History of Medical TechnologyFIN.pdf

 Also known as Clinical Laboratory Science Collection, receipt, preparation, investigation and laboratory analysis of samples of human biological material for the purpose of supporting patient diagnosis, management and treatment and for the maintenance of health and well-being. Branch o...

 Also known as Clinical Laboratory Science Collection, receipt, preparation, investigation and laboratory analysis of samples of human biological material for the purpose of supporting patient diagnosis, management and treatment and for the maintenance of health and well-being. Branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the diagnostic or therapeutic applications of science and technology A dynamic healthcare profession that deals with the study and practice of diagnostic laboratory medicine.  Father of Medicine Hippocratic Oath Advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs and observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease. A Greek physician and philosopher, instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids in relation to seasons. Described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume.  In medieval Europe, diagnosis by “water casting” (uroscopy) was widely practiced. By 900 AD, the first book detailing the characteristics of urine (e.g., color, density, quality) was written. In the early 11th century , medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient’s body, they relied solely on the patient’s description of symptoms and their observations. In the 19th century , physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics. John Hutchinson’- SPIROMETER Jules Herissons- SPHYGMOMANOMETER 1969- 80% of medical professionals were non-physicians. Technology took over face to face interaction between patients and physicians who relied more eon technology as basis for diagnostic assessments instead of patient’s subjective description of symptoms.  1816 1840 1850 1855 STETHOSCOPE MICROSCOPE OPTHALMOSCOPE LARYNGOSCOPE First diagnostic medical Developed for medical First visual technology Devised by Manuel Garcia breakthrough invented purposes due to advances invented by using two mirrors to by Rene Laennec; used to in lenses and lower costs; Hermann von Helmholz observe the throat and acquire information about the first practical larynx. the lungs and heartbeats microscope was devised by Antonio van Leeuwenhoek  1859 1903 1910 1927 X-RAY ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH KENNY METHOD DRINKER RESPIRATOR Invented by Wilhelm Roentgen Developed by William Served as the pioneering work Invented by Philip Drinker to when he discovered by Einthoven to measure for modern physical therapy; help patients with paralytic accident that radiation could electrical changes during the devised by Elizabeth Kenny in anterior poliomyelitis recover penetrate solid objects of low beating of the heart. the treatment of polio. normal respiration with the density; allowed physicians to assistance of artificial view the inside of the body respirator. without the surgery.  1939 1941 HEART-LUNG MACHINE CARDIAC CATHERIZATION First visual technology AND ANGIOGRAPHY invented by Hermann von First operated by Forsmann in 1929; Helmholz Developed by Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi between 1930 and 1940. Discoverer as safe method in humans by Courmand in 1941  HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES  1884- Dr. Silas Douglas started first laboratory instruction. University of Michigan opened the first chemical laboratory. It became the largest and the best equipped chemical laboratory open to students in the United States. 1878- Dr. William H. Welch established another laboratory at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, he gave the first laboratory course in pathology ever offered in an American Medical School. 1895- Laboratory Medicine of University of Pennsylvania was opened to highlight the service role of clinical laboratories wherein Dr. William Pepper Jr. As it’s fist director.  1896- Dr. William Osler opened the first clinical laboratory at John Hopkins’s Hospital. Routine examinations were carried out with special attention given to malarial parasites found in blood 1895- William Pepper Laboratory at University of Pennsylvania was also opened. According to 1900s census, there were 100 technicians employed in the US. 1908- Dr. James C. Todd wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” and was retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” in 6th edition by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford. It became the standard reference for laboratories.  1918- John Kolmer called for the development of a method that would certify medical technologists on a national scale. It also contained a summary of the first training course in Medical Technology 1918- State legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full time laboratory technician. 1920- The administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief physician. During this time, clinical laboratories consisted of 4 to 5 divisions. Clinical pathology Bacteriology Microbiology Serology Radiology As clinical laboratories held more prominence in the delivery of laboratory tests, the need for technicians and technologists that would assist physicians became greater. 