Social Science and Philosophy SSP 123 Lesson 6 PDF

-- -- Social Science and Philosophy SSP 123 No. Lesson CODE -------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- 1. Basic Principles and Co...

-- -- Social Science and Philosophy SSP 123 No. Lesson CODE -------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- 1. Basic Principles and Concept of Social Science **SSP 123 -1** 2. Terminologies and theories prevalent within each disciplines and across disciplines **SSP 123 - 2** 3. Historical Foundations of the Social Sciences **SSP 123 -3** 4. Nature, Meaning and History of Philosophy **SSP 123 -4** 5. The Nature of Philosophical Inquiry **SSP 123 -5** **6.** **History and Development of Oriental and Western Philosophy** **SSP 123 -6** 7. Logic, Meaning , fallacies and good arguments **SSP 123-7** 8. Ethics, Meaning, Division, Classification **SSP 123 -8** 9. Metaphysics **SSP 123-9** 10. Epistemology **SSP 123-10** **Lesson 6** **History and Development** **of** **Oriental and** **Western Philosophy**. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Specific | | | | | Learning | | | | | Objectives** | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | After the end | | | | | of this module, | | | | | you MUST be | | | | | able to: | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | 1. | Demonstrate | | | | | understanding | | | | | of the history | | | | | and development | | | | | of Oriental and | | | | | Western | | | | | philosophy. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | 2. | Articulate the | | | | | different | | | | | branches of | | | | | philosophy that | | | | | developed from | | | | | the doctrines | | | | | of Oriental and | | | | | Western | | | | | traditions | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **Topic:** | | | | | | | | | | 7.1 Oriental | | | | | Philosophy | | | | | | | | | | 7.1.1 | | | | | Confucianism | | | | | and Taoism | | | | | Philosophy | | | | | | | | | | 7.1.2 Buddhism | | | | | and Hinduism | | | | | | | | | | 7.2 Western | | | | | Philosophy | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | 7.2.1 Western | | | | | Philosophy by | | | | | Movement or | | | | | School | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **ASSESSMENT | | | | | METHOD/S:** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | 1. | Recitation | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | 2. | Quizzes | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | 3. | Midterm | | | | | Examination | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **REFERENCES:** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1. | Encyclopedia | | | | | Britannica. [[h | | | | | ttps://www.brit | | | | | annica.com/topi | | | | | c/Western-philo | | | | | sophy]{.underli | | | | | ne}](https://ww | | | | | w.britannica.co | | | | | m/topic/Western | | | | | -philosophy) | | | | | ------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | --------------- | | | | | -------------- | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 2. | On Truth and | | | | | Reality. | | | | | Ancient Asian | | | | | Philosophy. | | | | | [[https://www.s | | | | | paceandmotion.c | | | | | om/buddhism-hin | | | | | duism-taoism-co | | | | | nfucianism.htm] | | | | | ](h | | | | | ttps://www.spac | | | | | eandmotion.com/ | | | | | buddhism-hindui | | | | | sm-taoism-confu | | | | | cianism.htm) | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ |. | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Information | | | | | Sheet SSP 123 | | | | | -6** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Learning | | | | | Objectives:** | | | | | | | | | | After reading | | | | | this | | | | | INFORMATION | | | | | SHEET, you must | | | | | be able to: | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1. | Demonstrate | | | | | understanding | | | | | of the history | | | | | and development | | | | | of Oriental and | | | | | Western | | | | | philosophy. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 2. | Articulate the | | | | | different | | | | | branches of | | | | | philosophy that | | | | | developed from | | | | | the doctrines | | | | | of Oriental and | | | | | Western | | | | | traditions | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Introduction: **Eastern [Philosophy](http://getwiki.net/-Philosophy)** is a diverse body of approaches to life and [philosophizing](http://getwiki.net/-Philosophical_Method), particularly centered on understanding the process of the [Universe](http://getwiki.net/-Universe) and the endless \"becoming\". In [Western culture](http://getwiki.net/-Western_culture), the term **Eastern Philosophy** refers very broadly to the various [philosophies](http://getwiki.net/-Philosophy) of \"the East,\" namely [Asia](http://getwiki.net/-Asia), including [China](http://getwiki.net/-China), [India](http://getwiki.net/-India), [Japan](http://getwiki.net/-Japan). Eastern thought developed independently of Western and Islamic thought, but has greatly influenced both in Modern times. Eastern Philosophy does not have the rigid academic traditions found in Western thinking.  