History Final Exam Material PDF

EXAM 3 MATERIAL 10-31-24 The South and Slavery Distinctiveness of Agricultural society the Old South ○ Illiteracy rate was 3x the south than north Cotton integral to the economy Slavery was most disti...

EXAM 3 MATERIAL 10-31-24 The South and Slavery Distinctiveness of Agricultural society the Old South ○ Illiteracy rate was 3x the south than north Cotton integral to the economy Slavery was most distinguishing factor that separated Whites of all classes supported slavery Few immigrants went South ○ Poor; couldn't afford to travel Planters argues that the South was morally superior to the North ○ Southerners viewed the South as superior to the North (valued guns, military); argued that the South was morally superior to the North (blacks were better off in the South than the North); slave owners thought of themselves as kind and humane (providing clothes, shelter, food) Three Subsections Lower South (Deep South) ○ Plantation, cotton, slave labor (FL, TX, GA); slaves made up half the population in these regions Upper South ○ Mixed agriculture; VA, NC, TN, AK, northern GA; few or no slaves Border South ○ Delaware, Maryland, Missouri; losing slaves because cotton could not be sustained there “Cotton is King” Cotton fueled Northern and British textile mills Beyond cotton, the South was home to vast quantities of livestock ○ Pork was a staple dietary item Cotton spread from VA to ML to the Old Southwest Cotton planters grew immensely wealthy ○ They were constantly on the move looking for better soil ○ 2/3 of the nation's richest americans lived in the south Planters Controlled the South’s political, economic, and social life Competitive capitalists Cult of honor (unique to the South) ○ Dueling Plantation Mistress Women had less freedom in the South then the North; due to patriarchy and cult of honor Women expected to be pure and virtuous  More involved in economic life than Northern women Supported slavery Overseers ○ White men; maintain buildings, fences, and grounds; Drivers ○ Organize small groups of slaves and watch them sunup to sundown “Plain white folk” Tenant farmers and day-laborers 10-31-24 Black Society in the South Overview of Slavery was the fastest growing element in American society Slavery during the first half of the 19th century Slave Codes ○ Slaves couldn't testify in court ○ Couldnt hit a white man, even in self defense ○ No legal repercussion from harm on slaves ○ Treated like property, not human ○ Treated no different than livestock Slaves kept illiterate deliberately for fear of slave uprising Slaveholders justifications for slavery ○ Without the white’s protection, blacks would die because they are inferior Free Blacks in the Status was between freedom and slavery South Had to pay an annual tax Not allowed to leave the state Must have a white guardian Lived in cities; jobs: shoemaker, butchers, blacksmith, barber Free black women: seamstress, laundresses, house servant More freedom than slaves: own property, marry The Slave Trade Average price of slaves quadrupled between 1800 and 1860 Life expectancy of slaves: 36 Slave auctions “The Fancy Trade” ○ Getting beautiful female slaves for forced sex Slave Life Most slaves worked in the fields from sunup to sundown Slave quarters Diet High infant mortality rate Importance of Sundays: some slaves worked on Sundays or holidays for wages; some slaves tended to their gardens if allowed one; city slaves were given more freedom than rural  slaves Slave women ○ Harriet Tubman stated that slave women had it worse than men; they were expected to have many children; after childbirth they were given a few days of less labor but had to get back to work in fields soon after The Slave Family Nuclear families and Religion Marriage; although not lawfully, slaves got married Families broken up through sale Slave religion as mixture of African, Caribbean, and Christian beliefs: “Afro-Christianity” ○ Religion often practiced in secret because uprisings were suspected with the meetings ○ Belief in magic, spirits, and conjuring Slave Rebellions Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) ○ Richmond, VA; Gabriel and 26 soldiers rebelled they were tried and hanged; said he got inspiration from George Washington German Coast Uprising (1811) ○ Attacked plantation Vesey’s Revolt (1822) ○ Didn’t get off the ground; Vesey got his freedom by winning a lottery ticket; Vesey and 34 others were executed Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) ○ In VA; Turner was a black overseer; believed God had him lead a revolt; believed he should kill the owner and his family; 17 slaves executed Slave Resistance Running away: difficult because they were illiterate and had papers required to travel Underground Railroad Feigned illness; sabotaged crops and tools From