1_HISTORY_OF_MEDICAL_TECHNOLOGY.pdf

1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY GLOBAL CONTEXT Medical Technology Also known as Clinical Laboratory Science Collection, receipt, preparation, investigation and laboratory analysis of samples of human biologica...

1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY GLOBAL CONTEXT Medical Technology Also known as Clinical Laboratory Science Collection, receipt, preparation, investigation and laboratory analysis of samples of human biological material for the purpose of supporting patient diagnosis, management and treatment and for the maintenance of health and well-being. Branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the diagnostic or therapeutic applications of science and technology. A dynamic healthcare profession that deals with the study and practice of diagnostic medicine. Hippocrates (460-370 BC) Father of Medicine Hippocratic Oath Advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs and observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease. Galen A Greek physician and philosopher instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids in relation to seasons. Described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume. YEAR EVENT Medieval diagnosis by “water casting” (uroscopy) was widely practiced. Europe first book detailing the characteristics of urine (e.g., color, density, 900 AD quality) was written 11th century medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient’s body, they relied solely on the patient’s description of 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1  symptoms and their observations. physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics. 19th century John Hutchinson’- SPIROMETER Jules Herissons - SPHYGMOMANOMETER 1969 80% of medical professionals were non-physicians. Technology took over face to face interaction between patients and physicians who relied more on technology as basis for diagnostic assessments instead of patient’s subjective description of symptoms. INVENTION YEAR PERSONALITY FUNCTION First diagnostic medical breakthrough; used to STETHOSCOPE 1816 RENE LAENNEC acquire information about the lungs and heartbeats Developed for medical purposes due to advances ANTONIO VAN MICROSCOPE 1840 in lenses and lower costs; LEEUWENHOEK the first practical microscope HERMANN VON OPTHALMOSCOPE 1850 First visual technology HELMHOLZ Using two mirrors to MANUEL LARYNGOSCOPE 1855 observe the throat and GARCIA larynx Discovered by accident that radiation could penetrate WILHELM solid objects of low density; X-RAY 1859 ROENTGEN allowed physicians to view the inside of the body without the surgery. To measure electrical WILLIAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH 1903 changes during the beating EINTHOVEN of the heart. Served as the pioneering ELIZABETH work for modern physical KENNY METHOD 1910 KENNY therapy; the treatment of polio Help patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis PHILIP DRINKER RESPIRATOR 1927 recover normal respiration DRINKER with the assistance of artificial respirator HERMANN VON HEART-LUNG MACHINE 1939 First visual technology HELMHOLZ CARDIAC CATHERIZATION 1929 FORSMANN First operated AND ANGIOGRAPHY 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2  Moniz, Reboul, 1930 & 1940 Developed Rousthoi Discoverer as safe method 1941 Courmand in humans HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 3  HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 4 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 5 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 6  INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 7  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) The Dutch Scientist and entrepreneur was the first to discover and describe microorganisms. “Father of Microbiology” He is also known for his work on the improvement of the microscope Edward Jenner English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccine. He discovered the vaccination to establish immunity to small pox; the world’s first vaccine. May 1796, Edward Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelms, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hands and arms. On May 14, 1796, using matter from Nelms' lesions, he inoculated an 8-year old boy, James Phipps. Subsequently, the boy developed mild fever and discomfort in the axillae. Nine days after the procedure he felt cold and had lost his appetite, but on the next day he was much better. In July 1796, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. No disease developed, and Jenner concluded that protection was complete Marie-François Xavier Bichat (1771–1802) Was a prominent French anatomist during a time of revolution one of the founders of French scientific medicine. He conducted several experimental studies, which laid the foundation for modern physiology. He identified organs by their types of tissues. 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 8  Agostino Bassi was the first to translate aetiological ideas on the microbiological genesis of diseases into an actual research programme. He successfully isolated the parasite and used it to infect a healthy animal. He is known as the “Father of Insect Pathology” In 1807 he began an investigation of the silkworm disease mal de segno (commonly known as muscardine), which was causing serious economic losses in Italy and France. After 25 years of research and experimentation, he was able to demonstrate that the disease was contagious and was caused by a microscopic, parasitic fungus. He concluded that the organism, later named Botrytis paradoxa (now Beauvaria) bassiana, was transmitted among the worms by contact and by infected food Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. He pioneered the study of molecular asymmetry; 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 9  discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France. He also successfully produced immunity to rabies. Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate the first person to lay the mathematical foundation the science of genetics of, in what came to be called Mendelism 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 10  Joseph Lister A British surgeon and medical scientist who was the founder of antiseptic in preventive medicine and a pioneer medicine. While his method, based on the use of antiseptics, is no longer employed, his principle— that bacteria must never gain entry into an operation wound—remains the basis of surgery to this day. Robert Koch A German physician and one of the founders of bacteriology. He discovered the anthrax bacteria disease cycle (1876) and the responsible for tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). For his discoveries in regard to tuberculosis, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905 Elie Metchnnikoff A Russian-born zoologist and microbiologist who received (with Paul Ehrlich) the 1908 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery in animals of amoeba-like cells that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria—a phenomenon known as phagocytosis the immune and a fundamental part of response 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 11 1 | HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 12