Ethiopia's History Grade 10 Unit 3 PDF

Unit 3 Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ethiopia from Mid-19th Century to 1941 GRADE 10 Long Distance Trade in the 19th Century Key Commodities: – Ivory – Civet musk – Salt bars (amole) – Slaves Medium of Exchange Salt Bars (Amole): – Served...

Unit 3 Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ethiopia from Mid-19th Century to 1941 GRADE 10 Long Distance Trade in the 19th Century Key Commodities: – Ivory – Civet musk – Salt bars (amole) – Slaves Medium of Exchange Salt Bars (Amole): – Served as a medium of exchange. Maria Theresa Thalers (MTT): – Coin introduced from Austria by Arab traders in the late 18th century. Traders and Market Centers Diverse Backgrounds: – Local peoples were active traders. – Dominance of Muslim merchants: Northern Muslim merchants (Jabarti) Southwestern Muslim Oromo merchants (Afqala) – Active merchants from the Kingdom of Shawa (Argoba). Role of Cottage Industries Historical Presence: – Cottage industry and handicraft technology existed since time immemorial. Common Industries: – Metalworking, Pottery, Tannery Carpentry, Masonry, Weaving, Jewelry Basket making Public Attitude Toward Artisans Artisans were often disdained and marginalized. Limited improvement in locally produced agricultural implements and furniture. Importance of Blacksmiths Key Products: – Agricultural implements: ploughshares, sickles, etc. – Military items: daggers, swords, bullets, etc. – Other tools: tent-pegs, hammers, nails, etc. Creative Genius of Ethiopian Crafts Significance in the economy and civilization. Contribution to the country's heritage and craftsmanship. True/False Questions The principal commodities of long-distance trade in 19th century Ethiopia included gold and silver. Maria Theresa Thalers were a common medium of exchange alongside salt bars. Muslim merchants were the most dominant traders in Ethiopia during the 19th century. Cottage industries in Ethiopia were highly respected and encouraged by the general public. Blacksmiths in Ethiopia manufactured only agricultural tools.  The Making of the Modern Ethiopian State (1855-1913 Content: – Unification of northern and north-central regions. – Territorial expansion into southern Ethiopia. Kassa Hailu's Rise – Kassa Hailu (Tewodros II) ruled from 1855 to 1868. – Gained prominence by defeating the Egyptians in battles at Wad Kaltabu (1837) and Dabarqi (1848). Early Challenges – Initially served his half-brother, Dejjazmach Kenfu. – Defeated by Egyptians due to superior military organization in Dabarqi (1848). Alliances and Marriages – Gained support from Yajju lords through marriage to Tawabach, daughter of Ras Ali II. – Appointed governor of Quara. Battles Leading to Coronation – Defeated major regional lords: Dajjach Goshu Zewde (Gojjam) - November 27, 1852. Birru Aligaz - April 12, 1853. Ras Ali (Yajju Dynasty) - June 29, 1853. Dajjazmach Wube (Semen and Tigray) - February 8, 1855. Symbolic End of Zamana Mesafint – The Battle of Ayshal marked the end of the Yajju dynasty. – Kassa was anointed Tewodros II on February 9, 1855. Tewodros II’s Vision – Aimed for a united and militarily self-sufficient Ethiopia. – Initiated campaigns in Wallo and Shawa starting in March 1855. Key Campaigns – Captured Maqdala on September 12, 1855. – Defeated Shawan forces at the Battle of Barakat in November 1855. Tewodros II’s Reforms – Introduced military titles and established a salaried national army. – Created arms manufacturing at Gafat. Challenges Faced – Internal opposition from regional forces and clergy. – External pressure from lack of foreign support and conflict with the British. Downfall of Tewodros II – British stormed Maqdala on April 30, 1868. – Tewodros committed suicide, ending his reign. Succession Crisis – Emergence of three contenders for the throne: Wagshum Gobeze (Emperor Tekle-Giorgis II). Kassa Mircha of Tigray. Menilek of Shawa. Conflict Among Contenders – Battle at Assam in July 1871 led to the defeat of Kassa Mircha by Gobeze. Conclusion – The period of Tewodros II marked significant changes in Ethiopian history. – His attempts at modernization and unification set the stage for future developments. Tewodros’s mortar, Sebastopol Tewodros II True/False Questions 1. Tewodros II was the first emperor of Ethiopia. – Answer: False (he was the first to unify the country but not the first emperor). 