History of Egyptian Architecture PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Part 2 Egyptian Architecture Designed principally for internal effect - Simplicity - Monumentality - Massiveness RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES MASTABA Arabic word = bench of mud - A tomb for nobility - Tomb houses that were made to take the body at full-length -...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Part 2 Egyptian Architecture Designed principally for internal effect - Simplicity - Monumentality - Massiveness RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES MASTABA Arabic word = bench of mud - A tomb for nobility - Tomb houses that were made to take the body at full-length - Shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers - **PORTICULUS** -- heavy stone slabs sealing the burial chambers Specifications Material: Mud Plan: Rectangular Roof: Flat Walls: Battered Parts of Mastaba - Stone facing - Outer chambers/sacrificial chapel - Serdab - Earth fill - Shaft - Masonry seal - Portcullis/ stone slab - Burial chamber - Sarcophagus Major spaces Outer Chamber / Sacrificial chapel - Where offered were place Serdab - A small chamber inside the mastaba containing the statues of the deceased Burial Chambers - A chamber containing the sarcophagus reached by and underground shaft Stele - Is the upright stone slab containing the name of the dead EXAMPLES: - Mastaba of Thi in Saqqara - Mastabat Al-Fir'aun PYRAMIDS - Evolved from the Mastaba - A massive masonry structure SPECIFICATIONS: Material: Stone Plan: Rectangular Walls: Four smooth, steeply sloping Sides meeting at an apex Orientation: Sides Facing cardinal points TYPES OF PYRAMIDS 1. Step Pyramid - Predating the true pyramid Examples: Step Pyramid of DJOSER Architect: Imhotep Began as a mastaba World's first large scale monument in store 254 ft tall with 7 steps 2. Bent Pyramid aka BLUNT/FALSE/RHOMBOIDAL - Pyramid with two degrees of inclinations Example: Bent Pyramid of Sneferu, Dahshur - Gound collapsed during construction - To save, the architects changed the slope for 52 -- 43,5 Degrees 3. True/ Sloped Pyramids - four smooth, sloping triangulars sides with a fixed angle Example; North pyramid of DAHSHUR aka Red Pyramid - Built by king Sneferu - First ever to true/ slopes pyramid built 4. Giza Pyramid Complex aka Giza Necropolis - Front: Menckaure - Middle: Khafre - Last: khufu Example: Pyramid of khufu/ cheops (grest pyramid of Giza) - Pharaoh Khufu - Architect: Hemiunu/hemnon - Oldest and largest in the Giza Complex - Oldest of the seven ancient wonders of the world - Equated to the size of St. Peter's Rome Pyramid Khafre/ Chephren - Pharaoh Khafre - Guarded by the Sphinx Pyramid of Mykerinos/ Menkaure - Smallest and last Pyramid to be built GIZA PYRAMID OF COMPLEX ala Giza Necropolis - The ceremonial are of buildings and structures surrounding an ancient Egyptian Pyramid PARTS OF THE NECROPOLIS Mortuary Temple Aka Funerary temple - A place of worship for a deceased king or queen especially one adjoining a pyramid or a rick- cut tomb - Pyramid Temple a mortuary temple connected specially to a pyramid Pyramid Causeway - A covered Ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid Valley Temple - A temple pavilion connected via a covered causeway to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid - Used for preparing the pharaoh for his final journey ROCKCUT TOMBS - A tomb hewn out of native rock - Sectioned are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars TYPE OF ROCK-CUT TOMBS HILLSIDE TOMBS - For the nobility rather than royalty; having a colonnaded portico, an offering chapel, and a tomb statue Example: Hasan Tombs Minya, Middle Egypt - 39 tombs of great provincial families consisting of a chamber behind a porticoed façade CORRIDOR TOMBS - Used exclusively by pharaohs and their royal families Example: Valley of the Kings, Luxor - Royal