13 Colonies: Key History Notes PDF

MERCANT ILISM Countries wanted colonies because of an economic theory called ______________________ order to increase wealth and power, a country that stated in _______________________________...

MERCANT ILISM Countries wanted colonies because of an economic theory called ______________________ order to increase wealth and power, a country that stated in ____________________________________________________________________ must have a favorable balance of trade. _________________________________________________________________________________. a country had to export more In order to have a favorable balance of trade, ______________________________________ goods than they imported. __________________________________________________________________________________ In other words, the country needed to sell more of their stuff to other countries ___________________________________________________________________ buying very little from other countries while _____________________________________________________________________________ Since most of the countries in Europe followed this idea of mercantilism, they needed to new markets for their goods find _______________________________________________________ Colonies → ___________________ What is a charter? A charter is a document issued by the government that gave a group the right to create a CHARTER colony on land owned by the Charter colonies were granted charters (written permission) by the king or queen. establish their own government British king or queen and allowed to ________________________________________________independent crown of the __________ Joint Stock Companies They were often financed by ___________________________________________________ Jamestown Example - ____________________________________________________________________ PROPRIETARY individuals Proprietary colonies were supervised and governed by ______________________ who had been granted huge tracks of in return for political favors land by the British king or queen _____________________________________________________________ Pennsylvania Example - ____________________________________ ROYAL under the control of the British king or queen Royal colonies were __________________________________________________________________________________________ British monarch All of the colonies will eventually be owned by and under the rule of the _____________________________________. _______ expensive Financing a colony was an ________________________ endeavor. raise the funds for a colony A common way to _________________________________________________________ was through JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. investors Joint Stock Companies financed colonies by having _____________________ pay a share (portion) of the cost. __________ risk 1 Profits (and losses) were shared by all of the investors thus lessening the ______.  First British settlement ____________________________________ - ROANOKE, 1587 Southern ______________ First permanent _____________ British settlement - JAMESTOWN, 1607 Colony ROANOKE, THE LOST COLONY British Settled by the ____________ In 1587, 100 men, women, and children settled on Roanoke John White Island under the leadership of ________________. North Carolina The settlement area will eventually become part of ________________________. first European born in America Virginia Dare was the _______________________________________________________ White’s granddaughter, ____________________, England Soon after they settled on Roanoke Island, White returned to ____________________to gather more supplies. deserted The It took White nearly 3 years to return to Roanoke. When he arrived, the settlement was _________________. CROAT OAN carved onto the palisades and the letters CRO carved into a only clues were the word _____________ nearby tree _______________. messages meant that the settlers _________________________________________________ White was certain these _____________ were living with the Croatan Indians on Hatteras Island ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ never had the chance to find out Stormy weather made it impossible to search for the White ______________________________________________ settlers and White returned to England. to return to America to find his Despite several attempts, White was never able to raise the funds _____________________________________________ family and the other settlers. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. JAMESTOWN 1607 the Virginia In ________, Company of London (a joint stock company) ___________________________________ Virginia established a colony along the coast of ________________ 38 of the 150 settlers survived the The colony got off to a very rough start – only _______ first winter on a swamp. The settlement was ___________________________ gentlemen The __________________refused to work. winter was really, really bad. The ______________ The Native Americans were not friendly _________________________________________________________________________ John Smith emerged as Jamestown’s leader. He declared that those who didn’t work, ____________________________. _____________ wouldn’t eat 1609 things were so bad, the colonists boarded a ship to leave only to be met by a ship with supplies and more In ________, colonists so they returned to Jamestown. John Rolfe and his wife, __________________, In 1612, __________________ Pocahontas experimented with growing ________________ tobacco and export developed Virginia’s first profitable __________. profitable labor intensive, but also hugely _______________. Growing tobacco was very ________ The Virginia Company offered free 2,000 survived!) land to people who settled in Jamestown (9,000 came, but only _______ ___________ Indentured servants _______________________________ were first used to work the fields and cure the tobacco. An indentured servant signed a contract to _________ a certain number of years (usually 7) in return for ___________ passage to the colony and food, clothing, and shelter once they arrived. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________. the first enslaved Africans were brought to Jamestown. In 1619, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________. 