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Kent Ridge Secondary School Sec 2 G2/G3 Revision for EYE 2024 Name: __________________________ Class: _______ Date: _______________ Chapter/Topic Textbk Factors and Description Explanation Chapter 6 Methods the Pg 8-19 Using Force Japanese us...

Kent Ridge Secondary School Sec 2 G2/G3 Revision for EYE 2024 Name: __________________________ Class: _______ Date: _______________ Chapter/Topic Textbk Factors and Description Explanation Chapter 6 Methods the Pg 8-19 Using Force Japanese used to 1) Meting out harsh punishments - Scared of the potential control Singapore - Harsh punishments were imposed on people seen by consequences Identify the Japanese as their enemies - Will obey and follow what the methods of - Those caught looting were executed – their heads Japanese tell them to control displayed publicly outside Cathay Building and on - Especially since their lives Describe how bridges across Singapore River were at stake the Japanese - Kempeitai, or Japanese military police, arrested those attempted to suspected of being anti-Japanese control the - Food and cash rewards to encourage people to inform locals and the authorities of anyone they suspected of being anti- explain how it Japanese worked. 2) Imprisoning Allied Soldiers - The Japanese imprisoned the British, Australian and - Humiliated the Allied soldiers Allied Europeans in Singapore, including women and so the people would not children. believe in them anymore - The Allied prisoners of war (POWs) were forced to - Japanese wanted to make the march in public from Bukit Timah Road to Changi Allied POWs a warning for the Prison and the barracks nearby, where they would be rest of Singapore imprisoned. - An example of why going - Along the way, many civilians passed the POWs food against the Japanese would be and money, despite the risk of being punished by the met with horrible Japanese consequences 1  3) Carrying out Operation Sook Ching - Japanese made the Chinese - Brutal purge of the members of Chinese community community a target to strike who were suspected of being anti-Japanese fear to the rest of the - Chinese population was targeted as they were viewed Singapore population by the Japanese as a potential source of opposition - Strike fear into the hearts of and threat to their rule the locals - Japanese posted notices requiring all Chinese men - So they could be intimidated aged 18 to 50 to assemble at mass screening centres into obedience such as the YMCA building - Those Chinese men who did not pass the screening would transported to beaches in Punggol and Changi where they were executed 4) Coercing the Chinese Business Community - This was to punish the - Japanese targeted the Chinese businessmen in Chinese community in Singapore because of their generous contributions to Singapore for supporting anti- the China Relief Fund, which supported China’s Japanese activities resistance against Japan - Japanese ensured Chinese - Overseas Chinese Association was created as a businesses were weakened channel of communication between the Chinese - Chinese businessmen would community and the Japanese government. not able to support anti- - Dr Lim Boon Keng was appointed to head the OCA Japanese war efforts - Japanese demanded that the OCA gift 50 million Straits dollars to the Japanese Winning Loyalty [Covered in WA1] Experiences of Pg 20- Survival the locals: 25 1) Dealing with shortages Identify the - Shortage of food and essential items – essential food - No access to basic necessities locals’ items like rice, salt and sugar strictly rationed and foodstuff experiences - Shortage of items drove prices up → inflation - A spike in cases of malnutrition during the - Black market: goods are bought and sold illegally at and starvation Japanese high prices - Japanese rule led to much Occupation. - Japanese government printed more money but it only suffering Describe and made banana notes more worthless 2 explain both the positive 2) Disease and death - Living conditions worsened and negative - Healthcare and sanitation worsened during the - Many died and some also experiences Japanese Occupation – 130,000 deaths recorded suffered from malnutrition of the locals. - Many died from beriberi, pneumonia and dysentery - Lack of access to basic needs - Continual shortages of food and medicine and severe like healthcare, sanitation and overcrowding food - Changi Prison was designed for 600 prisoners but it held up to 5,000 – such living conditions led to poor hygiene and the spread of diseases 3) Relocations - To ease food shortages, Japanese relocated people - Living conditions worsened from Singapore to rural areas in Malaya - Many died and some also - Mamoru Shinozaki led the resettlement projects suffered from malnutrition - The Chinese were encouraged to move to the Endau - People suffered as their lives settlement in Johor – the settlement was proclaimed a were difficult great success as it was self-sufficient - Later, Japanese created Bahau settlement in Negri Sembilan, for Eurasians and Chinese Roman Catholics – failed and many of them died Leisure and Entertainment - Japanese encouraged sports and cultural activities: - Leisure activities helped Notices of