1922- American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded Objective: Encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologist as well as maintaining the status of Clinical pathologists. ASCP established Code of Ethics for technicians and technologist stating that these allied health professionals should work under the supervision of a physician and refrain from making oral and written diagnosis and advising physicians on how patients should be treated.  1936- ASCLS was incorporated, (formerly the American Society for Medical Technologist) was originally formed as subgroup of ASCP, helped in the recognition of non-physician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals. This leads to the formation of the term “Medical Technologist” fell into favor. 1939-1945 World War II marked effect on laboratory medicine. As the demand for clinical laboratory testing increased, physicians started training their assistants to perform testing. 1950- Medical technologists in the United States sought professional recognition from the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws. 1999- the term “Clinical Laboratory Science is adopted.  History of Medical Technology in the Philippines Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898) Spanish Empire established Manila as their capital in late 16th century. 1565 -HOSPITAL REAL- located in Cebu; first hospital established by the Spaniards, later on was moved to Manila to cater military patients. 1578- Franciscans built the San Lazaro Hospital for the poor and the lepers. 1596- Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded for poor Spaniards. 1641- Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite  Dominicans founded the University of the Santo Tomas in 1611. In 1871, UST established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine. Journals: Boletin de Medicina de Manila (1886) Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas (1893) Cronicas de Ciencias Medical (1895) 1876- Provincial medical officers were appointed to provide health care services throughout the country. 1886- Board of Health and Charity was established. 1887- Spanish authorities established Laboratorio Municipal de Manila Functions: for examination of food, water and clinical samples General Antonio Luna was employed as a chemical expert in this laboratory, He pioneered water testing, forensics and environmental studies.  American Colonization in the Philippines (1899-1902) The Spanish Military Hospital was converted into the First Reserve Hospital in1898 by: Lt. Col. Henry Lippincott Chief Surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps Richard P. Strong, the successor, utilized the laboratory to perform autopsies and to examine blood, feces and urine along with other laboratory services. 1901- Bureau of Government Laboratories was established by the US Government through the Philippine Commission Act No. 156. Located in Calle Herran (Pedro Hil), Ermita, Manila It is composed of a SCIENCE LIBRARY, CHEMICAL SECTION, AND SERUM LABORATORY.  Bureau of Government Laboratories Biology Laboratory: designed to address and develop methods in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human and animal diseases. Chemical laboratory: Food, plant composition and minerals were investigated. Serum laboratory: for the productions of vaccine. Paul Freer- Bureau’s first director ensured that the laboratory would be equipped with adequate supplies and equipment. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH OF UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA now occupies the area.  The Bureau of Science was established for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research. They focused in the Study of the Tropical Diseases together with the Army Board. The Bureau of Science worked closely with the Philippine General Hospital and the University of the Philippines; it then became an active center for scientific research and instruction in the country. The medical research and laboratory investigations were mainly focused on microbiology in connection with the onslaught of different diseases such as cholera, malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis and dysentery. The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines was established during the World War II by the 6th Infantry Division of the US Army at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila. It is now known as the Manila Public Health Laboratory.  Brief History: Manila Public Health Laboratory In June of 1945, when the US army left, the laboratory was endorsed to National Department of Health and was non-operational. October 1945- it was reopened by Dr. Pio de Roda with the help of then Manila City Health Officer Dr. Mariano Icasio. 1954 oDr. Prudencia Sta. Ana prepared a six-month formal syllabus for the training program with certificate upon completion was given to the trainees. Dr. Tirso Briones joined in the training program at the Public Health Laboratory. Pioneer Schools of Medical Technology oBureau of Private Education approved a four- year course in Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology. oManila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH) now known as Manila Adventist College under the leadership of Mrs. Willa Kathryn Hilgert- Hedrick opened the first school of Medical Technology in the Philippines. oMSH later on endorsed the school to Philippine Union College (now known as Adventist University of the Philippines) MARCH 4, 1925 – OCTOBER 9, 2018 Mr. Jesse Umali- the first graduate of the Medical Technology program. He later on graduated as a Doctor of Medicine at Far Eastern University and became a successful OB-Gynecologist in the US.  1957- University of Santo Tomas initially offered the Medical Technology course as an elective for pharmacy students. 