Living in IT Era: Computer History PDF

Living in IT Era 2 Computer ▸ is a programmable machine ▸ is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data ▸ is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of inst...

Living in IT Era 2 Computer ▸ is a programmable machine ▸ is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data ▸ is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program). ▸ is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. 3 Three principal characteristics 1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. 2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. 3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. History of Computer 4 Basic Computing Periods 6 History ▸ Earliest Computers were originally humans ▸ These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression 7 History ▸ Specialized and expensive ▸ requiring years of training in mathematics ▸ The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613 and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. 8 Tally Sticks ▸ A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. 9 Abacus ▸ is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations 10 Napier’s ▸ Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. ▸ Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. 11 Napier’s Bones 12 Slide Rule ▸ Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. ▸ Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. ▸ Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms and trigonometry ▸ Not normally used for addition or subtraction. 13 Slide Rule 14 Pascaline ▸ Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. ▸ It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. ▸ It is too expensive. 15 Stepped Reckoner ▸ Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. ▸ The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically 16 Stepped Reckoner 17 Jacquard Loom ▸ The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. ▸ It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. 18 Jacquard Loom 19 Arithmometer ▸ A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, ▸ The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. ▸ The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. ▸ The first mass-produced calculating machine. 20 Arithmometer 21 Diff erence Engine and Analytical Engine ▸ It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. ▸ Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 ▸ It is the first mechanical computer. 22 Difference Engine and Analytical Engine 23 FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER ▸ In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. ▸ She writes programs for the Analytical Engine 24 Scheutzian Calculation Engine ▸ Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843 ▸ Based on Charles Babbage’s difference engine ▸ The first printing calculator 25 TABULATING MACHINE ▸ Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. ▸ To assist in summarizing information and accounting. 26 Harvard mark 1 ▸ A.K.A. IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) ▸ Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943. ▸ The first electro-mechanical computer 27 28 z1 ▸ The first programmable computer ▸ Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. ▸ To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. 29 30 Atanasoff -berry Computer ▸ Commonly known as ABC ▸ It was the first electronic digital computing device. ▸ Invented by professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 to 1942. 31 ENIAC ▸ Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ▸ It was the first electronic general-purpose computer ▸ Completed in 1946. ▸ Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly 32 UNIVAC 1 ▸ UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1 ▸ The first commercial computer ▸ Designed by John Presper and John Mauchly 33 EDVAC ▸ Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer ▸ The First Stored Program Computer ▸ Designed by Von Neumann in 1952 ▸ It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data 34 The fi rst portable computer ▸ Osborne 1 ▸ Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation 35 The fi rst computer company ▸ The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. ▸ Founded in 1949 by John Presper and John Mauchly. Basic Computing Periods - Ages 36 37 Premechanical ▸ is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D ▸ Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet. ▸ As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. 39 Mechanical ▸ The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors ▸ The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. ▸ A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. 40 Electromechanical ▸ The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940 ▸ The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. 41 Electronic ▸ The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. ▸ This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. ▸ It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.  History of Computer: Generations of Computer 42 43 The First Generation Vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory Often enormous Very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity relied on machine language to perform operations, they could only solve one problem at a time. Inputs were based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. 1946-1958 44 The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer. 45 The Second Generation Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. 1954 to 1964 46 The Third Generation ▸ Integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. ▸ Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors ▸ It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. ▸ 1965 to 1970 47 The Fourth Generation ▸ The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers. ▸ As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. ▸ Fourth-generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices. ▸ 1971 to Today 48 The Fifth Generation ▸ Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. ▸ The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality ▸ The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. ▸ Today to Future 50 THANKS! Any questions?