football, baseball, tennis and badminton population to relax & enjoy matches appeared almost every day in the media themselves in war time Boxing matches took place at Kim Seng Road - People were resourceful and Police band performed at Botanic Gardens found ways to carry out their Radio programmes consisting of Japanese songs, war activities Malay music, and news in Hokkien and Cantonese - Resilience of the people to Japanese movies and documentaries at cinemas continue their lives Free open-air screenings of propaganda shows - POWs participate in social, religious activities: Publish newspaper, paint murals at Changi Chapel Organise theatrical performances, church services 3  Pg 26 Collaboration - People willing to collaborate to Reactions of the to 27 - Japanese actively sought the support of the Malays get special treatment from the locals: - Some Malays given duties that included policing and Japanese Identify, being part of neighbourhood associations that would - They had no choice as their describe and report on suspected hostile activities against Japanese lives/families were at stake explain how - Some Chinese became informants for the Kempeitai - It was for survival the locals during Sook Ching, helping to root out those seen to be responded to anti-Japanese Japanese rule. Resistance - Both Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) - These people resisted as they and Force 136 had the common goal of driving Japanese wanted to fight against the out of Singapore and worked with the British to do so cruelty of the Japanese - Members of MPAJA would carry out sabotage attacks on - Some wanted to free Japanese officers whenever they had the chance Singapore from Japanese rule - They roused anti-Japanese sentiments among the people - They joined the resistance by distributing anti-Japanese newspapers and posters. groups for they did not want to - Force 136, a secret organisation set up by British accept Japanese authority and gathered information about Japanese & organise their harsh rule in Singapore sabotage activities. 1) Lim Bo Seng - Organised anti-Japanese activities such as a boycott of Japanese goods - Joined Force 136 and link up with local resistance organisations such as Malayan Communist Party to fight against Japanese through guerrilla tactics - In Mar 1944, he was captured and tortured for information by the Japanese. But he did not reveal any information to his captors. He died in prison. 2) Elizabeth Choy - Elizabeth Choy and her husband worked as canteen operators at the Mental Hospital - They secretly delivered food, money, medicine and messages to the British POWs - Imprisoned and tortured by Japanese at Kempeitai headquarters on Stamford Road for close to 200 days 4  Pg 30 1) Food shortages - Shortages → prices of food - Most countries (e.g. Thailand) could not produce skyrocket/increase rapidly Problems that the sufficient food for themselves, let alone export them to - People unable to afford locals faced countries like Singapore food/necessities → starve immediately after Singapore’s harbour was blocked by sunken ships – - Survival was at stake for Japanese BMA gradually cleared the harbour everyone surrender: Controlled prices of essentials like sugar, salt, fish Identify and and vegetables describe Provided free meals for children under 6 problems faced by the 2) Economic difficulties - Graduates enter workforce → locals BMA declared that banana notes were no longer legal realise that jobs were limited immediately tender and wages were low after Those without Straits dollar had to borrow from others - Not able to earn enough to Japanese to survive afford food and healthcare surrender. The BMA offered grants to the locals, but these were - Not able to improve their lives not sufficient for large families 3) Schooling disruptions BMA quickly reopened schools - Need to increase enrolment in There were many overaged children whose schooling schools was disrupted - Need education to get better BMA offered grants and waived school fees for paying jobs children from needy families - Without education → not able to improve their lives Chapter 7 External Pg 42 1) Weakening of colonial rule developments in to 46 - Anti-colonial sentiments had arisen in many placed the post-war due to the suffering caused by European colonial rule period: - Defeat of European forces by the Japanese further Identify and accelerated the growth of anti-colonial feelings understand - India: gained independence from British in 1947 external - Indonesia: gained independence from Dutch in 1949 developments - Vietnam: overthrow French in 1954 5  and how they 2) Growing influence of communism influenced - Communism opposed colonial rule for its exploitation people’s of the people so it found many supporters in colonies responses. such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaya before they gained independence. - As an ally of the US, British were concerned that its colonies, Singapore and Malaya, would fall under communist control in their fight for independence - After the war, MCP wanted to end British colonial rule and establish communist governments in Singapore and Malaya - In Singapore, MCP worked to influence trade unions and Chinese medium schools, stirring