Egyptian Architecture PDF

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE PRE–3100 BC: THE NILE CIVILIZATION GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10TH DYNASTY) CAPITAL BEING AT MEMPHIS EGYPT CONSISTS OF A SANDY DESERT WITH A...

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE PRE–3100 BC: THE NILE CIVILIZATION GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10TH DYNASTY) CAPITAL BEING AT MEMPHIS EGYPT CONSISTS OF A SANDY DESERT WITH A DEVELOPMENT OF TWO TYPES OF TOMBS: STRIP OF FERTILE COUNTRY ON THE BANKS OF NILE MASTABA - THE FIRST TOMB OF THE NOBLE MATERIALS ABUNDANT EGYPTIANS WERE SUBTERRANEAN FUNERARY CHAMBERS, STONE – ABUNDANT BUILDING MATERIAL EXCEPT ON TEMPLES & PYRAMIDS PYRAMID - AROSE FROM THE SUPERPOSITION SOFT STONE –LIMESTONE, OF DIFFERENT FLOORS IN THE MASTABAS. SANDSTONE, ALABASTER IMPORATANT PERSONALITIES: HARD STONE – GRANITE, QUARTZITE, BASALT PORPHYRY DJOSER – FIRST PHARAOH TO ORDER THE SUNDRIED BRICKS – MADE UP OF CLAY & CONSTRUCTION OF A PYRAMID (STEP CHOPPED STONE FOR PYRAMIDS & TEMPLES. PYRAMID) DATE PALM – FOR ROOFING MATERIALS IMHOTEP – DJOSER’S VIZIER. CONSIDERED BY ACACIA– FOR BOAT SOME TO BE THE EARLIEST KNOWN SYCAMORE – MUMMY CASES ARCHITECT SNEFERU – BENT PYRAMID CLIMACTIC INFLUENCE KHUFU – SNEFERU’S SON, THE PHARAOH WHO BUILT THE THREE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH EGYPT'S WARM, DRY CLIMATE PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE PRESERVATION OF MIDDLE KINGDOM (11TH-16TH DYNASTY) ITS ANCIENT STRUCTURES, INCLUDING THE PYRAMIDS. THE LACK OF RAIN, SNOW, AND HYKSOS DYNASTY – SHEPHERD KINGS FREEZING TEMPERATURES MINIMIZED THE IMPORATANT PERSONALITIES: EFFECTS OF WEATHERING AND EROSION. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE MENTUHOTEP II – FOUNDER OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM. ROCK–CUT TOMB. KEY BELIEFS AND DEITIES: SENUSERET – OBELISK PYRAMIDS WERE BUILT BECAUSE THEY AMENEMHET I – INITIATED THE FOUNDATION BELIEVE IN LIFE AFTER DEATH & FOR THE OF GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON KHARNAK, PRESERVATION OF THE DEAD BODY. GRANDEST OF ALL TEMPLES THEY ARE MONOTHEISTIC IN THEORY & POLYTHEISTIC IN PRACTICE NEW KINGDOM (17TH – 20TH DYNASTY) THEBES AS THE CAPITAL POWERFUL PRIESTHOOD: THE PRIESTHOOD HELD SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE OVER EGYPTIAN HYKSOS DYNASTY – SHEPHERD KINGS SOCIETY, OVERSEEING RELIGIOUS RITUALS IMPORATANT PERSONALITIES: AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF TOMBS. EGYPTIAN GODS AND GODDESSES: THUTHMOSE I - BEGAN THE ADDITIONS TO THE TEMPLE OF AMMON, KHARNAK. AMUN-RA – CHIEF GOD HATSHEPSUT – QUEEN OF EGYPT, FUNERARY RAH – SYMBOL OF THE SUN, HOPE FOR TEMPLE. ETERNAL LIFE THUTHMOSE IV – THE CLEANING AWAY OF ATUM – WORLD CREATOR SAND FROM THE SPHINX OSIRIS – GOD OF THE DEAD AMENOPHIS III – ERECTED THE COLOSSI OF ISIS – WIFE OF OSIRIS MEMNON HORUS – SKY GOD, ALSO REINCARNATION OF RAMESES I – CONSTRUCTION OF THE GREAT “RA” HIMSELF HYPOSTYLE HALL SET – DREAD GOD OF EVIL, BROTHER OF RAMESES II – FINISHED THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLEASURE THE HYPOSTYLE HALL, & ERECTION OF THE ANUBIS – JACKAL HEADED GOD OF DEATH ROCK TEMPLE AT ABU-SIMBEL, AND THE PTAH – GOD OF CRAFTSMEN REMISSION, THEBES SERAPIS –BULL GOD THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES PTOLEMY II – BUILT THE PHARAOHS OR THE LIGHT HOUSE PTOLEMY III – FOUNDED THE GREATEST SERAPEUM AT ALEXANDRIA. