History of Philosophy PDF

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? Introduction to Philosophy HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Eastern and Western Why necessary? The study of philosophy enhan ces a person's problem-solving capacities Why necessary? It helps us to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems...

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? Introduction to Philosophy HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Eastern and Western Why necessary? The study of philosophy enhan ces a person's problem-solving capacities Why necessary? It helps us to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems. Why necessary? It contributes to our capacity to organize ideas and issues, to deal with questions of value, and to extract what is essential from large quantities of phylos sophia Love Wisdom philosophy uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Eastern Western Asian First communities philosophical have thriving school schools of emerged thought and around the 6th belief system century BCE EASTERN PHILOSOPHY THEISTIC NON-THEISTIC belief in do not focus Supreme on beliefs of a Being or god or deity deities  EASTERN PHILOSOPHY HINDUISM BUDDHISM SHINTO JAINISM SIKHISM CONFUCIANISM TAOISM WESTERN PHILOSOPHY concerned with uncovering the truth through systematic argumentation and theory increased focus on man as an  THE PROBLEM OF THE WORLD What is the basic material of which the world is formed?  THALES OF MILETUS everything comes from and arises out of water Father of Western Philosophy  ANAXIMENES air makes up all things different elements and substances are merely different phases of ANAXIMANDER OF MILETUS all things are created and emerged from an indefinite and infinite realm called apeiron  EMPEDOCLES the fundamental materials of the world are fire, water, earth, and air  PYTHAGORAS formal order of the universe can be conceived mathematically he was credited for the formulation  HERACLITUS perpetual change is the universal principle  PARMENIDES change is impossible world-process is an illusion THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE No Change CHANGE no knowing no mental subject and process nothing to be known KNOWLEDGE impossible to attain NO KNOWLEDGE implies NO TRUTH Nothing remains but subjective opinion; Nothing but the individual as measure of all things. SOPHISTS literally means “wise man” or “one who knows” believe that all truths are relative proof: people disagree in SOPHISTS taught of a way or argumentation called eristic win arguments rather than arrive at the truth excellent public  SOCRATES Founder of Western Philosophy made great contributions in the field of Ethics  PLATO his teachings and writings are considered as the foundation of Western Philosophy Academy  ARISTOTLE Lyceum contradicted Plato reality is based on what we can sense and perceive Deductive reasoning  History of Philosophy Ancie Medie Renaissa Contemp Modern nt val nce orary cosmo faith paradig reason lived s m shift experie nce PHILOSOPHY as a field of study “Wonder is the only beginning of Philosophy” Humans thought it was astonishing to be alive that philosophical questions arose of their own accord. As we grow up, the faculty of wonder seems to diminish. Since philosophical questions concern us all, we are all philosophers. “The unexamined life is not worth living”