up anti-colonial feelings among the workers and students Post-war Pg 47 1) Meeting housing challenges problems in to 52 - Much housing had been destroyed or become run- - Solution to improve their living Singapore: down during wartime – many lived in slums conditions Identify post- - Singapore’s population was rapidly growing and many - Made them feel like the British war problems people lived in increasingly overcrowded conditions were concerned about their in Singapore - Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) built 20,907 welfare and describe housing and shop units from 1947-1959 - People would be more willing how the - Despite SIT’s efforts, housing shortages persisted and to support the British British tried to many continued to live in cramped conditions resolve them. throughout the 1950s 2) Addressing food shortages - This helped to solve the - War disrupted shipping → neighbouring rice- problems of the people producing countries did not have enough rice to - Made them feel cared for by export to Singapore. the British - Wartime food rationing continued – malnutrition was - This improved their lives widespread and wages could not keep up with rising gradually and people would food prices support the British - British worried food shortages would lead to unrest - By the end of 1946, there were 10 People’s Restaurants established in Singapore 6 3) Managing industrial unrest - 1947 was known as “The Year of Strikes” – over 300 - Ensured peace & business strikes in Singapore involving almost 70,000 workers continued to operate - British officials suspected that communists working - More economic opportunities within the trade unions were stirring up anti-colonial for workers feelings and instigating the strikes – thus, laws were - Made people want to support passed to control the trade unions the British as their lives got - From 1947, all unions had to register with the better government – enabled the government to monitor their membership 4) Rebuilding the economy - Singapore needed to revive its trade and industry so - Trade flourished, bringing that people would have jobs and the government can employment opportunities collect taxes to pay for programmes that improved - Economic growth of Singapore people’s welfare - British were credited with the - British repaired ports that had been damaged during success and won the support the war, restoring Singapore’s status as an important of the people trading centre - This expansion of trade, together with greater control of trade union activities and abundant food harvests in 1948, ended the worst shortages and hardships in Singapore 5) Allowing for local political participation (no explanation – this is a minor - To win local support, the British held an election in factor) 1948 – for the first time, the people in Singapore were given a say in who would represent them in the Legislative Council - 1948 election was the first step towards democracy but participation among people was very low - Only one party, the Singapore Progressive Party (SPP), contested the election, making it the first political party to do so in Singapore - The SPP won three out of the six elected seats. The remaining three were won by independent candidates 7 Response of the Pg 53 Maria Hertogh Riots 1950 locals to British to 69 - In Nov 1950, the court ruled that Maria was to be returned rule in post-war to her natural parents – Che Aminah appealed and Singapore: meanwhile, Maria was placed under the care of a Catholic Identify convent in Thomson Road reasons why - Many Muslims felt that placing Maria in a convent was the riots came very disrespectful about, - When Che Aminah appealed for the last time, the court describe the rejected her appeal within five minutes riots. - When the court ruled that Maria was to be returned to her natural parents, the Muslims gathered at the Padang became very angry and unhappy because the British government seemed to side with the Dutch parents Anti-NS Riots 1954 - National Service Ordinance: required all males between 18 to 20 to register by May 1954 for National Service – failure to register would result in being jailed or fined - In May 1954, 500 students from Nanyang Girls’ High, The Chinese High School and Chung Cheng High gathered and held a peaceful demonstration and tried to petition for a postponement of National Service - British deployed the police to end the demonstration, causing the students to turn violent and riot Hock Lee Bus Riots 1955 - In April 1955, workers from Hock Lee Bus Company went on strike to ask for better pay and working conditions. - The police were called in to end the strikes – workers threw stones at the police while the police tried to break up the crowd - The police used fire hoses to control the workers and students - 12 May 1955: the strike became a riot when workers started to attack the police with bricks, stones and bottles 8  Chinese Middle School Riots 1956 - The government ordered the expulsion of 142 students from several schools, such as Chung Cheng High School and The Chinese High School, on suspicion of anti- government activities - Students camped at both schools in protest and large crowds gathered outside the schools - Demonstrations