2. Kassa Hailu defeated the Egyptians at Wad Kaltabu in 1837. – Answer: True. 3. The Battle of Ayshal marked the beginning of the Zamana Mesafint. – Answer: False (it marked its end). 4. Tewodros II's reforms were supported by all regional lords. – Answer: False (he faced internal opposition). 5. Tewodros II committed suicide after the British stormed Maqdala. – Answer: True. multiple-choice questions based on your notes about the making of the modern Ethiopian state from 1855 to 1913: 1. Who was the first emperor to attempt to unify Ethiopia? – A) Menilek II – B) Tewodros II – C) Kassa Hailu – D) Ras Ali II Answer: C) Kassa Hailu 2. What significant battle did Kassa Hailu first achieve prominence in? – A) Battle of Ayshal – B) Battle of Barakat – C) Battle of Gur Amba – D) Battle of Maqdala Answer: C) Battle of Gur Amba 3. Which of the following regions did Tewodros II's campaigns primarily focus on? – A) Southern Ethiopia – B) Northern Ethiopia – C) Western Ethiopia – D) Eastern Ethiopia Answer: B) Northern Ethiopia 4. What title did Kassa Hailu take after being anointed emperor? – A) King of Kings of Ethiopia – B) Emperor Menilek II – C) Emperor Tekle-Giorgis II – D) Ras Ali II Answer: A) King of Kings of Ethiopia 5. What was the outcome of Tewodros II's campaign in Shawa? – A) Complete unification of Ethiopia – B) Defeat of the Shawan forces – C) Establishment of a national army – D) A successful marriage alliance Answer: B) Defeat of the Shawan forces 6. Which modern military structure did Tewodros II attempt to implement? – A) Regional militias – B) A salaried national army – C) Guerrilla warfare tactics – D) Tribal alliances Answer: B) A salaried national army 7. What was one of the major challenges Tewodros II faced in his reforms? – A) Support from the clergy – B) Support from foreign powers – C) Resistance from regional lords – D) Support from the British Empire Answer: C) Resistance from regional lords 8. What event marked the end of Tewodros II's reign? – A) His coronation – B) The storming of Maqdala by British forces – C) The battle of Assam – D) The establishment of a national army Answer: B) The storming of Maqdala by British forces 9. Who emerged as emperor immediately after Tewodros II? – A) Menilek II – B) Wagshum Gobeze – C) Kassa Mircha – D) Ras Ali II Answer: B) Wagshum Gobeze 10. What was the main reason for Tewodros II's conflict with the British? – A) Territorial disputes – B) Diplomatic mission and missionaries – C) Trade agreements – D) Religious differences Answer: B) Diplomatic mission and missionaries  Yohannes IV (1872-1889) Decentralized Administration: – Yohannes IV introduced a decentralized administrative system. – Regional rulers had significant autonomy. Recognition of Regional Leaders Menilek of Shawa: – In 1878, Yohannes IV recognized Menilek as Negus of Shawa. – Achieved through the Liche Agreement. Ras Adal Tesema: – In 1881, Yohannes designated Ras Adal Tesema of Gojjam as Negus Takla-Haymanot of Gojjam and Kafa. Unification of Provinces Unified Regions: Yohannes IV succeeded in unifying major Christian provinces, including: – Wag and Lasta, Simen, Begemidr, Amhara Saynt, Gojjam, Wallo, Shawa, and Mereb Milash. Religious Policy Religious Reform and Controversy: – Held the Council of Boru Meda (1878) to resolve religious disputes. – Declared Tewahdo as the sole doctrine