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Questions and Answers
What was the stance of gradualists regarding slavery in America?
What was the stance of gradualists regarding slavery in America?
How did Harriet Tubman contribute to the abolitionist movement?
How did Harriet Tubman contribute to the abolitionist movement?
What was one justification used by Southerners to defend slavery?
What was one justification used by Southerners to defend slavery?
What motivated people to move Westward by 1860?
What motivated people to move Westward by 1860?
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Which phrase encapsulated the belief in America's divine right to expand across the continent?
Which phrase encapsulated the belief in America's divine right to expand across the continent?
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What percentage of the Union army was made up of immigrants?
What percentage of the Union army was made up of immigrants?
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What was the age requirement for conscription in the South?
What was the age requirement for conscription in the South?
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Which of the following statements represents a belief held by some Southern soldiers?
Which of the following statements represents a belief held by some Southern soldiers?
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Which group was known for being pro-Union and causing destruction in the region?
Which group was known for being pro-Union and causing destruction in the region?
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What was a common struggle faced by soldiers when not in training?
What was a common struggle faced by soldiers when not in training?
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What was the financial option available to Southern men to avoid conscription?
What was the financial option available to Southern men to avoid conscription?
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What percentage of Confederate soldiers were unable to read or write?
What percentage of Confederate soldiers were unable to read or write?
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What was a common characteristic of the average soldier in terms of physical appearance?
What was a common characteristic of the average soldier in terms of physical appearance?
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What principle allowed the Kansas and Nebraska territories to be opened to slavery?
What principle allowed the Kansas and Nebraska territories to be opened to slavery?
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Which party was primarily destroyed by the emergence of the Republican Party?
Which party was primarily destroyed by the emergence of the Republican Party?
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What event led to the nickname 'Bleeding Kansas'?
What event led to the nickname 'Bleeding Kansas'?
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Which party did Abraham Lincoln primarily associate with during his political career regarding slavery?
Which party did Abraham Lincoln primarily associate with during his political career regarding slavery?
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Why did James Buchanan receive the label 'the worst president in US History' from historians?
Why did James Buchanan receive the label 'the worst president in US History' from historians?
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What was the outcome of the 1856 election for the Republican Party?
What was the outcome of the 1856 election for the Republican Party?
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What event is associated with John Brown's violent actions against pro-slavery individuals?
What event is associated with John Brown's violent actions against pro-slavery individuals?
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What did supporters of Preston Brooks do after he attacked Charles Sumner?
What did supporters of Preston Brooks do after he attacked Charles Sumner?
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What was the primary focus of the American Temperance Union founded in 1833?
What was the primary focus of the American Temperance Union founded in 1833?
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Which two ancient civilizations are mentioned as having rejected Jesus, according to Joseph Smith's teachings?
Which two ancient civilizations are mentioned as having rejected Jesus, according to Joseph Smith's teachings?
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What concept does Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasize in his writing 'Self Reliance'?
What concept does Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasize in his writing 'Self Reliance'?
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Who were the prominent figures behind the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848?
Who were the prominent figures behind the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848?
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Which abolitionist is known for founding 'The Liberator' and advocating immediate end to slavery?
Which abolitionist is known for founding 'The Liberator' and advocating immediate end to slavery?
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What does Transcendentalism emphasize regarding the relationship between humans and nature?
What does Transcendentalism emphasize regarding the relationship between humans and nature?
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What main argument does David Walker make in 'Walker's Appeal'?
What main argument does David Walker make in 'Walker's Appeal'?
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What was a common characteristic of the reformers involved in social movements during the antebellum period?
What was a common characteristic of the reformers involved in social movements during the antebellum period?
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What is the main theme of Henry David Thoreau's 'Civil Disobedience'?
What is the main theme of Henry David Thoreau's 'Civil Disobedience'?
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What did Transcendentalists believe to be superior to logic and reason?
What did Transcendentalists believe to be superior to logic and reason?
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Which battle is considered the single most important turning point of the Civil War?
Which battle is considered the single most important turning point of the Civil War?
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What was one significant outcome of the Union's victory at Vicksburg?
What was one significant outcome of the Union's victory at Vicksburg?
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What military strategy did Ulysses S. Grant employ during the Civil War?
What military strategy did Ulysses S. Grant employ during the Civil War?
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What was a key characteristic of Sherman's 'March to the Sea'?
What was a key characteristic of Sherman's 'March to the Sea'?
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Which group was identified as opposing the war and seeking peace with the Confederacy?
Which group was identified as opposing the war and seeking peace with the Confederacy?
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In what year did Lee surrender to Grant at Appomattox?
In what year did Lee surrender to Grant at Appomattox?