25% of the European settlers in Jamestown. In March 1622, Native Americans killed ________ 2  HOUSE OF BURGESSES elected representatives In 1619, the first legislature made up of _____________________ Jamestown. in North America was established at __________________. property owners could vote to elect representatives Only ____________________ House of Burgesses to the _________________________________________ In 1624, the debt-ridden Virginia Company’s charter was revoked became a royal colony under __________ Virginia ________________________________________ King James I. __________________________________________________________. BACON’S REBELLION, 1676 unauthorized militia of indentured servants, slaves, and poor farmers Nathaniel Bacon raised an _____________________________________________________________________________ retaliate against a series of Native American attacks on the Virginia frontier. to ______________ In response, Virginia Governor William Berkeley gathered an army to fight against Bacon and his men ______________________________________________. ulterior motive Some scholars believe that Bacon had _____________________________ instead of simply being upset with retaliate against the Native Americans Governor Berkeley’s refusal to _______________________________________________________________________. Some theories are a personal vendetta Bacon had __________________________________ against Berkeley financed Bacon was __________________ by some people who wanted Berkeley removed from power. attacked and destroyed Jamestown Bacon and his men ___________________________________________________________________________________ Bacon’s death from dysentery The rebellion ended soon after ________________________________________________________________________ hanged Bacon’s co-conspirators were _______________________. SIGNIFICANCE OF BACON’S REBELLION colonial rebellion against royal control First _______________________________________________________________________________________________. planter class remained in power. White famers and landholders were given more rights, but the __________ Africans hereditary slaves Laws making _________________________________________ were passed. New England Settled by Pilgrims and Puritans _____________________ WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? seeking religious freedom Separatists Pilgrims were also called _____________________. royal control They wanted to go to Virginia so they could create a church free of _______________________, Church of England unlike the _______________________________. purify the Church of England. new church they just wanted __________ Puritans didn’t want to create a ______________, Is it important for a country to allow religious freedom? Why or why not? Answers will vary 3 PLYMOUTH COLONY Pilgrims (Separatists) settled the Plymouth Colony In 1620, the _____________ 100 passengers including ____ About _____ MAYFLOWER 35 Pilgrims set sail aboard the ______________ for a location near the Hudson River, an area thought to be part of the Virginia colony. Cape Cod After 65 days at sea, the Mayflower set anchor at ______________. not continue the journey They decided _____________________________________ and instead looked for a suitable area to settle nearby. good water supply, A scouting party found an abandoned Wampanoag community on a hill with a _____________________________________ a good harbor, and cleared fields. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Europeans caused a deadly disease The Wampanoag had previously abandoned this area after an encounter with ______________ _______ kill most of their people to sweep through their community and _______________________________________________________________________. MAYFLOWER COMPACT The _________________________________established the foundation for the colony’s government __________________________. first self government plan in the colonies It was the _________________________________________________________________ and it pledged majority of the colony’s men that the decisions would be made by the will of the ______________ ________. Squanto an English speaking member of The Pilgrims settled by the Wampanoag people and soon met __________, communicate and mediate with the tribal leaders. the Pawtuxet tribe, who helped them ________________________________________ Squanto (also known as Tisquantum) had been captured _____________in 1614 or 1615 during one of John Smith’s expeditions and taken to England learned English as he traveled to return home __________. He __________________________________________________________________________________. Other __________ Massachusetts tribes in the area were the __________________________ and Narragansetts. Half of the settlers died during the first winter ________ Squanto helped the settlers grow corn treaty with Wampanoag leader Massasoit (Ousamequin) ______ and establish a ___________ In the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims celebrated theirfirst harvestand this became the basis for our modern _____________ Thanksgiving ____________________ 160 people living in the ________________________. By 1627, there were ________ Plymouth Colony MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY Puritans settled the ______________________________________________________________________ In 1630, the _______________ Massachusetts Bay Colony King Charles I With a charter from ___________________________, 1000 about __________Puritans settled in Massachusetts. John Winthrop who believed, “We shall be as a ______ They were led by Governor _______________________ eyes of city upon a Hill. The ________ the people are on us.” the beliefs of the Puritan Church. The Puritan laws that governed the colony were tied to __________________________________________________________ Dissenters _____________________ were people who didn’t follow the Puritan rules and laws. fines, public humiliation, execution, and banishment. Punishments for dissenters ranged from _______________________________________________________________________. New England colonies Some of the dissenters formed other _____________________________________. 