of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC). – Forced conversions, particularly among Muslims in Wallo, led to: Some superficial conversions. Others migrating to areas like Arsi, Gurage, Jimma, and Sudan. Key Muslim Converts Converted Leaders: – Wallo leaders Mohammed Ali and Amede Liban converted to Christianity. – Changed names to Ras Michael and Dajjach Hayle- Mariam respectively. Yohannes IV Questions 1. What administrative system did Emperor Yohannes IV attempt to implement during his reign? – A) Centralized administration with strict control – B) Decentralized administration with regional autonomy – C) Complete independence for all regions – D) A foreign-influenced administration system 2. Who was recognized as the Negus of Shawa by Emperor Yohannes IV? – A) Ras Michael – B) Menilek – C) Dajjach Hayle-Mariam – D) Ras Adal Tesema 3. What was the purpose of the Council of Boru Meda presided over by Emperor Yohannes IV in 1878? – A) To convert Ethiopian Muslims to Christianity – B) To declare Tewahdo as the sole doctrine of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church – C) To establish trade routes with neighboring countries – D) To elect a new ruler of Ethiopia 4. What was the consequence for Ethiopian Muslims, particularly those in Wallo, after the Council of Boru Meda? – A) They were expelled from the country – B) They were forced to migrate or convert to Christianity – C) They were given full religious freedom – D) They were promoted to high government positions 5. Which leader was converted to Christianity and given the name Ras Michael? – A) Mohammed Ali – B) Menilek – C) Amede Liban – D) Dajjach Hayle-Mariam Menilek II (1889-1913)  Menilek II (1889-1913) Era of Territorial Expansion: 3 Phases – Phase 1: King of Shewa (1865-89) – Phase 2: Coronation as Emperor (1889) to Battle of Adwa (1896) – Phase 3: Post-Adwa (1896-1900) Phase 1: Early Expansion as King of Shewa Incorporation of Territories: – Tulama and Eastern Macha Oromo by the 1870s – Supported by notable Oromo leaders like Ras Gobana Dache Resistance and Submission: – Gurage Regions: Northern and Kistane Gurage submitted peacefully Western Gurage, led by Hassan Enjamo, resisted until defeated in 1888 Ras Gobana Dache Phase 2: Expansion as Emperor (1889- 1896) Resistance and Incorporation: – Oromo Regions: Mixed resistance Arsi and Hararghe faced significant resistance Arsi subdued after six campaigns (1882-1886), culminating at Azule (Sept 6, 1886) Expansion Necessitated by Famine (Kefu Qan, 1888-92): – Resulted from the rinderpest epidemic – Led to the incorporation of Dawuro, Konta, Kambata, Bale, Sidama, GamoGofa, and Wolayta (1894) – Wolayta resistance subdued, and Kawo Tona, the last king, arrested Phase 3: Continued Expansion & Formal Boundaries (Post-Adwa, 1896-1900) Territories Incorporated: – Gedeo, Borana, Konso followed by Kafa in 1897 after defeating Tato Gaki Sherocho Expansion to Western Regions: – Control extended over Benishangul and Gambella Border Agreements: – Concluded agreements with neighboring colonial powers (1902-1908) Abba Jifar II of Jimma / Kawo Tona/ Tato Gaki Sherocho Menilek II's Modernization Efforts Western Technology & Administration: – Bank of Abyssinia (1905) – First modern bank – Menilek II School (1908) – First modern school – Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway (1894) – Partnership with French – Infrastructure: Introduced electricity, telephone, telegraph, motor car, plumbing Established a coin to replace the Maria Theresa Thaler Boundary Treaties & Ethiopia's Modern Borders Boundary Delimitation Treaties: – French Somaliland (Djibouti) – March 20, 1897 – British Somaliland – May 1897 – Italian Eritrea – July 10, 1900 – Anglo-Egyptian Sudan – May 15, 1902 – British East Africa (Kenya) – 1907 – Italian Somaliland – 1908 Significance: – Established Ethiopia’s approximate modern territorial boundaries True or False 1. Menilek II's territorial expansion took place in three distinct phases. 