the 1830s to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the South increasingly defended a political, social, and economic system based on slavery  11-5-24 Religion and Romanticism Overview Sections became increasingly divided over slavery and economics Americans rejected Calvinist determination in favor of individual agency to seek salvation Christianity democratized: choosing to be saved Emphasis on free will led to powerful reform movements; not only can they benefit themselves, but they can better society Deism, Unitarism, Deism and Universalism ○ Believed in rational God ○ understanding natural law was the key to understand the universe ○ questioned the Bible, virgin birth, divinity of Christ ○ freedom of speech Unitarianism ○ One-ness of God ○ Natural goodness of humankind ○ Reason rather than emotional solution ○ Jesus was not divine Universalism ○ Influential in intellectual circles ○ God was too merciful to condemn anyone to hell The Second Great Methodist Church Awakening ○ Became the largest denomination in the country Two major movements: one urban and one rural Camp Meeting ○ White and black preachers; people camped outside; these meeting spread to every state Baptists ○ Emphasized that salvation was offered to everyone ○ Believed every word in the Bible was the literal truth ○ Everyone was equal regardless of wealth, status, education Traveling evangelists Francis Asbury ○ Traveled throughout Ohio valley; delivered thousands of sermons Revivalism, African African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) Americans, and ○ Founded in 1816; 296 churches; 17000+ members; Women initiated first civil rights movement for blacks; Women as preachers; Women were equals to men Jarena Lee: first women allowed to preach in AME Phoebe Worrall Palmer: held meetings in her home in NY, traveled across US to preach life without sin/”perfectionism” Religion and Western NY: the “burned over” district Reform Charles Grandison Finney ○ Insisted that all people regardless of color and status, could be saved if they use their free will to do good works Finney and others urged their congregations to do good works and attack social problems like alcoholism, prostitution, war, and slavery The Mormons Joseph Smith, Jr. ○ Raised in Western NY ○ Published The Book of Mormon Two ancient civilizations that Jesus visited upon resurrection; rejected Jesus and those civilizations collapsed; Smith shows this as an example ○ Nauvoo, Illinois ○ Got shot in prison Brigham Young Salt Lake City Transcendentalism Romantic movement in art, thought, and literature questioned whether scientific objectivity and rationalism could truly explain the complexities of the world ○ Heart over mind ○ Faith could fill in where science couldn’t be explained Transcendentalists emphasized acts and thoughts that transcended logic and reason ○ Transcends over logic and reason ○ In tuned spiritually with nature ○ Self-realization Ralph Waldo Emerson ○ Became nation’s most popular speaker ○ Harvard graduate ○ Individuals could transcend from material world if they could tap into the spirit that animated the universe “Self Reliance” (1841) ○ Exercise God-like virtues / infinite worthiness Henry David Thoreau ○ “Civil Disobedience” (1849) Walden (1854)  11-7-24: Antebellum Reform Movements Overview Reformers sought to improve society and correct injustices Most reformers were white middle-class women ○ Women hired servants so they had time to impact society Temperance MOST WIDESPREAD MOVEMENT (in terms of geography) Americans drank copious amounts of alcohol ○ No man could come to another ones house without being asked if they wanted to drink no matter the time American Temperance Union (1833) ○ Abolition of alcoholic beverages ○ Total abstinence from alcohol Women’s Rights Women’s status had not improved much since the colonial era Elizabeth Cady Stanton and lucretia Mott Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and “Declaration of Sentiments” ○ Declaration of Sentiments: “all men and women are created equal” Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison ○ Called for the immediate end to slavery everywhere ○ Thought slavery was evil and a sin ○ Stressed that he stood against violence ○ The Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society ○ Garrison was among the founders Slavery outlawed throughout British Empire (1833) David Walker, Walker’s Appeal (1829) ○ Called slaves to rise up against their masters ○ “Use the crushing arm of power”, “Gain freedom by fighting” Schisms in the Immediatists vs. Gradualists Abolitionist ○ Garrison is a part of the Immediatists Movement ○ Gradualists saw America as sound with slavery Women’s participation in the movement contested ○ First women’s movement arose through abolitionism  11-7-24: Western