Because of the more rigorous academic approach to philosophizing in the West, most Western [universities](http://getwiki.net/-university) focus almost exclusively on Western philosophical traditions and ideas in their Philosophy departments and courses (with several exceptions). When one uses the unqualified term \"philosophy\" in a Western academic context, it typically refers to the Western philosophical tradition beginning with the [ancient Greeks](http://getwiki.net/-Ancient_Philosophy). Eastern philosophies are typically overlooked, but increased connections between \"East and West\" in recent years have served to bridge the culture gap by a large degree.  **Philosophical and Religious Traditions** **Confucius and Confucianism Philosophy** *Confucius*, also known as Kong Qui or K\'ung Fu-tzu, was a Chinese philosopher. He believed to have been conceived out of wedlock. His father was seventy and his mother only fifteen when he was born. His father died when we was three and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. For most of his life, Confucius traveled from state to state getting government jobs and teaching his disciples. He was one time a Justice Minister in the State of Lu, but resigned after several years because he disapproved the politics of his king. Confucius lived to be quite old; he died at the age of 72 in 479BC.  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- *One of the teachings of Confucius* The life history of Confucius is regarded as legendary, but the story of his life lends it credibility. His thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy as Confucianism.Confucius has become a larger than life figure and it is difficult to separate the reality from the myth **Confucius Belief:** The entire teachings of Confucius regarding the philosophies of man was more of practical and ethical rather than religious. Confucius was greatly venerated during his lifetime and in succeeding years. Although he himself has little belief in the supernatural, he has been revered almost as philosopher and political theorist by millions **What is Confucianism?** You probably have heard the biblical phrase, \'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.\' The Chinese philosophy of Confucianism puts it this way: \'Do not do to others what you would have them not do to you.\' Unlike Christianity, Confucianism is technically not a religion. But it does share the Christian approach of loving others. In fact, that is the foundation of the philosophy. **Confucianism** is based entirely on kindness, mutual respect and an appreciation for character virtues. It is founded on the belief that society can flourish only when people learn to interact positively with each other. The worldly concern of **Confucianism** rests upon the **belief** that human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor, especially self-cultivation and self-creation. **Confucian** thought focuses on the cultivation of virtue in a morally organized world. **TAOISM** **Taoist Beliefs, Practices And Deities** **Lao-Tzu (also known as Laozi or Lao-Tze) was a Chinese philosopher credited with founding the philosophical system of Taoism.** Daoism, or Taoism, is a philosophical or religious tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao. The Dao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Daoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. ---------------------------------------------- C:\\Users\\Vilma\\Downloads\\images (25).jpg ---------------------------------------------- **Tao**\] means a road, path, way; and hence, the way in which one does something; method, doctrine, principle. \... The **Tao** is what gives **Taoism** its English name, in both its philosophical and religious forms. The **Tao** is the fundamental and central concept of these schools of thought **The Yin-Yang Symbol** --------------------------------------------------------------------  -------------------------------------------------------------------- Two complementary principles of Chinese philosophy: ***Yin*** is negative, dark, and feminine, ***Yang*** positive, bright, and masculine. Their interaction is thought to maintain the harmony of the universe and to influence everything within it. **Buddhism** [Siddhartha Gautama](https://www.biography.com/people/buddha-9230587), the founder of Buddhism who later became known as "the Buddha," lived during the 5th century B.C.  [Gautama was born](https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/buddhists-celebrate-birth-of-gautama-buddha) into a wealthy family as a prince in present-day Nepal. Although he had an easy life, Gautama was moved by suffering in the world.  He decided to give up his lavish lifestyle and endure poverty. When this didn't fulfill him, he promoted the idea of the "Middle Way," which means existing between two extremes. Thus, he sought a life without social indulgences but also without deprivation. C:\\Users\\Vilma\\Downloads\\download (30).jpg ------------------------------------------------ Buddhism Beliefs **Buddhism Beliefs** There is no belief in a personal god. Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent and that change is always possible. The path to Enlightenment is through the practice and development of morality, meditation and wisdom. Buddhists believe that life is both endless and subject to impermanence, suffering and uncertainty. These states are called the *tilakhana*, or the three signs of existence. Existence is endless because individuals are reincarnated over and over again, experiencing suffering throughout many lives. It is impermanent because no state, good or bad, lasts forever. Our mistaken belief that things can last is a chief cause of suffering. **Buddhism** spread from India to China some 2,000 years ago. Chinese **Buddhism** may be classified according to languages into three communities: Mandarin, Tibetan and Bali.  There is no single Buddhist symbol, but a number of images have evolved that represent Buddhist beliefs, including the lotus flower, the eight-spoked dharma wheel, the Bodhi tree and the [[swastika]](https://www.history.com/news/eight-unusual-good-luck-charms) (an ancient symbol whose name means \"well-being\" or \"good fortune\" in Sanskrit) C:\\Users\\Vilma\\Downloads\\images (26).jpg ---------------------------------------------- Buddhist Swastika +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Introduction:** | | | | | | **Western Philosophy** refers | | | to **philosophical** thinking in | | | the **Western** or Occidental | | | world, (beginning with Ancient | | | Greece and Rome, extending | | | through central | | | and **western** Europe and, since | | | Columbus, the Americas. | | | | | | Western society strives to **find | | | and prove \"the truth\"**, while | | | Eastern society **accepts the | | | truth as given** and is more | | | interested in **finding the | | | balance**. Westerners put more | | | stock in **individual rights**; | | | Easterners in **social | | | responsibility**. | | | | | | ------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | ---- | | |  | | | ------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | ---- | | +===================================+===================================+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Western Philosophy by Movement | | | or School** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ A philosophical movement is the appearance of (or the increased popularity of) a specific school of philosophy, an identifiable tradition of philosophy, or a marked change in philosophical thought on a particular subject. A school is a group of people, especially philosophers, artists, or writers, whose thought, work, or style demonstrates a common origin or influence or unifying belief. These are the famous "-isms" of philosophy. For convenience, the major movements and schools can be classified under three main sub-headings: +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Some Major | | | | movements and schools | | | | during the Ancient | | | | Period:** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Aristotelianism** | | | | is a school or | | | | tradition of | | | | philosophy from the | | | | Socratic (or | | | | Classical) period of | | | | ancient Greece, that | | | | takes its defining | | | | inspiration from the | | | | work of the 4th | | | | Century B.C. | | | | philosopher | | | | Aristotle. | | | | | | | | His immediate | | | | followers were also | | | | known as the | | | | Peripatetic School | | | | (meaning itinerant or | | | | walking about, after | | | | the covered walkways | | | | at the Lyceum in | | | | Athens where they | | | | often met), | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Cynicism** is a | | | | school of philosophy | | | | from the Socratic | | | | period of ancient | | | | Greece, which holds | | | | that the purpose of | | | | life is to live a | | | | life of Virtue in | | | | agreement with Nature | | | | (which calls for only | | | | the bare necessities | | | | required for | | | | existence). This | | | | means rejecting all | | | | conventional desires | | | | for health, wealth, | | | | power and fame, and | | | | living a life free | | | | from all possessions | | | | and property. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | |  | based on the | | | | teachings of the | | | | ancient Greek | | | | philosopher Epicurus | | | |. In Ethics, | | | | Epicureanism teaches | | | | that happiness (or | | | | the greatest good) is | | | | to seek modest | | | | pleasures in order to | | | | attain a state of | | | | tranquility, freedom | | | | from fear and the | | | | absence of bodily | | | | pain. This state of | | | | tranquillity can be | | | | obtained through | | | | knowledge of the | | | | workings of the | | | | world, the leading of | | | | a simple, moderate | | | | life and the limiting | | | | of desires | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | C:\\Users\\Vilma\\Dow | **Hedonism** is a | | | nloads\\images | school of philosophy | | | (3).png | from the Socratic and | | | | Hellenistic periods | | | | of ancient Greece, | | | | which holds that | | | | pleasure is the most | | | | important pursuit of | | | | mankind, and that we | | | | should always act so | | | | as to maximize our | | | | own pleasure. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Skepticism** holds |  | | | avoid the postulation | | | | of final truths. This | | | | is not necessarily | | | | quite the same as | | | | claiming that truth | | | | is impossible (which | | | | would itself be a | | | | truth claim), but is | | | | often also used to | | | | cover the position | | | | that there is no such | | | | thing as certainty in | | | | human knowledge | | | | (sometimes referred | | | | to as Academic | | | | Skepticism). | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Some Major | | | | movements and schools | | | | during the Ancient | | | | Period:** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Illuminationism** | | | | is a Medieval school | | | | of Islamic philosophy | | | | founded in the 12th | | | | Century by Shahab | | | | al-Din Suhrawardi | | | | (1155 - 1191). It is | | | | a combination of | | | | Avicennism and | | | | ancient Persian | | | | philosophy, along | | | | with many new | | | | innovative ideas of | | | | Suhrawardi himself. | | | | The fundamental | | | | constituent of | | | | Suhrawardi's | | | | philosophy is pure, | | | | immaterial light, | | | | which unfolds from | | | | the \"light of | | | | lights\" in | | | | emanations through | | | | the descending order | | | | of the light of | | | | ever-diminishing | | | | intensity. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | https://thesaurus.plu | **Scholasticism** is | | | s/img/synonyms/264/sc | a tool and method for | | | holasticism.png | learning which places | | | | emphasis on | | | | dialectical reasoning | | | | (the exchange of | | | | argument, or thesis, | | | | and counter argument, | | | | or antithesis, in | | | | pursuit of a | | | | conclusion, or | | | | synthesis), directed | | | | at answering | | | | questions or | | | | resolving | | | | contradictions. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Some Major | | | | movements and schools | | | | during the Modern | | | | Period:** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Deconstructionism** | | | | (or sometimes just | | | | Deconstruction) is a | | | | 20th Century school | | | | in philosophy | | | | initiated by Jacques | | | | Derrida in the 1960s. | | | | It is a theory of | | | | literary criticism | | | | that questions | | | | traditional | | | | assumptions about | | | | certainty, identity, | | | | and truth; asserts | | | | that words can only | | | | refer to other words; | | | | and attempts to | | | | demonstrate how | | | | statements about any | | | | text subvert their | | | | own meanings. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Existentialism** is | | | | a movement in | | | | philosophy and | | | | literature that | | | | emphasizes individual | | | | existence, freedom | | | | and choice. It began | | | | in the mid-to-late | | | | 19th Century, but | | | | reached its peak in | | | | mid-20th Century | | | | France. It is based | | | | on the view that | | | | humans define their | | | | own meaning in life, | | | | and try to make | | | | rational decisions | | | | despite existing in | | | | an irrational | | | | universe. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Humanism** is a |  | | | (and less | | | | religion-centered) | | | | approach. It has an | | | | ultimate faith in | | | | humankind, and | | | | believes that human | | | | beings possess the | | | | power or potentiality | | | | of solving their own | | | | problems, through | | | | reliance primarily | | | | upon reason and | | | | scientific method | | | | applied with courage | | | | and vision. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Marxism** is a | | | | philosophical, | | | | political and social | | | | movement derived from | | | | the work of Karl Marx | | | | and Friedrich Engels | | | | (1829 - 1895) in the | | | | second half of the | | | | 19th Century. It is a | | | | theoretical-practical | | | | framework based on | | | | the analysis of \"the | | | | conflicts between the | | | | powerful and the | | | | subjugated\" with | | | | working class | | | | self-emancipation as | | | | its goal. It promotes | | | | a pure form of | | | | Socialism and | | | | provides the | | | | intellectual base for | | | | various subsequent | | | | forms of Communism | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Modernism** refers | | | | to a reforming | | | | movement in art, | | | | architecture, music, | | | | literature and the | | | | applied arts during | | | | the late 19th Century | | | | and early 20th | | | | Century. There is no | | | | specifically | | | | Modernist movement in | | | | Philosophy, but | | | | rather Modernism | | | | refers to a movement | | | | within the arts which | | | | had some influence | | | | over later | | | | philosophical | | | | thought. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+