2. Menilek II's first phase of expansion occurred after he became the emperor of Ethiopia. 3. The Tulama and eastern Macha Oromo territories were incorporated into Menilek's empire by the 1870s. 4. The Kistane or Soddo Gurage resisted Menilek’s expansion. 5. Menilek’s territorial expansion in Ethiopia was achieved only through peaceful agreements. 6. The Great Famine, also known as Kefu Qan, was partly caused by a rinder pest epidemic. 7. Emperor Menilek II founded Ethiopia's first modern bank in 1905. 8. The Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway was established through an agreement with the French in 1894. 9. By 1908, all of Ethiopia's modern borders were established through agreements with neighboring colonial powers. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which phase marked Menilek II's expansion when he was king of Shewa? – A) First phase – B) Second phase – C) Third phase – D) None of the above 2. Who played a key role in Menilek's territorial expansion and the creation of the Ethiopian Empire? – A) Ras Adal – B) Ras Gobana Dache – C) Tato Gaki Sherocho – D) Kawo Tona 3. Which region resisted Menilek's expansion efforts until 1888? – A) Northern Gurage – B) Kistane or Soddo Gurage – C) Western Gurage – D) Gamo Gofa 4. What was the primary cause of the Great Famine in Ethiopia between 1888-1892? – A) Drought – B) Locust infestation – C) Rinder pest epidemic – D) Overpopulation 5. Which of the following regions was incorporated into Menilek's empire after the Battle of Embabo? – A) Jimma Abba Jifar – B) Kafa – C) Gamo Gofa – D) Wolayta 6. The incorporation of which region led to the death of a large number of people in 1894? – A) Kafa – B) Sidama – C) Wolayta – D) Bale 7. Menilek II introduced the following technology and infrastructure into Ethiopia except: – A) Postal system – B) Modern plumbing – C) Air transportation – D) Electricity 8. The boundary agreement with British East Africa (Kenya) was signed in: – A) 1897 – B) 1902 – C) 1907 – D) 1908 matching questions based on the provided notes about Menilek II: Match the following dates with the events: – a) 1865-1889 – b) 1889 – c) 1896 – d) 1897 – e) 1905 – f) 1908 Events: Menilek's coronation as Emperor of Ethiopia. Establishment of the Bank of Abyssinia. Battle of Adwa. Incorporation of Kafa. Menilek’s rule as king of Shewa. Agreement with Italian Somaliland, completing boundary delimitations. Match the following territories with their method of incorporation under Menilek II: a) Gurage (Kistane or Soddo) b) Western Gurage (Qabena) c) Jimma Abba Jifar d) Arsi e) Kafa Methods of Incorporation: 1. Peaceful submission. 2. Resistance overcome through battle. 3. Submitted with autonomy promise. 4. Multiple campaigns to pacify resistance. 5. Defeated in battle by Ras Wolde Giorgis. Match the following developments with the year they occurred: a) Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway agreement b) Introduction of modern school c) Establishment of the first modern postal system d) Introduction of electricity and telegraph Years: 1. 1894 2. 1908 3. 1905 4. 1908 External Aggressions and Ethiopian Unity in Defense of National Sovereignty (1871-1896) Background Time Period: Second half of the 19th century Key Issue: Ethiopia's independence threatened by European powers Early Modernization Efforts: Emperor Tewodros II sought European assistance to modernize and counter Egypt Emperor Tewodros II and British Relations 1862: Tewodros sent a letter to Queen Victoria requesting military aid No Response: Consul Cameron returned without an answer, leading to strained relations British Invasion: In 1867, a British military expedition was launched under Sir Robert Napier Outcome: Tewodros committed suicide in 1868, fortress looted, and British forces departed