Africans help in the war ]** - 125 000 black SA served in WW2 on allied side - Were not asked to carry arms rather worked for army (drivers, cooks, guards) - Allied government feared giving black soldiers military training would undermine white domination in SA - Blacks hoped for change after their attitude in the war but tis didn't happen - Many were disappointed because the efforts had been undervalued - **[Nationalism and the ANC after 1945]** - More determined form of nationalism emerged within the ANC after National Party came into power in 1948 - 1949 members of the CYL were elected to position of leadership - CYL turned ANC into activist organisation with mass support - **[Programme of Action:]** this accepted the use of boycotts, stikes, civil disobedience and non co operation - The programme was carried out in the Defiance Campaign launched by the ANC in 1952 - The programme was to protest unjust apartheid laws - Bantu educations were boycotted - African women refused to carry passes - **[Different types of nationalism ]** - 1940s tension within the ANC - Moderates: mutli-racial opposition movement - Africanists: felt blacks Africans should organise separately - Anton Lembede: support Africanist view and his ideas influenced the 2949 programme of action - **[Africanism ]** - Nationalism is rising in revolt against foreign domination conquest and oppression - **[Principles]**: Africa is a black man's country therefore Africa belongs to them - **[Principles]**: Africans are one out of the heterogeneous tribes there must emerge a homogenous nation - National liberation will user era of African socialism - **[ANC response to Garveyism ]** - Marcus Garvey's slogan: Africa for the Africans, they are more extreme - CYL insist there's inter racial peace and progress in the abandonment of white domination - **[A new definition of nationalism: the freedom Charter and Charterism ]** - **** - The freedom charter called for a democratic government for all South Africans regardless of race - Non racialism of Charter became fundamental principle of ANC policy - South African belonging to all that in it, black and white - Non-racial nationalism known as Charterism - The ideals of the Pan Africanist Congress **[Not all ANC members accepted the non-racial approach of the freedom charter ]** - Pan Africanist Congress led by Robert Sobukwe - Sobukwe broke away to form PAC because ANC abandoned the ideals of the Youth League by moving away from Africanism towards non racialism - **[PAC:]** black interests had to come first and no power sharing - **[1960:]** ANC and PAC banned by the government - Leaders for both exile and continued movement from there - **[The Black Consciousness movement]** - led by Steve Biko used same ideas as Africanist - It promoted pride in a black identity through culture, history and language - Encouraged black people to be self-reliant and proactive - **[United Democratic Front:]** fought for non-racial democratic South Africa following charterist position - **[1990:]** ANC and PAC unbanned and Nelson Mandela released - ****: ANC under Nelson Mandela won SAs first democratic election [ ] - **[New government ]** - Promoted reconciliation and nation building a common south African identity - New national symbols, flag, national anthem combining different cultural traditions - The bill of right in the new constitution echoed the ideas of no racialism which had been expressed In the freedom charter **[The rise of African nationalism ]** - White Afrikaners living in Boer republics of Transvaal and orange free state developed strong sense of Afrikaner national loyalty - loyalty strived from Britain attempt to control them in 1870s - **[1875:]** Afrikaner teachers and minsters started the society of the true Afrikaners - Afrikaans language different from Dutch - Special history: chosen people by God during great trek of 1830s - Many Afrikaners fought against the British in the south African war, but they lost - Britain was keen to conciliate Afrikaners by making concession (something you agree to admit to) - **[Conciliation ]** - Create union as self-governing country although it was a British empire - Union attempted to unite English and Afrikaner south Africans into one nation - Problem with union - Many British proud of their culture such as union jack(flag) and national anthem didn't want to change it - Afrikaners resented this and created National party to promote their interests - NP led by Hertzog former Boer general and Afrikaner Politian - 1924 NP voted into power and under that government Afrikaners was recognised as an official language and Boer flag was adopted **[Afrikaner nationalism in the 1930s]** - Afrikaner identity and nationalism grew stronger - Different Afrikaners came to identify with each other - Together they constructed the idea of Afrikaner nation united by its own special history, language and culture - Different organisations to promote to create identity and united nation - Broederbond 1918 driving force of growth of Afrikaner nationalism - Secret organisation that wanted to end English domination of economy - This way Afrikaner nationalist's government come into power which cute ties with Britain and make SA a republic - Federation of Afrikaans cultural organisation established by Broederbond to support Afrikaner cultural activities promoted nationalism - Afrikaans language and cultural organisation - Afrikaner cultural organisation - Sperate from the English version was established such as voortrekkers - The national anthem die stem affected the rest of the country - Significance of the great trek for Afrikaner nationalism - Broederbond organised a centenary trek, the Eeufees to commemorate the great trek of 100 years before - Afrikaners from around the country joined processions of ox wagons journeying to Pretoria where many gatherers to witness founding of the voortrekker Monument - This boosted Afrikaner nationalism - To coincide with the centenary trek the ox wagon guards was formed - Ox wagon guard: cultural organisation to maintain spirit of the occasion but it became extremists during WW2 - **[Affirmative action for the Afrikaner volk]** - Affirmative action: policy of giving preference to previously disadvantaged groups(blacks) in this case the Afrikaners - All organisations and - commemorations promoted the idea that white Afrikaners were a distant volk(people) with own culture that needed to be promoted and defended - White Afrikaners dispute poor or rich were part of volk - Afrikaans speaking people who were not white were excluded - **[Imaginary community]** - Before 20^th^ century there was no unity amongst the white Afrikaners - Before 20^th^ they were divided by class and political differences - NP and Afrikaner cultural and economic organisations developed the idea of white Afrikaner unity different from other South Africans Idea of Afrikaner unity and difference from other South Africans - Education - White Afrikaners taught in their own language and it stressed white supremacy and Afrikaner nationalist version of history - Schooling was known as Christian national education - Nationalist press prompted ideas among the volk - Labour - White afrikaners were discouraged to work in labour forces or trade unions stressed class - Trade unions such as Spoorbond for railway workers were set up to protect the interests of white Afrikaner workers - Religion - White Afrikaners were discouraged from belonging to foreign churches such as English dominated churches - Loyal Afrikaners belong to the Dutch reformed church which supported the NP - The economy - Separate Afrikaner financial institutions were established such as Sanlam building society - Institutions gave Afrikaners greater opportunities in a capitalist economy that was dominated by English speaking white people - Act of rescue fund was formed to support new Afrikaner businesses - Afrikaner nationalists win political power - SA fought on allied side in WW2 - Afrikaners nationlists didn't support and the extremist (OB) used violent methods to block SA participation in war - After war many shifted from united party government to purified national party - They were voted into power in 1948 - Government goals - Break ties with Britian - Advance economy and political power of white Afrikaners through affirmative action