Expansion Reactions to Harriet Tubman Abolitionism ○ One of the most celebrated conductors on the railroad ○ Returned to the south 19 times, facilitating the escape of slaves ○ Liberating 750 slaves as a spy Northern reactions to abolitionism Southern Defense Bible of Slavery Slavery as “positive good” Free blacks would demand social and political equality with whites Overview of By 1860, 4.3 million people lived in the West and along the Western Expansion Pacific coast People went West for both economic and religious reasons The Overland Trail “Manifest Destiny”: America had God-given rights to expand Christianity and capitalism across the continent Texas Revolution Stephen F. Austin Mexico prohibited further immigration in 1830 Santa Anna became dictator ○ Imprisoned Austin in 1834 ○ After he was released, he said they must be protected using arms Alamo ○ Hundred of Americans flooded Mexico to fight Texas Revolution ○ Santa Anna commanded Americans surrender but they responded with a cannon Texas Declaration of Independence Goliad Sam Houston Battle of San Jacinto ○ Lasted 18 minutes ○ Shouting “Remember the Alamo” ○ Mexicans were in a siesta ○ Americans only lost 11 people Jackson and Van Buren avoided issue of annexation  11-7-24: The Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe FEB 2, 1848: Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles of territory Hidalgo American paid Mexico $15 million The Wilmot Ban on slavery in new territories acquired from Mexico Proviso ○ Allowed in the House, blocked in the Senate “Popular Residents of each territory would decide whether it would be Sovereignty” open to slavery or free Compromise of California entered the Union as a free state, ending the 1850 balance of free and slave states Postpone ○ More free than slave states Civil War for Texas-New Mexico Act: settled Texas boundaries; New Mexico 10 years made a separate territory Utah Act: set Utah as separate territory; territorial legislature given authority over the matter of slavery Fugitive Slave Act ○ Controversial ○ Return runaway slaves to the South Sale of Slaves banned in Washington, D.C. Kansas-Nebraska Repealed Missouri Compromise line at 36 30’ Act (1854) ○ Missouri Compromise is gone, West is open to slavery Kansas and Nebraska territories created Opened to slavery by the principle of popular sovereignty 11-12-24: The Politics of Slavery, the Emergence of the Republican Party, and the Coming of the Civil War The Republican Whig Party Party ○ Destroyed by republican party ○ Didn't know where it stood on slavery ○ Northern Whigs leaned toward “Know Nothing” “Know Nothing” Party Republican Party: made up by Northern Whigs, independent Democrats, and free-soilers ○ Originally based on one principle: no slavery Abraham Lincoln ○ Believed the North needed to take a stand against slavery “Bleeding Kansas” Two illegal governments in operation ○ One in Topica, other in Lecompton  Civil War in the state ○ Journalist called “Bleeding Kansas: The Sack of Lawrence ○ Men destroyed hotels and the free-state governor’s home ○ Outraged anti-slavery finatic John Brown John Brown ○ Some thought he was crazy, other thought he was a saint Pottawatomie Creek Massacre ○ John Brown and men attacked 5 men with swords and hacked them to death Violence in the Preston Brooks of South Carolina beat Charles Sumner of Senate Massachusetts with a cane until the cane snapped ○ Sumner nearly died ○ Brooks made a martyr out of Sumner in the North ○ Supporters of Brooks presented him with new canes Election of 1856 Republican (Fremont) – First time major ○ Took northern states party went against Democratic (Buchanan) slavery ○ Took southern states – Parties become Know Nothing Whig (Fillmore) more sectional James Buchanan Historians label him “the worst president in US History” Dred Scott v. Dred Scott was a Missouri slave Sandford (1857) ○ He sued the widow of his slave owner ○ Case went up to Supreme Court ○ Stunning defeat for anti-slavery movement ○ Chief Justice ruled that Scott could not bring suit because he was not a citizen; slaves are property ○ Congress cannot pass laws prohibiting slavery The Lecompton - Pro Slavery constitution Constitution - Voters rejected the constitution Brawling on the House floor John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry John Brown’s Raid Seized control of federal arsenal hoping to distribute weapons to slaves for an uprising ○ Slave uprising did not occur; 10 of Brown’s men were killed including 2 of his sons; he surrendered; Brown was hanged; huge slavery movement Election of 1860 Lincoln (Republican) - Seismic ○ Was not in the ballot in the South election Breckinridge (Southern Democratic) Bell (Constitutional Union Douglas (Northern Democratic) Response in the Buchanan did nothing about succession South