History of Medicine (PDF)

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. MODULE 3 LESSON 2: HISTORY OF MEDICINE RT 100: INTRO TO RT AND HEALTH CARE DELCIE F. JADER, RRT, MAED College of Radiologic Technology  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY...

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. MODULE 3 LESSON 2: HISTORY OF MEDICINE RT 100: INTRO TO RT AND HEALTH CARE DELCIE F. JADER, RRT, MAED College of Radiologic Technology  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Humankind’s attempt to treat & cure diseases can be dated back almost 5000 years to Egypt & Mesopotamia. Prehistoric skulls found in Europe & South America also demonstrate that early humans deliberately removed bone from the skull successfully. Whether this action was performed as a surgical treatment or as a religious attempt to release evil spirits is unknown. Many potent drugs still in use today, such as castor oil and opium, were used in ancient Egypt for medicinal purposes.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. *Castor oil – (laxative) a drug used to stimulate or increase the frequency of bowel evacuation, or to encourage a softer or bulkier stool. *Opium- an extract from the poppy Papaver somniferum, which has analgesic & narcotic action due to its content of morphine. It has the same uses & side effects as morphine & prolonged use may lead to dependence. Despite their sophisticated embalming skills, the Egyptians demonstrated little knowledge of anatomy COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Opium Poppy Fruit of the Castor-Oil Plant  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT MEDICINE diseases: Fractures - common injuries. arteriosclerosis, pneumonia, urinary infections, stones, parasites, arthritis and tubercular disease of the spine. treating wounds (same as the animals): immersing in cool water, applying mud, sucking stings, licking wounds, exerting pressures on wounds to stop the bleeding  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. 19th Century - medical treatment was intertwined with religion - some treated their sick elderly and disabled with kindness - some during times of famine, sent the elders out into unsheltered environment - some killed and ate disabled tribe members. Disease - caused by gods and spirits magic - drive away evil forces tribal healers - held high political and social positions  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. treating wounds: sucking, cupping, bleeding, fumigating and steam baths, medicinal herbs MESOPOTAMIA - studied hepatoscopy - liver was the seat of life and the collecting point of blood. HEBREWS -disease was a divine punishment and a mark of sin - medications: balsams, gums, spices, oils, narcotics - disease was imbalance of the four humors of the body; phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANCIENT EGYPT Isis - healing goddess Hathor - mistress of heaven and the protector of women during childbirth Keket - ensured fertility Embalming: The most elaborated embalming practice required that the liver, lungs, stomach and intestines be preserved in stone jars so that they could function for eternity. Cranial contents were removed with hooks through nostrils. The skull and abdominal cavities were washed with spices; soaked for 70 days in a solution of clay and salts of carbonate, sulfate and chloride; and then washed. The corpse was then coated with gums and wrapped in fine lined.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. linked anatomy and physiology with theology each with special deity as its protector. body was composed of a system of channels w/ heart at the center; air came in the ears and nose; channels carried blood, urine, feces, tears and sperm public health was also concern homes were clean and practiced personal hygiene Diseases: intestinal ailments, malaria, night blindness, cataracts, arteriosclerosis, epidemic diseases. Diagnoses: probing wounds with fingers, taking the pulse, studying sputum, urine and feces  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. healing & Medications: - religious ritual, medicines in the form of pills, cake, suppositories, enemas, ointments, gargles..... - drugs made of vegetables, minerals and animal substances...  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANCIENT INDIA believed that life was a cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction detected diabetes by the sweetness of the patient's urine snakebite by applying tourniquets surgery on the nose, earlobes, harelips and hernia removed stones and performs amputations cesarean sections.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANCIENT CHINA balance with yin and yang Tao was considered the way Confucius forbade any violation of the body, dissections were not performed in China until the 18th cent. 5 methods of treatment: cure the spirit; nourish the body; give medications; treat the whole body, and use acupuncture and moxibustion Tx: exercise, physical therapy, massage, medicinal herbs, trees, insects, stones and grains inoculation against small pox  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANCIENT GREECE healing temple of Asclepios in Thessaly - contained statue of a god to whom gifts were often given as a sign of worship - tholos, a round building, encircled a pool or sacred spring of water for purification - abaton - was a building considered to be an incubation site  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. PRE-HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE Thales - basic element in animal and plant life was water Anaximander - living creatures orignated in the water; believed that air was the element necessary for life Heraclitus - believed that fire was the principal element of life Hippocrates - people practicing medicine should be pure and holy - he taught that one should 1) observe all 2) study the patient rather than the disease, 3) evaluate honestly 4) assist nature COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BC) was a Greek Physician who is considered the father of Western Medicine. A contemporary of Socrates & was one of the most famous physicians & teachers of medicine of his time is generally accepted.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Hippocratic Corpus - more than 60 medical treatises - most of them was not written by himself. - The writings are similar in that they emphasize rational & natural explanations for the treatment of disease & reject sorcery & magic.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. He emphasized the importance of careful observation of patient. He believed in the powers of nature to heal over time & taught the prevention of disease through a regimen of diet & exercise. He also attributed with developing a high standard of ethical conduct, as incorporated in the Hippocratic oath, which provided guidelines for physician-patient relationships, for the rights of patient privacy, & for the use of treatment for curative purposes only. Hippocratic Oath – it is still govern the ethical conduct of physicians today. Medicine was strongly controlled by religious groups during this period, and it was not until the early 1500s that a physician in England had to be licensed to practice.