20,000 By 1643, ______________ English settlers joined the Puritans. Even though the Puritans were outnumbered, they only male members of the church could vote remained in control because __________________________________________________________________________________ largest and most influential New England colony eventually swallowing up the Plymouth Colony. It became the __________________________________ royal colony. In the 1680s, the king gained control over the colony’s government and in 1691, Massachusetts became a ______ 4  New England _____________ Colony Settled by Roger Williams ________________________ banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for was _____________ Roger ___________ speaking out against government authorities who punished religious _________________________________ Williams ___________ Native American land dissention and against the confiscation of _______________________________________. and his there was no religious persecution of He founded Rhode Island where ________________________________________________ supporters 1635 in _______ Christians _____________________________________________________________________________. New England Colony ___________________ Thomas Hooker Settled by _______________________ FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT: _____________________________ 1636 in ________ was the first written constitution in North __________________________________________________________ America ___________________________________________________________ was based unlike in Massachusetts, citizenship ______________________ on land ownership, not religion ________________________________________________________ New ________ England Unlike the other New England colonies, settlements in New Hampshire were originally founded for ________ fishing _________________________, religious freedom not for ______________________. Colony exiled from the _________________________________________________ In 1638, after being ___________ Massachusetts Bay Colony Settled by John Wheelright for being a dissenter, _________________________________ and 175 followers established the New David Thomson 1623 in _______ Exeter Hampshire township of ___________that no religious ties had _______________________________________________. became its own colony in 1679 New Hampshire ___________________________________________________________________________. VERMONT: Great Britain and New York Vermont declared independence from ____________________________________________ 1777 but the other in _________, New York until ________ states refused to acknowledge it as separate from _________________ 1791 when it was formally admitted 14th state. to the United States as the _______ MAINE: Massachusetts Maine remained a part of ___________________________ 1820 when it became the _______ until _______ 23rd state. 5  rapid settlement growth Native Americans upset over __________________________________and their treatment fought against English settlers ______________ New England throughout _______________________ Called King Philip by the English the son of Massasoit who Metacom (he was _____________________________________________), They were led by ___________ had co-existed peacefully with the Pilgrims. He created an alliance united assault on colonial towns. ________ with other Native Americans and in 1675, he launched a _________________________________. attacking Native American villages The English retaliated by _________________________________________________________, killing 4,000. The captured sold into slavery in the West Indies men, women, and children were ______________________________________________________________________________. Mohawk warriors attacked Metacom’s camp Governor Andros of New York, a colonial militia, and allied ________________________ 350 of his men and capturing his wife and son. His wife and son were ______________________________. killing _______ sold into slavery Metacom The war ended shortly after _______________________was 1676 captured and killed in ________. EFFECTS ON COLONISTS: _____ 52 towns suffered damage, __________ 17 towns were destroyed, _____ 2,000 settlers were killed. decades to recover from the destruction, loss of lives, and expense. It took ____________ EFFECTS ON NATIVE AMERICANS: servitude political independence entire families were sold into slavery, many were forced into local ________________, _______________________ lose land ended they continued to ______________________ __________, AMERICA’S DEADLIEST WAR? greater than any other 5 percent of the European population was killed during King Philip’s War which is _____________ ______ war in U.S. History. When young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused some local women of witchcraft, a wave a hysteria swept through the area. ______________________________________________________________________. 150 people were imprisoned forwitchcraft ______ ____________, 7 died in prison, 19 men and women were found guilty and hanged ___________ and 1 person was crushed to death for refusing to testify ___________________ The hysteria ended in September 1692 with public opinion turning against the trials. __________________ growing crops difficult. The climate and rocky soil made _______________________________________________. Its proximity to waterways and harbors made fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding important industries. ____________________________ forests Additionally, the _______________ were beneficial for trapping and timber. centers of commerce New England’s harbor towns became _________________________________________________________________. Triangular Trade New England became a key part of the ____________________________ routes and other trade __________________. 6  Middle _____________ New Netherlands The Dutch called the area _____________________________ and New York Colony New Amsterdam City was called ___________________________________ Dutch in Settled by the ___________ Henry Hudson ___________________________ Dutch explored the area in 1611 for the __________ 1624 __________ Netherlands its claim to the territory. East India Company, giving the __________________ promote settlement The Dutch used the “Patroon” System to ________________________________. Dutch landholders were given huge tracts of land that they could _________ rent out to tenant farmers. _____________________________________________. They were able to keep their land even when the British gained control _________________________ The Dutch and British fought 3 naval wars Between 1652-1674 - __________________________________________________________________________________________ surrendered it without a fight. 