Confederate states’ ordinances of secession: defense and preservation of slavery ○ Stressed that the primary effect of secession was to secure rights of slave holding states Lincoln’s inaugural address ○ Pledged not to interfere with slavery where it already existed ○ No state “can lawfully get out of the union” ○ “No use of force”; called for peaceful solution ○ People claimed his inauguration made the Civil War inevitable Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter (4/12/1861) 11-14-24: The Civil War begins Overview Fall of Fort Sumter produced wave of patriotism and militarism on both sides Lincoln’s initial objective: maintain the Union ○ The south believed he wanted to extinguish slavery ○ SC had left the Union and other Southern states followed Fundamental cause of Civil War: Slavery Choosing Sides Nearly everyone was forced to choose sides Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy after fighting began Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri: slave states that remained within the Union 100,000 Southerners fought against the Confederacy 3 million men served on one side of the other Regional North: Human resources; 23 states and 22 million people to Advantages the South's 11 states and 9 million people North: Industrial development North: Navy South: Fought on its home turf; deep trenches and well- fortified defensive positions South: More experienced officers and better horsemanship First Bull Run - First major battle of Civil War (7/21/1861) - Demonstrated that the war would not be swift Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson The Union’s “Anaconda” Plan (3 major parts) ○ Stangle confederacy into submission ○ 1) constant pressure on capital at Richmond ○ 2) gaining control of Mississippi, Tennessee, and Comberline river to divide confederacy ○ 3) blockade Confederate strategy Strategies The Soldiers and Ulysses S. Grant Sailors 20% of Union army made up by immigrants ○ French, Germans, etc (many couldn’t speak English) ○ Immigrants believed in the Union, and they sought extra food Draft instituted on both sides ○ South All men 18-35 were required to serve for 3 years Unless they paid $500 to government ○ North Exception: paid $300 to government 210,000 served in war Why did they fight? ○ Most were volunteers ○ Southerns argues they fought for independence against Yankee invaders; other southerners believed they would be enslaved to the Yankees; to maintain slavery; “this country without slavery would be useless, we can only exist with that labor” Divided families Daily life ○ Average soldier: 5’8 103 lbs ○ Many troops were farmers, 2/3 of south's military were farmers ○ 1/3 of confederate soldiers could read nor write ○ When not training, soldiers talked, played cards, smoked pipes, struggled against lice ticks and mosquitoes Enslaved African Americans ○ Took advantage of wartime and ran away Fighting in the West William Quantrill Jayhawkers  ○ Pro-Union; destroyed livestock Stand Watie Ft. Henry (2/6/1862) Ft. Donelson (2/16/1862) ○ Comberline river Nashville (2/24/1862) ○ Union took control of Nashville and made it the capital of Tennessee Shiloh (means place of peace) (April 6-7, 1862) ○ Johnson was shot; died in the shade of oak tree ○ Union army was pinned against river ○ Federals had comeback with 20,000 more troops against Confederacy New Orleans ○ Union won; devastating blow of Confederacy; cost 50,000 slaves Perryville (10/1862) ○ Union victory secured control of Kentucky 11-19-24: The Civil War Fighting in the East George B. McClellan ○ “Little Napoleon” ○ Afraid to attack; 1862; 400 ships on Chesapeake Bay; failed to capitalize on the situation; Lincoln sent telegraph saying it was necessary to attack Seven Pines ○ May 31; encroachment on Richmond Robert E. Lee ○ 55 years old; assumed command of army in Virginia; changing course of war; graduated 2nd in his class Second Bull Run The Issue of “Contrabands” Emancipation Lincoln’s anti-slavery measures ○ Convinced border states to outlaw slavery in Western territories and abolish slavery in Washington DC Lincoln concluded emancipation wa necessary for three reasons: ○ 1) Slave labor was bolstering the Confederate cause ○ 2) Morale in the North could be boosted by a transcendent moral ideal ○ 3) End forever the chances of Britain and France supporting the Confederacy Antietam and the Antietam was a turning point Emancipation ○ Revived morale Proclamation ○ Embolden Lincoln to free slaves in confederate states ○ Dashed foreign recognition and aid Emancipation Proclamation transformed the war into a revolutionary struggle to abolish slavery ○ 13th amendment to end slavery everywhere Effect on Northern population ○ Intense reaction; in months following, thousands deserted; in November elections democrats gained many seats from