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The Romans recognized the importance of proper sanitation for good public health through their construction of aqueducts, baths, sewers and hospitals. Unfortunately, during the Middle Ages, the destruction or neglect of the Roman sanitary facilities resulted in many local epidemics that eventually led to the great plague, known as the “Black Death” during the 14th century. COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CHRISTIANITY Christians sought to bring the healing message of Christ to those in need. Dark Ages, practices involved prayer, exorcism, holy oil, relics of saints, supernaturalism, and superstition. Content of Christian Faith emphasize on compassion, forgiveness, and concern for the unfortunate and the dispossessed, led the followers of Christianity to provide facilities for the care of the orphaned, elderly, outcast and poor. Roman Emperor, Constantine, founded a hospital Europe was inundated with leprosy, typhus, and smallpox bubonic plaque spread through Europe  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. RENAISSANCE PARACELSUS - father of pharmacology, combined alchemy (changing metal into gold; transforms something into mysterious or impossible) with the treatment of disease JEAN FERNEL - physiology, pathology and therapeutics were the standard disciplines of medicine; suggested gonorrhea and syphilis were two separate diseases. AMBROISE PARÉ - forerunner in clinical surgery ANDREAS VERSALIUS - father of anatomy  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. JAN BAPTISTA VAN HELMONT - compared the weight of the urine to the weight of the water GALILEO - law of motion ISAAC NEWTON - gravity CHRISTIAN HUYGENS - centigrade system for measuring temperature GABRIEL DANIEL FAHRENHEIT - system for measuring temperature named after him QUININE - treatment for malaria LEONARDO DA VINCI - explored human anatomy through dissection MARCELLO MALPIGHI & ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK - microscope  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch zoologists, who isolated the microorganism with a microscope he made. With the development of improved microscope, the discovery of the capillary system of the blood helped complete Harvey’s explanation of blood circulation.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. William Harvey (1578- 1657), an English physician, is considered by many scholars to have laid the foundation of modern medicine. He was the first to demonstrate the function of the heart and the circulation of the blood.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. 18TH CENTURY ALBRECHT VON HALLER - studied nervous system; founder of modern physiologic theory. LAZZARO SPALLANZANI - pioneer in experimental fertilization STEPHEN HALES - demonstrated the dynamics of blood circulation GIOVANNI BATTISTA MORGAGNI - father of pathology WILLIAM HUNTER - specialist in obstetrics JOHN HUNTER - closing off aneurysm PHILIPPE PINEL - demanded that more humane regimen be instilled at Asylum de Bicetre  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. In 1796, Edward Jenner (1749-1823), an English physician, introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox when he inoculated an 8-year-old boy, which proved the cowpox provided immunity against small pox. This discovery served as the foundation for the field of immunology.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895), a French chemist, worked with bacteria to prove the germ theory of infection. Through his work, the process of pasteurization was developed.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Robert Koch (1843-1910), a German bacteriologists, established the bacterial cause for many infections, such as anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. - He received a Nobel Prize Award in 1905 for his developing tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), an English nurse, developed the foundations for modern nursing.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Wilhelm Roentgen, in 1895, discovered x-rays, and the radiologic imaging sciences had their start.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), a Scottish bacteriologist, discovered penicillin in 1928.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. 19th CENTURY AUTOPSIES - major focus of medicine RUDOLF VIRCHOW - "all cells come from other cells" CLAUDE BERNARD - founder of experimental physiology; discovered the homeostasis; clarified the functions of liver; first to linked pancreas with diabetes RENE-THEOPHILE HYACINTHE LAENNEC - invention of stethoscope EPHRAIM MCDOWELL - first successful abdominal operation to remove a huge cyst from the ovary J. MARION SIMS - laid foundation for gynecology; invented the Sims position and later the speculum and catheter  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SIM’S POSITION  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. 20TH CENTURY MAJOR WALTER REED - discovered the cause of Yellow fever PAUL EHRLICH - father of chemotherapy ABEL, ROWNTREE, AND TURNER - invented the first artificial kidney, led to kidney dialysis. WILLEM EINTHOVEN - electrocardiogram HANS BURGER - electroencephalogram CHRISTIAN BARNARD - first successful human heart transplant COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Hemodialysis  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Electrocardiogram  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Electroencephalogram  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) – discovered the Salk Vaccine, which helped controls and prevent poliomyelitis.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. In 1953, at Cambridge University in England, Francis Crick (1916-2004), an English scientist, & James Watson (1928-), an American biologist, announced that they had discovered the secret of life. Through their work, they identified the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA,) a key to heredity and genetics. COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Major organ transplant involving heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys are performed - coronary bypass - arthroscopic surgery - laparoscopic - lithotripsy = allows th painless passing of stones from the urinary bladder - artificial hips and knee replacement - Plastic surgery = reconstruction of most areas of the body.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Marriage of computers and imaging equipment has provided: - digital radiography - computed radiography - magnetic resonance imaging - nuclear medicine - medical sonography  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. 21ST CENTURY Note: The need for the human touch, caring and concern has been more important expanded knowledge about hereditary study about prevention of HIV infection and AIDS ROBOTIC SURGERY  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. HEALTH - A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING, AND NOT MERELY THE ABSCENCE OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY. DISEASE - THE PATTERN OF RESPONSE OF A LIVING ORGANISM TO SOME FORM OF INJURY MORTALITY - DEATH RATE MORBIDITY - OCCURANCE OF DISEASE OR CONDITION  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. REFERENCES Gurley, LT & Callaway, WJ. INTRODUCTIOIN TO RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY 7th Ed. Encarta Encylopedia Wikipedia MARAMING SALAMAT!