Necropolis in Egypt - Where wives of Pharaohs were buried TEMPLES - An edifice or place dedicated for the worship or presence of a deity CULT TEMPLE - Is for worship of an ancient and mysterious gods MORTUARY TEMPLE - Is for the ministration of deified Pharaohs PARTS OF A TEMPLE 1. PHYLON - Monumental gateway of massive sloping towers fronted by a pair of obelisks and a avenue of sphinx 2. OBELISK - A four- sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a pyramidal point, a sacred symbol of the sun god Ra and usually standing in pairs astride temple entrances - PYRAMIDION aka BENDENET -- Is the uppermost piece or capstone of an Egyptian pyramid or obelisk. Usually made of gold or electrum - ELECTRUM -- an alloy of gold or silver VATICANOBELISK ROME aka CALIGULA'S OBELISK Original Location -- Heliopolis - A four thousand year- old Egyptian obelisk originally from Heliopolis and was transferred to Rome by Caligula LATERAN OBELISK ROME aka OBELISCO LATERANO original location- great temple of Amun, Karnak commissioned by- Thutmose IV - the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world LUXOR OBELISK PARIS Current location- place de la Concorde Original location- Luxor temple Commissioned by- Rameses II 3. AVENUE OF SPHINXES - leads to a tall portal guarded by a towering pylon SPHINX - a figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk. ANDROSPHINX man + lion CRIOSPHINX Ram+ lion HERIOSPHINX hawk +lion 4. HYPAETHRAL COURT - A large rectangular palisaded court surrounded on three sides by a double colonnade 5. HYPOSTYLE HALL\ - a large hall having many columns in rows supporting a flat roof and sometime s clerestory 6. Sanctuary aka chapel - holiest part accessible only to priest and pharaohs surrounded by passages and cahmbeers used in connections with temples services GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL - By Rameses II - Dedicated to Amun, Ptah and Ra-horakhty - Located in upper Egypt - Façade takes the form of a phylon - Carved with 4 Colossal statues of Rameses II TEMPLE OF HATHOR AND NEFERTARI \- aka small temple \- By Rameses II \- one of the two only temples dedicated to a pharaoh's wife (the other was to Nefertari) \- dedicated to rameses' deified queen, Nefertari and to the Goddess of music and love, Hathor KARNAK TEMPLE COMPLEX Luxor -- "the Palaces" or "castle" Khurnakk (Arabic) - Fortified Village Construction started by Senusret I PARTS OF KARNAK COMPLEX TEMPLE OF AMUN RA - Considered as the grandest Egyptian temple GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL Initially designed by: Hatshepsut Started construction by Seti I Finished Construction By Rameses II - 134 Columns in 16 rows TEMPLE OF KHONSU Constructed by Rameses II Dedicated to the moon god Khonsu RAMESES LUXOR Constructed by Rameses II Mortuary temple of Rameses II LUXOR TEMPLE By Amenhotep III Dedicated to the rejuvenation of kingship COLOSSI OF MEMNON By Amenhotep III Function was to stand guard at the entrance to Amenhotep memorial temple MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT Aka DJESER\_DJESERU -- holy of Holies Architect -- senemut - Modeled after the temple of Mentuhotep II MAMMISI TEMPLE "Birthplace" - A fertile temple - Small shrines dedicated to the goddess Iris - Shrine to celebrate where the god of the main temple was born or where the goddess bore her children - Prototype of the Greek temple - South temple, elephantine Island deliberately destroyed by Muhammad Ali BIRTH HOUSE - Small chamber containing a statue of Isis - Philae Temple BARQUE CHAPEL - Place where the image of the pharaoh/ deity was revered - Karnak Temple, Barque Chapel of Rameses III lined with 8 Osiride statues of the king CAPITAL, COLUMNS AND MOULDINGS MOULDINGS Gorge and Hallow Molding's Aka KHEKHER Cresting's - The torus mold was used to cover the angles of ancient Egyptian structures OSIRIS PILLARS - Prototype of the Greek caryatids -