the racial disputes Reaction from slaves Confederate invasion of North failed; 6400 killed; 17000 wounded Fredericksburg: Ambrose Burnside African American Fredericksburg 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army ○ 80% of them had fled the south ○ 38,000 were killed 54th Massachusetts Women and the War Freedmen's Bureau Sewing uniforms, performing songs and poems, raising money and making supplies US Sanitary Commission Nurses / health related volunteers Clara Barton ○ Famous nurse ○ Followed troops in make-shift clinic ○ Came very close to the fighting Plantation managers, clerks, teachers, munitions plant workers 400 women disguised themselves as men and joined military ○ Some served as spies ○ Some followed armies to cook meals ○ Some helped with amputations ○ Number of widows and women that never married grew Union and Homestead Act (1862) Confederate ○ Free homestead of 150 acres to anyone who can Government occupy and cultivate it for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) ○ Provided federal aid and land to state colleges that focus on agricultural and mechanical arts Union finances ○ Lincoln: federal income tax; morrill tariff; taxes on manufacturers; revenue was slow; congress authorized printing of paper money  ○ Jackson: endless printing of paper money; inflation; sales of bonds Confederate finances ○ Tariffs raised little revenue because little was sent to South ○ Taxes generated barely any revenue ○ Dramatic spike in prices from inflation Radical Republicans vs. Moderate Republicans ○ Radical Republicans Emancipate slaves Persecute war more vigorously ○ Majority of republicans supported the president War democrats agreed with Lincoln fully Copperheads ○ War confederate Confederate politics ○ Riots arose 11-19-24: The Triumphant Union Gettysburg and Gettysburg: turned the tide of the war in favor of the Union Vicksburg ○ Day 2: 16,000 were killed or wounded on both sides ○ Day 3: General Lee attacked the Union lines ○ 42,000 were killed or missing ○ Ended on July 3 ○ Single most important turning point; turned tide of the war in favor of Union; it's all downhill for confederacy at this point Gettysburg Address ○ November 19; Lincoln gave one of the greatest speeches; declared that all living Americans should be in new birth of freedom so the dead died for something Vicksburg fell: Confederacy divided in two ○ Louisiana, Arkansas, & Texas were cut off from the rest of the Confederate states Sherman’s “March to Union General William Sherman Tecumseh the Sea” Battle of Franklin ○ Higher casualty rate than Gettysburg Sherman takes Savanna ○ Freed 40,000 slaves along the way ○ Sherman marches through GA Sherman marched through SC and NC Appomattox ○ Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 ○ Lee would “rather die a thousand deaths but there was nothing left to do”  Grant’s Strategy Relentless army War of attrition Battle of the Wilderness ○ Sherman Tecumseh and Grant Cold Harbor ○ < 4 minutes many were killed; “not war, it was murder” 11-21-24 Legacies of the Civil War United States preserved Accelerated industrial development Political balance of power shift from South to North Greatly expanded power and scope of federal government 730,000 dead ○ Disease killed twice as many men as those in combat ○ 50,000 came home with at least one limb amputated 13th Amendment ○ Liberated 4 million slaves Why did the North win? ○ North had overwhelming superiority in human resources and warfare (manpower and fire power); South lacked industry and railroads, scarce food, bad coordination and communication ○ No state could divorce itself from the Union Reconstruction I Lincoln’s 10% Plan, Freedmen’s Bureau, and Lincoln’s Assassination ○ Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln yearned for peace Didn’t want major reconstruction of Southern economy ○ Lincoln’s 10% Plan 10% of population could make the state come back to the Union Quick restoration of South states Radical republicans ○ Didn't support the plan ○ Wanted to make blacks full citizens and dismantle democratic party and planter elite Wade Davis Bill ○ Majority of white male citizens instead of the 10% ○ Freedmen’s Bureau Congress set up on March 1865 1) Negotiating labor contracts 2) Medical care and clothing 3) Setting up schools Legalizing marriages that were illegal prior to the war ○ April 14 1865: Lincoln’s Assassination  John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head with a pistol ○ Andrew Johnson took over after assassination Inauguration was slurred from drunkenness He called himself a Jacksonian Democrat The Radical Republicans ○ Johnson wanted to disarm Radicals ○ Resented Johnson’s goal to join South so quickly ○ Wanted to ensure political and social equality for blacks in South Unreconstructed Southerners ○ State legislatures and Southern US Congress made up of former Confederates ○ Race riots Radicals believed Johnson leniency resulted in riots ○ Black Codes Slave codes before war; Black codes after war Varied from state to state, some were common Interracial marriage was forbidden Congressional Reconstruction ○ Civil Rights Act of 1866 Defined citizenship and protect the civil rights of all citizens equally Johnson vetoed but Congress overrode it ○ 14th Amendment Everyone born in the US would be subject to all rights and protections in Constitution ○ Military Reconstruction Act Combined 10 states into 5 military districts SUM OF RECONSTRUCTION: ○ 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments Reconstruction II 15th Amendment ○ By 1870, all of the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union ○ Gave voting rights to african american men ○ Prohibited state from denying voting rights based on race, color, or status ○ Women suffrage was fought but were told to wait White Terror, Southern “Redeemers” ○ White Violence Determined to redeem “beloved South” ○ Enforcement Acts (1870-71) No interference with the vote Power of federal government to oversee election in South Klu Klux Klan ○ Conservative “Redeemer” Democrats ○ North lost interest in federal enforcement of Reconstruction ○ By 1876, most of the Radical Republican regimes had been ousted from power ○ Compromise of 1877  Settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election Democrats would allow Hayes to become present in exchange for concessions, but mainly the withdrawal of federal troops from the South Legacy of Reconstruction Former slaves tried to achieve dignity and equality in American life African Americans created of strengthen their own institutions Reconstruction notable for its limitations 14th and 15th Amendments laid a basis for freedom in the 1960s EXAM REVIEW Southern Culture Honor Religion Agriculture; Textiles Method of ‘escaping’ slavery ○ Singing ○ Magic/conjuring Free person jobs ○ Trade jobs; drivers, shoemaker, butchers, blacksmith, barber Nat Turner’s Rebellion ○ Slave rebellion ○ It scared slave owners of what slaves were capable of when they rebelled Slavery silent resistance ○ Work slower ○ Run away (FSA) Second Great Awakening Baptist and Methodist Church Religious Revival Women were equals; they were traveling evangelists William Lloyd Garrison Abolitionist Known for The Liberator Anti-slavery society Transcendentalism Hand-in-hand with Second Great Awakening Religious Revival movement Spiritual Thought – Materialism Manifest Destiny Whites believed it was their God given right to move west for expansion 1836 San Jacinto Sam Houston Independence of Texas Compromise of 1850 CA enters as a free state Did not maintain the balance of free and slave states Guadalupe Hidalgo US gets land from Mexico Mexico & US Mexico gives US Southwest territory Wilmot Prov Ban on slavery in new territories acquired from Mexico Harpers Ferry John Brown led raid at Harpers Ferry Massive slave rebellion South viewed it as an attack Foundational Causes of Civil War Slavery First major battle of Civil War was Bull Run ○ People watched Bull Run because they thought it wouldn’t last long ○ Confederacy won the battle ○ Transportation, communication ○ Military leadership was better in the North than South ○ North Strategy People Battles were fought in the South ○ South Strategy Go for the capital Exhaust the North European help (didn’t work) ○ Europe Didn’t like South slavery Anaconda Plan ○ North squeeze the South; put pressure on them ○ Cut confederacy in half through the Mississippi River Emancipation Proclamation ○ Goal Boost Union morale Undermine Southern Slavery by freeing northern slaves Freedmen's Bureau Held formerly enslaved people adjust, especially economically Compromise of 1877 AKA The Corrupt Bargain ○ Marks the end of reconstruction Settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election Democrats would allow Hayes to become present in exchange for concessions, but mainly the withdrawal of federal troops from the South Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and “Declaration of Sentiments” Women’s suffrage Declaration of Sentiments: “all men and women are created equal” Radical Republicans Slavery gone completely Punishment for south Famous Nurse in Civil War & Women Clara Barton ○ Famous nurse ○ Followed troops in make-shift clinic ○ Came very close to the fighting Elizabeth Cady Stanton and lucretia Mott Black Codes Economics of Slavery in South Gettysburg Vicksburg Amendments 14th and 15th Reconstruction Acts Slave Acts (laws about slavery) Court Cases Antietam Turning point Lincoln Plans Kansas-Nebraska Act Repealed Missouri Compromise line at 36 30’ Civil War Timeline - Bull Run - Antietam - Vicksburg - Gettysburg