1961- Medical Technology was recognized as an official program in UST  1960- Centro Escolar University through the pioneering efforts of Mrs. Purification Sunico-Suaco who was granted by the University President Carmen de Luna, to work on feasibility of the offering the Medical Technology course in the university.  Far Eastern University- started offering BS Medical Technology under College of Medicine. In 1962 FEU School of Medical Technology was finally opened under the joint auspices of the Institute of Medicine (now known as Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation. In June of 1927, the University of the Philippines’ College of Public Health formally opened its Certificate in Public Health program with the aim to provide proper training to the Philippine Health Service’s medical officer. It is originally called School of Sanitation and Public Health.  Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Technology  The Dutch Scientist and entrepreneur Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to discover and describe microorganisms. He is also known as the “Father of Microbiology” He is also known for his work on the improvement of the microscope. Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccine. He discovered the vaccination to establish immunity to small pox; the world’s first vaccine.  May 1796, Edward Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelms, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hands and arms. On May 14, 1796, using matter from Nelms' lesions, he inoculated an 8-year- old boy, James Phipps. Subsequently, the boy developed mild fever and discomfort in the axillae. Nine days after the procedure he felt cold and had lost his appetite, but on the next day he was much better. In July 1796, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. No disease developed, and Jenner concluded that protection was complete Marie-François Xavier Bichat (1771–1802) was a prominent French anatomist during a time of revolution and one of the founders of French scientific medicine. He conducted several experimental studies, which laid the foundation for modern physiology. He identified organs by their types of tissues. Agostino Bassi was the first to translate aetiological ideas on the microbiological genesis of diseases into an actual research programme. He successfully isolated the parasite and used it to infect a healthy animal. He is known as the “Father of Insect Pathology” In 1807 he began an investigation of the silkworm disease mal de segno (commonly known as muscardine), which was causing serious economic losses in Italy and France. After 25 years of research and experimentation, he was able to demonstrate that the disease was contagious and was caused by a microscopic, parasitic fungus. He concluded that the organism, later named Botrytis paradoxa (now Beauvaria) bassiana, was transmitted among the worms by contact and by infected food. Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. He pioneered the study of molecular asymmetry; discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France. He also successfully produced immunity to rabies. Pasteurization Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate, the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics, in what came to be called Mendelism. Joseph Lister as a British surgeon and medical scientist who was the founder of antiseptic medicine and a pioneer in preventive medicine. While his method, based on the use of antiseptics, is no longer employed, his principle—that bacteria must never gain entry into an operation wound— remains the basis of surgery to this day. Robert Koch was a German physician and one of the founders of bacteriology. He discovered the anthrax disease cycle (1876) and the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). For his discoveries in regard to tuberculosis, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905. Elie Metchnnikoff was a Russian-born zoologist and microbiologist who received (with Paul Ehrlich) the 1908 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery in animals of amoeba-like cells that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria—a phenomenon known as phagocytosis and a fundamental part of the immune response  Howard Ricketts(1906) Ernst von Bergmann (1886) Discovered microorganisms Introduced steam sterilization in surgery whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae Karl Landsteiner(1902) Hans Fischer(1929) He worked out the structure of Distinguished blood groups through the hemoglobin. development of the ABO blood group system. August von Wassermann(1906) Jonas Salk (1954) Developed immunologic tests for He developed poliomyelitis vaccine syphillis.  Kary Mullis (1985) James Westgard (1973) Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory. Andre van Steirteghem (1992) Baruch Samuel Blumberg Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm (1980) injection (IVF) He introduced the Hepatitis vaccine James Thomson Derived the first human Stem Cell line  Next topic: Defining the Practice of the Medical Technology / Clinical Laboratory Science Profession References: Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1, Benitez et. Al https://www.britannica.com/biography