1664 - the British sent a naval fleet to seize New Netherlands and the Dutch ________________ In _______ Duke of York The territory was renamed for the ______________________, Charles II the brother of King ____________________ who received a charter for the territory. Dutch briefly recaptured the area, but it was quickly returned to British control. 1673 - The ___________ Middle _________ Colony European 1660 - Bergan became New Jersey’s first ______________________ settlement. New Netherlands New Jersey was part of ___________________________ British took control. until 1664 when the _________ Duke of York gave the land between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to two In 1664, the ____________________ Settled by the Carteret and Lord JohnBerkley friends, Sir George __________ _________, and the area was re-named New Jersey. Dutch in ________ the Quakers In 1673, Berkley sold his share of western New Jersey to ______________________. 1660 East and West Jersey Between 1674-1702, New Jersey was divided into 2 provinces: ________________________________. Queen Anne united the 2 sections and New Jersey became a ________ In 1702, ____________________ royal colony. Middle ____________ Colony In 1681, King Charles II granted William Penn a __________________ William Penn in 1682 Settled by ___________________ charter for the colony of Pennsylvania. ______________ Holy Experiment Penn established the colony as a “______________________,” without a landowning aristocracy where a place _____________ 50 acres every male settler received _______________________ right to vote and the ________________________________________. Quaker and his colony soon became a ___________ In the 1660s, William Penn became a _____________ haven for Quakers. Society of Friends The ____________________________, better known as Quakers, was established in 1647, but was not formally organized until 1668. Simple speech and clothing Quakers were often ridiculed for their _________________________________________. They were also persecuted ________________ anti-war beliefs. 7 for rejecting the oaths, rituals, and formal ministers of the 17th century church, and for their ______________  In 1664 New York gained control over Delaware. York and the colony of ______________ ______, the British Duke of _______ Middle ______ Pennsylvania Colony William Penn In 1681, ________________________ was granted control over Delaware as part of _______________________ Pennsylvania In 1701, Delaware separated from ________________________ form its own colony to _________________________________________. Settled by New Sweden ________ Company in 1638 farming The area’s rolling hills were very fertile and perfect for ___________________. Hudson and Delaware Rivers allowed for easy trade and the harbor towns became centers of commerce. The _____________________________ vegetables wheat, oats, fruits, and raised ___________________. The colonies grew corn and other __________________, livestock logging, shipbuilding, and fishing They also built successful ___________________________________________________________________________industries. Southern ______________ Settled by Colony Lord __________ Baltimore __________ Catholic who convinced King Charles I to grant Baltimore was a ____________ Lord _______________ in 1632 Catholics to settle him 100 million acres for persecuted ________________________________________. PROPRIETARY colony Maryland was settled as a __________________________________________ British king or queen which meant that the owner of the colony was the ruler, not the _______________________________. died before he was able to do anything with the land. His son,Cecil Baltimore _____ Calvert took over managing the colony. ____________, 100 acres He offered _____________________ to every married couple who settled in Maryland. Protestants ________________________ Protestant took advantage of his offer and this Catholic haven became mostly ______________________. The TOLERATION ACT OF 1649 religious freedom to all Christians living in Maryland. granted _______________________________________________ Southern _________________ Colony Settled by 8 supporters land in the Carolinas King Charles II granted ___________________________________________. supporters __________________ trade in the West Indies, people settled in the With easy access to the _________ of King Charles rice, indigo, and tobacco Carolinas to grow cash crops like ________________________________________. II in 1663 CASH CROPS selling rather than being are grown for the purpose of __________ farmer to use. grown for just the ______________ a huge labor force These labor intensive crops required _________________________________________. ensalved Africans outnumbered European By 1720, ___________________________ settlers in the Carolinas 2:1. royal In 1729, Carolina became a _________________ and was split into North and South Carolina _____________________________________________________________.  Southern _____________ Colony buffer between South Georgia was established as a _________ Carolina and ___________________. _________________ Spanish Florida debtors Settled by General It was established as a place for English _________ to go and serve their sentences. James Oglethorpe never actually became a debtor colony like General Oglethorpe had ___________ However, Georgia _______ 1732 envisioned. Cash crops like tobacco, rice, indigo, and, later, cotton that needed ______________ land and labor lots of __________________________________ farms and plantations mostly ___________________________________________________ New England and Middle not as commercial as the _____________________________________ Colonies ________________________________________________________________ Label the colonies and use colors or patterns to indicate which ones were New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies. New Hampshire New York Massachusetts Pennsylvania New Rhode Island Maryland Jersey Connecticut Virginia Delaware North Carolina South Carolina Key New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies 9