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What was a primary effect of the Civil War on the political landscape of the United States?
What was a primary effect of the Civil War on the political landscape of the United States?
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What significant amendment was passed as a result of the Civil War?
What significant amendment was passed as a result of the Civil War?
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What event followed the Battle of Gettysburg that marked a pivotal moment in the Union's favor?
What event followed the Battle of Gettysburg that marked a pivotal moment in the Union's favor?
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What was a direct consequence of the Civil War in terms of loss of life?
What was a direct consequence of the Civil War in terms of loss of life?
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What was the primary goal of Lincoln’s 10% Plan during Reconstruction?
What was the primary goal of Lincoln’s 10% Plan during Reconstruction?
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Which group opposed Lincoln’s 10% Plan and sought more radical measures?
Which group opposed Lincoln’s 10% Plan and sought more radical measures?
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What did the Freedmen’s Bureau primarily aim to accomplish?
What did the Freedmen’s Bureau primarily aim to accomplish?
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Which amendment granted voting rights to African American men?
Which amendment granted voting rights to African American men?
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Which act aimed to define citizenship and protect civil rights for all citizens?
Which act aimed to define citizenship and protect civil rights for all citizens?
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What did the Black Codes established after the Civil War aim to restrict?
What did the Black Codes established after the Civil War aim to restrict?
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Which event marked the end of Reconstruction by settling the disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election?
Which event marked the end of Reconstruction by settling the disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election?
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What was the attitude of conservative 'Redeemer' Democrats towards Reconstruction?
What was the attitude of conservative 'Redeemer' Democrats towards Reconstruction?
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What was a significant consequence of the Enforcement Acts passed in 1870-71?
What was a significant consequence of the Enforcement Acts passed in 1870-71?
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How did Andrew Johnson’s approach to Reconstruction differ from that of many Radical Republicans?
How did Andrew Johnson’s approach to Reconstruction differ from that of many Radical Republicans?
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Study Notes
Distinctiveness of the Old South
- The South was an agricultural society, with illiteracy rates three times higher than the North.
- Cotton was crucial to the Southern economy.
- Slavery was the defining difference between the North and the South. All classes of white people in the South supported slavery.
- Fewer immigrants settled in the South due possibly to financial limitations.
- Planters saw the South as morally superior to the North. They also argued that the Southerners were better off in the South than in the North, and that slaves were better treated in the South. They believed that their owners treated them kindly and humanely by providing food, clothing, and shelter.
Three Subsections
- The Lower South (deep South) was primarily plantations, relying on cotton and slave labor. Slaves made up half the population in this region.
- The Upper South had mixed agriculture. This area had fewer slaves than the Lower South.
- The Border South had areas that did not rely so much on cotton and slaves. This area was in transition toward fewer or no slaves.
"Cotton is King"
- Cotton fueled Northern and British textile industries using Southern cotton.
- Southern agriculture was very wealthy in livestock, particularly pork.
- Most of the wealthy Americans lived in the South.
- Cotton growth pushed farms further west.
Planters
- Planters controlled the social, political, and economic life of the South.
- They were competitive capitalists and very wealthy.
Plantation Mistress
- Southern women had less freedom than their Northern counterparts due to the patriarchy and the cult of honor.
- Women were expected to be virtuous and pure.
Overview of Slavery
- Slavery was a rapidly growing aspect of American society in the first half of the 19th century.
- Slave codes were laws designed to control slaves. Codes prevented slaves from testifying in court, fighting back against abuse, and being educated.
- Slaves were treated as property and not as humans.
- Slaves were kept illiterate in order to prevent uprisings. Owners believed that the slaves would die because they were incapable without them
Free Blacks in the South
- Free blacks had a status between freedom and slavery.
- They were restricted and monitored by laws and had to pay taxes.
- Free black women often worked as seamstresses, laundresses, or house servants. They had more freedom than slaves, and could own property and marry.
The Slave Trade
- The average price of slaves quadrupled between 1800 and 1860.
- The average life expectancy for slaves was 36 years.
- Slaves were often forced to work in the fields from sunrise to sunset and frequently forced to have sex.
Slave Life
- Slaves worked from sunrise to sunset in the fields.
- Slave quarters were used by the slaves for lodging.
- Slaves had poor diets, and high mortality rates, especially among children.
- Some slaves were given time off on Sundays and holidays to tend their own gardens. City slaves had more freedom than rural slaves.
- Female slaves were expected to have many children. The children were often raised separate from their mothers.
The Slave Family and Religion
- Slaves often created nuclear families although these were not always stable.
- Slave religion was a mix of African, Caribbean, and Christian beliefs, often called "Afro-Christianity."
