HISTORY-OF-COMPUTERS.pptx

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS SHERNAN P. MABBORANG, LPT, MIT  Abacus is known to be the first ABACUS mechanical calculating device. Abacus is made of a wooden frame, metal rods, and wooden beads in which rod where fitted across with rounds beads sliding...

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS SHERNAN P. MABBORANG, LPT, MIT  Abacus is known to be the first ABACUS mechanical calculating device. Abacus is made of a wooden frame, metal rods, and wooden beads in which rod where fitted across with rounds beads sliding on the rod. It id dividing into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’. Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the lower one. Thus any number can be represented by placing the beads at proper place. JOHN NAPIER’S OF SCOTLAND INVENTED A CALCULATING DEVICE, IN 1617 CALLED THE NAPIER BONES. PASCALINE CALCULATOR In 1642, at the age of 19, a French mathematician name Biaise Pascal, invented the Pascaline. The Pascaline is the first mechanical and automatic calculator. It represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it. The machine is sometimes called adding machine or Pascal’s calculator. THE LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR Gottfried Leibniz a German mathemation modified the Pascal calculator in 1673. He developed a machine called Liebniz Calculator which could perform various calculation based on multiplication and division as well. ANALYTICAL ENGINE The Analytical Engine was a mechanical computer that can solve any mathematical problem. It was invented by Charles Babbage a scientist form England invented in 1833. It uses punch- cards similar to those used by the Jacquard loom and can perform simple conditional operations. For this great invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also known as the father of the computer. FIRST GENERATION 1940-1956  The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory;  First generation computers relied on machine language;  Circuitry is a circuit or systems of circuits performing a particular function in an electronic device.  Magnetic Drums are magnetic storage Machine Language known as machine code and it is the elemental language of computers. It is read by CPU and composed of digital binary numbers. VACUUM TUBES John Ambrose Fleming is the inventor of the Vacuum Tubes. He is considered to be the Father of Electronics because of his pioneering invention. UNIVAC (UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER) It was developed by Team of Engineers led by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and also the developer of ENIAC. It is the first commercially produced electronic digital computer in the United States. ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER) It was the first programmable general purpose electronic digital computer. SECOND GENERATION 1956-1963  The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.  Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify TRANSISTORS THE TRANSISTOR WAS SUCCESSFULLY DEMONSTRATED ON DECEMBER 23, 1947 AT BELL LABORATORIES IN MURRAY HILL, NEW JERSEY. BELL LABS IS THE RESEARCH ARM OF AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH (AT&T). THE THREE INDIVIDUALS CREDITED WITH THE INVENTION OF THE TRANSISTOR WERE WILLIAM SHOCKLEY, JOHN BARDEEN AND WALTER BRATTAIN. THIRD GENERATION 1964-1971  The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.  Transistors were assembled and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOURTH GENERATION 1971-PRESENT  The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.  The Intel 4004 chip was the world’s first microprocessor - a complete general purpose CPU on a single chip, developed in March 1971. In August 1981 IBM introduced its first personal computer for the home user which is the IBM 5150, and in September 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh 512 KB nicknamed “Fat Mac”. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. INTEL 4004 MICROPROCESSOR  FIFTH GENERATION PRESENT-BEYOND  Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.  Parallel Processing is a method in computing of running two or more processors (CPUs) to handle separate parts of an overall tasks.  FIFTH GENERATION PRESENT-BEYOND  Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth- generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER CAPABILITIES of a computer system are the qualities of the computer that put it in a positive light and make the user experience more efficient. 1.Speed means the duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or completing an activity. It is well-known that computers need very little time than humans in completing a task. Generally, humans take into account a second or minute as a unit of time. 2.Accuracy means the level of precision with which calculations are made and tasks are performed. One may invest years of his life in detecting errors in computer calculations or updating a wrong record. A 3. Reliability is the quality due to which the user can stay dependable on the computer. Computers systems are well-adjusted to do repetitive tasks. They never get tired, bored or fatigued. Hence, they are a lot reliable than humans. Still, there can be failures of a computer system due to internal and external reasons. 4. Adaptability of computer system means the quality of it to complete a different type of tasks: simple as well as complex. Computers are normally versatile unless designed for a specific operation. Overall, a daily purpose computer is 5. Storage is the ability of the computer to store data in itself for accessing it again in future. Nowadays, apart from having instantaneous access to data, computers have a huge ability to store data in a little physical space. LIMITATIONS are the drawbacks of the computer system in which humans outperform them. 1.Lack of common-sense This is one of the major limitations of computer systems. No matter how efficient, fast and reliable computer systems might be but yet do not have any common sense because no full-proof algorithm has been designed to programme logic into them. As computers function based on the stored programme(s), they simply lack common sense. 2. Zero IQ Another of the limitations of computer systems is that they have zero Intelligence Quotient (IQ). They are  3. Lack of Decision-making Decision-making is a complicated process involving information, knowledge, intelligence, wisdom, and ability to judge. The computer system does not have the ability to make decisions on their own because they do not possess all the essentials of decision-making. They can be programmed to take such decisions, which are purely procedure-oriented. If a computer has not been programmed for a particular decision situation, it will not take a decision due to lack of wisdom and evaluation faculties. Human beings, on the other hand, possess this great power of decision-making. THANK YOU!