turned violent when a mob outside Chung Cheng High School confronted the police - Troops from Malaya were called in to restore order Chapter 8 Reasons for Merger covered in WA2 Events leading to Separation Pg 104 Economic Reasons for Separation Identify, describe and 1) Delay over Common Market explain the - Differences in economic - Economic benefits through the formation of a common reasons for expectations between the two market separation governments could not be - Common market meant that tariffs on Singapore- resolved made goods would be removed - Cannot come to a compromise - Central Government was concerned that a common - So on 9 Aug 1965, Singapore market would lead to greater competition from separated from Malaysia Singapore so they delayed setting common market 2) Disagreements over Revenue Contribution - Cannot reach a compromise - As part of merger, Singapore agreed that Singapore on this matter would contribute 40% of its revenue to federal - Economic differences could government not be resolved - However, the federal government increased - Only solution was to separate Singapore’s contribution to 60% - Singapore felt that the decision was unfair 9  Pg 104- Political Reasons for Separation 109 1) Composition of Political Parties - Tunku did not think that the - Singapore’s major political parties, such as the differences in political beliefs governing PAP, were multiracial could be resolved - However, the federal government was formed by the - PAP and the Central Alliance Party, which comprised three communal Government could not come to (race-based) parties: the United Malays National a compromise Organisation (UMNO), Malayan Chinese Association - The only way to overcome (MCA) and Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) these problems was for - These parties look after the interests of their Singapore to leave Malaysia respective ethnic communities 2) Treatment of Races - Tunku saw 1964 racial riots as - Singapore’s government felt that everyone, regardless a sign of disorder that would of race, should be given equal opportunity to succeed spread throughout Malaysia - However, the federal government felt differently – - Differences in political beliefs special privileges in employment, business and could not be resolved education were given to the Malays - Tunku decided to prevent - With rising racial tensions and unrest, racial riots further violence & bloodshed, broke out in Jul and Sep 1964 only solution was separation Chapter 9 Chapter 9 covered in WA3. Chapter 10 Pg 158- Economic Challenges To what extent 167 1) Economic Vulnerability did people’s lives a) Limited Access to the Malaysian Hinterland - Government had to diversify change after - To limit competition to its own industries, Malaysia the economy independence? increased tariffs on Singapore’s exports → lower - Could no longer rely on the Identify the demand for Singapore-made goods in Malaysia limited trade with Malaysia to economic and - Malaysia also reduced the volume of its exports, sustain Singapore’s economy social such as raw tin and rubber, to Singapore - Need to find other sources to challenges - Previously, these were processed in Singapore ensure Singapore’s continued that before re-exporting but Malaysia now sought to economic growth Singapore process and export directly from its own ports 10  faced after her b) Threat of Unemployment independence - Need to provide sufficient jobs to cater to - Government had to diversify Identify, Singapore’s rapidly growing population the economy describe and - 1965: about 10% of labour force was unemployed - Need to find new and varied explain how - A larger number of young people about to finish sources of economic growth Singapore their education would soon join the labour force - This would make it more likely resolved her - To make matters worse, entrepot trade was for the economy to grow and economic and declining and Britain announced it was closing its ensure there were enough jobs social military bases. challenges 2) Economic Diversification a) Development of Export-Oriented Industrialisation - Thus, this would help to create - Finance Minister Dr Goh Keng Swee created the employment for Singaporeans Economic Development Board (EDB) to attract as soon as possible MNCs (Multinational Corporations) to set up - With a stable job, the people factories in Singapore were able to support their - MNCs prefer to set up operations in Singapore families and enjoy a better due to reasons such as lower tax rates and safe standard of living and secure environment due to low crime rates - It would then ensure - Furthermore, in 1968 Jurong Town Corporation Singapore’s prosperity in the (JTC) was built to develop industrial estates – long term as these MNCs electronics, petroleum refining, garments and would help contribute to textiles were some key industries developed Singapore’s national income b) Development of Infrastructure - By 1972, Singapore Telephone Board installed - Important in supporting about 200,000 telephones Singapore’s industrialization - In the Banking and Finance sector, Development - Shows our commitment in Bank of Singapore (DBS) was established in 1968 attracting MNCs to set up here to finance industralisation