- Religious practices often took place in secret due to the fear of uprisings.
- Slaves often believed in magic, spirits, and conjuring.
Slave Rebellions
- Slave rebellions were attempts by slaves to overthrow their masters. There were often attempts at rebellions, but they were seldom successful.
- Examples of these include Gabriel's Rebellion and Nat Turner's Rebellion
Slave Resistance
- Running away was a way slaves resisted their circumstances.
- The Underground Railroad aided slaves in seeking freedom.
- Slaves sometimes harmed their masters or their mistresses as a form of resistance, while feigning illness or sabotaging crops.
Religion and Reform
- Western New York was known for religious revivalism.
- Charles Grandison Finney was a prominent religious figure who advocated against social evils.
The Mormons
- Joseph Smith, Jr. founded the Mormon church.
- Mormons moved to Nauvoo, Illinois as followers of the church grew.
Transcendentalism
- Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized intuition, reason, and spiritual connection with nature.
- Transcendentalists questioned rationalism and emphasized acts and thoughts that transcended logic and reason.
Women's Rights
- During the time of reconstruction, women's roles expanded.
- However, they were still not equal to men. Women also felt they had roles to play in shaping societal improvements.
- The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) was a key moment in the women's rights movement.
Abolitionism
- William Lloyd Garrison was a key figure in the abolitionist movement.
- He advocated for the immediate end to slavery.
- The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded by abolitionists.
Antebellum Reform Movements
- Reformers sought to improve society in areas like temperance, women's rights, and abolitionism.
Overview of Western Expansion
- People moved West for economic and religious reasons.
- Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to expand.
The Overland Trail
- The Overland Trail was a route used by settlers going west. Some people were traveling for religious or economic reasons. Many crossed the plains and the Rocky Mountains.
Texas Revolution
- Americans who settled in Texas declared independence from Mexico.
- This is known as the Texas Revolution.
- Key events during the revolution include the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto.
The Mexican-American War
- The Mexican-American War resulted in the United States gaining large amounts of territory from Mexico
- The Wilmot Proviso stated that that slavery would be banned in any land won from Mexico.
- Popular Sovereignty meant that the states themselves could decide if they wanted to be free territories or slave territories.
- The Compromise of 1850 attempted to resolve the issues about slavery expanding to new territories by admitting California as a free state and enacting tougher laws about slavery in the rest of the territories acquired in the war.
The Republican Party
- The Republican party was formed in the 1850s as an anti-slavery party.
- The party was largely formed by people from the North.
- The Whig Party split over the issue of slavery, and the existing parties (at that time) were unable to agree on how to address the expansion of slavery into new territories acquired from Mexico.
Civil War Origins
- Disagreement about slavery's expansion to new territories led to the war.
- The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act attempted to resolve, but were not successful.
- The election of Abraham Lincoln triggered secession from several Southern states.
The Civil War
- The Civil War was fought primarily between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South).
- The war was fought over the issue of states' rights, but ultimately over slavery.
- The war had many famous battles, with the South having more success and great leadership in many battles early in the war.
Grant's Strategy
- Grant's strategy was a war of attrition, with relentless attacks against the Confederacy.
- Union troops were initially unsuccessful in conquering South, but eventually the North gained dominance.
The South's Defenses
- With the help of slave labor, the South was able to keep up supplies for longer, and were masters of terrain. They had great military leaders, like Robert E. Lee.
- The Southern economy was dependent on agriculture and slave labor—which hindered their war capabilities long-term.
Emancipation Proclamation and Strategies
- Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves in Confederate territory free.
- Union victory at Antietam was significant because it boosted Northern morale.
- Sherman's March to the Sea brought significant damage to the Southern economy and war effort.
Reconstruction
- Reconstruction was the period after the Civil War when the South rejoined the United States.
- Lincoln's 10% plan was a lenient plan for reconstruction.
- Radical Republicans wanted harsher treatment for the South and saw rights and equality for blacks as important.
- The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments granted rights to former slaves.
- Reconstruction saw significant upheaval in the South.
Compromise of 1877
- The election of 1876 was disputed and the federal government withdrew troops from the South. This ended Reconstruction.
Post-Civil War
- The withdrawal of federal troops from the South marked the end of Reconstruction.
- Following Reconstruction, laws limited the rights of African-Americans, sometimes referred to as Black Codes.
- Southern whites regained power, and Jim Crow laws were enacted.
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Explore the unique characteristics of the Old South in this quiz. Discover how agriculture, slavery, and social dynamics shaped the Southern states and their perceptions compared to the North. Delve into the differences among the Lower, Upper, and Border South.