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE MONARCHY - FORM OF GOVERNMENT PHARAOH - KING OF EGYPT, RULER, HIGHEST PRIEST IN EGYPT SON OF PHARAOH – NORMAL SUCCESSOR VIZIER - KING’S MOST POWERFUL OFFICIAL CHANCELLOR - HE CONTROLS THE ROYAL TREASURIES, GRANARIES, & SUPERVISES THE CENSUS CHIEF STEWARD - IN CHARGE OF THE KING’S PERSONAL ESTATE & HOUSEHOLD SOCIAL RANKS NOBLE FAMILIES – ROYAL THRONE WITH HIS FAMILY SOLDIERS, VIZIERS, CHANCELLORS, CHIEF STEWARDS – NEXT TO LEADERS FISHERMEN, CRAFTSMEN, MERCHANTS, ETC. - ORDINARY EGYPTIANS SLAVES - LOWEST FORM FEATURES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE BATTERED WALL - INCLINATION FROM BASE TO TOP OF THE FAÇADE. HIEROGLYPHICS – WERE A FORMAL WRITING SYSTEM USED BY THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS DEVELOPMENT OF TWO TYPES OF TOMBS: MASTABA - THE FIRST TOMB OF THE NOBLE EGYPTIANS WERE SUBTERRANEAN FUNERARY CHAMBERS, PYRAMID - AROSE FROM THE SUPERPOSITION OF DIFFERENT FLOORS IN THE MASTABAS. IMPORTANT PARTS OF MASTABA OUTER CHAMBER - WHERE OFFERINGS WERE PLACED. INNER SECRET CHAMBERS/SERDAB – INNER CHAMBER CONTAINING THE STATUES OF THE DECEASED MEMBER OF THE FAMILY SHAFT/WELL – CONTAIND THE SARCOPHAGUS OF THE MUMMY SARCOPHAGUS – CHAMBER CONTAINING THE COFFIN REACHED BY AN UNDER GROUND SHAFT. STELE - IS THE UPRIGHT STONE SLAB CONTAINING THE NAME OF THE DEAD FOUND PYRAMIDS – ROYAL TOMBS OF THE KINGS SLOPE PYRAMID (THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH) BUILT BY THE KINGS AS THEIR FUTURE TOMB. THE PACES OF THESE PYRAMIDS ARE THE GOVERNING IDEA IS TO SECURE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES LAID SLOPING AND IMMORTALITY BY THE PRESERVATION OF THE MEETING IN A POINT. MUMMY. PARTS: FOUR SIDES FACING THE CARDINAL POINTS, KING’S CHAMBER THEY WERE MADE BY 100,000 MEN FOR 100 QUEEN’S CHAMBER YEARS SUBTERRANEAN CHAMBER, GRAND STEP PYRAMID (PYRAMID OF DJOSER), SAQQARA GALLERY AIRSHAFTS EVOLVED FROM MASTABA THIS FIRST EGYPTIAN PYRAMID CONSISTED OF SIX MASTABAS (OF DECREASING SIZE) BUILT ATOP ONE ANOTHER THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE STEP PYRAMID IS SIX STEPS AND WAS BUILT IN SIX STAGES, AS MIGHT BE EXPECTED WITH AN EXPERIMENTAL STRUCTURE. BUILT BY IMHOTEP, OLDEST SURVIVING MASONRY BUILDING STRUCTURE IN THE WORLD BENT PYRAMID (PYRAMID OF SNEFERU), DASHUR THIS WAS THE SECOND PYRAMID BUILT BY SNEFERU THE LOWER PART IS AT A 54-DEGREE INCLINATION, BUT THE TOP SECTION IS BUILT AT 43 DEGREES, LENDING THE PYRAMID ITS PYRAMID OF CHEOPS OR KHUFU (L) "BENT" APPEARANCE PYRAMID OF CHEPREN OR KHAFRE (M) PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS OR MENKAURE (S) PARTS OF PYRAMID COMPLEX ELEVATED CAUSEWAY OFFERING CHAPEL MORTUARY VALLEY BUILDING ROCK CUT TOMB OR ROCK HEWN TOMB MOULDINGS GORGE AND HOLLOW MOULDING - THE TORUS BURIAL CHAMBER THAT IS CUT INTO THE MOLD IN EGYPTIAN TEMPLES WERE USED TO LIVING ROCK USUALLY ALONG THE SIDE OF A COVER THE ANGLES. HILL. TWO TYPES OF TEMPLES TEMPLES - THEY WERE SANCTUARIES THAT ONLY KINGS AND PRIESTS CAN PENETRATE PYLONS – AN EGYPTIAN GATEWAY. PYLONS WERE OFTEN DECORATED WITH SCENES EMPHASIZING A KING'S AUTHORITY SINCE IT WAS THE PUBLIC FACE OF A CULT BUILDING MORTUARY – BUILT IN HONOR OF THE PHARAOHS CULT – BUILT FOR THE WORSHIP OF THE GODS, ONLY HIGH PRIEST CAN ENTER IN BOTH TYPES OF TEMPLE PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE ENTRANCE PYLON – MASSIVE SLOPING TOWERS FRONTED BY AN OBELISKS HYPAETHRAL COURT – LARGE OUTER COURT OPEN TO THE SKY HYPOSTYLE HALL - A PILLARED HALL IN WHICH THE ROOFS REST ON COLUMN. SANCTUARY – USUALLY SURROUNDED BY PASSAGES AND CHAMBERS USED IN CONNECTION WITH THE TEMPLE SERVICE. AVENUE OF SPHINX – WHERE MYSTICAL MONSTER WERE PLACED EXAMPLE OF TEMPLES SPHINX - EGYPTIAN SPHINX PORTRAYED AS A FEMALE. WHEN IT WAS, IT SYMBOLIZED ISIS AND/OR THE REIGNING QUEEN.