and other projects on a long term basis - In Public Utilities, Public Utilities Board (PUB) was - Give MNCs and foreign set up in 1963 and provided water, electricity and investors the confidence in gas to industries and households Singapore’s future economic - In transport facilities, Port of Singapore Authority progress (PSA) was set up in 1964 to manage port operations 11 Pg 175- Social Challenges 190 1) Providing public housing - Kampungs: overcrowded and unhygienic living - Ensures every Singaporean conditions with no basic amenities such as modern has their own home toilet facilities, running water and electricity - Improve their standard of living - Housing Development Board (HDB) was set up with - Ensures that people’s well- its immediate goal of building blocks of flats as quickly being are being taken care of, as possible and at affordable prices so that they will feel a sense of - Relocation from squatter settlements and kampungs belonging to Singapore to HDB flats – by the end of 1965, HDB had built about 53,000 flats across Singapore eg. Queenstown, Toa Payoh and Tiong Bahru - Initially, those who moved to HDB could only rent them at subsidised rates – but the government launched a home ownership scheme in 1964 to allow Singaporeans to purchase flats - By 1968, Singaporeans can use their Central Provident Fund (CPF) to purchase HDB apartments 2) Strengthening the education system - 83 new schools were built and 19,000 teachers were - Increase job opportunities and recruited higher wages - Schools had to operate double sessions (morning and - Increase quality of life and afternoon) to meet the growing numbers of students in standard of living schools - Serves to unify society and - Bilingual policy: all students to learn both English and bring together people of their respective vernacular languages different races and languages English served as a common language to help break down language barrier and foster stronger social bonds Vernacular languages ensured the students remain connected to the ethnic and cultural roots English became the main official language in Singapore – government’s efforts to not favour any particular ethnic groups over others 12 3) Improving public health standards a) Living Conditions - This improved people’s lives - Many people lived in squatter settlements near as there was now a huge waterways that flowed to Singapore’s reservoirs positive change - Thus, there was a risk of sewage and other - Improve the environment so pollutants contaminating the water supply and people have healthier posing a health hazard to the public surroundings to live in - People who lived in these settlements were - Increase awareness and rehoused in HDB estates knowledge about hygiene b) Air Pollution - Increase quality of life and - Due to increased industrial activity in Singapore, standard of living of the people the air was getting more polluted, which could result in health problems - The government passed the Clean Air Act 1971 to regulate emissions of pollutants into the air - People who failed to comply were fined $5000 c) Risk of flooding - Flooding frequently took place in several areas, which led to the spread of diseases, such as dengue and cholera - The government implemented flood control measures - For example, it built and widened drains and canals throughout the late 1960s and 1970s d) Hawker Hygiene - A large number of street hawkers lacked knowledge of proper hygienic food preparation and waste disposal practices - All hawkers to be registered and licensed so that they would observe proper hygiene practices and be screened and vaccinated against tubercolosis and other communicable diseases - They were also no longer allowed to sell food on the streets and went into hawker centres with proper running water, electricity and proper waste disposal facilities 13  e) Public Cleanliness - Environment Public Health Act was passed in 1968 - It was to ensure people clear their rubbish dump on their premises, littering and spitting were punishable by law using fines and corrective work order - Waste collection was also improved with new waste facilities built and new equipment used Skills Inference Purpose (AAMO, can arrange differently) Comparison (2 paragraphs: 1 for similarity, 1 for difference) Step 1: Answer the question Step 1: Answer the question + Action word Both paragraphs follow the same structure: + infer (describe what the (convince/persuade/discourage*) + question/topic asks) Audience (country) + Message (describe Step 1: Answer the question + Basis of Comparison (reasons what the question/topic asks) + Outcome for, impact of*) Step 2: Provide Evidence (Source A/B/C states…) by Step 2: Provide Evidence (Source A/B/C states…) by quoting 1 whole sentence Step 2: Provide Evidence for Source A (Source A states…) by quoting 1 whole sentence quoting 1 whole sentence Step 3: Explain the inference Step 3: Explain the inference/message in in your own words your own words Step 3: Explain the BOC for Source A in your own words *These are just the more common ones Step 4: Provide Evidence for Source B (Source B states…) by quoting 1 whole sentence Step 5: Explain the BOC for Source B in your own words *These are just the more common ones 14