History Exam #3 Review Sheet PDF

HIS 1053 Exam #3 Review The Roaring 20s and Cultural Movements Jazz: A genre of music that originated in African American communities in New Orleans, jazz became the soundtrack of the 1920s. It symbolized the decade's spirit of rebellion, freedom, and innovation. Harlem Renaissa...

HIS 1053 Exam #3 Review The Roaring 20s and Cultural Movements Jazz: A genre of music that originated in African American communities in New Orleans, jazz became the soundtrack of the 1920s. It symbolized the decade's spirit of rebellion, freedom, and innovation. Harlem Renaissance: A cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s. It celebrated African American culture through literature, music, theater, and art, with figures like Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington leading the charge. The Lost Generation: A term coined by Gertrude Stein and popularized by Ernest Hemingway, referring to a group of American writers who were disillusioned by the aftermath of World War I. They were critical of materialism and the moral decay they perceived in American society. Economic and Social Changes Prohibition: The period (1920–1933) when the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol were banned in the U.S. Prohibition was meant to reduce crime and corruption but led to the rise of illegal speakeasies, bootlegging, and organized crime. Speakeasies: Secret bars or clubs where alcohol was illegally served during Prohibition. They were often hidden behind unmarked doors and required a password to enter. Fordism/Welfare Capitalism: Fordism refers to the mass production techniques pioneered by Henry Ford, which included the assembly line and high wages for workers. Welfare capitalism is a system where employers provide workers with benefits like health insurance, pensions, and paid vacations to reduce the likelihood of labor unrest. Taylorism/Scientific Management: A management theory developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor that emphasized efficiency and productivity in factories by breaking down tasks into smaller steps. The goal was to increase productivity and profits by scientifically managing workers. Consumer Credit: In the 1920s, consumer credit became widely available, allowing Americans to buy goods on installment plans. This led to an increase in consumer spending, but also contributed to economic instability and the 1929 stock market crash. Consumer Goods/Durable Goods: The 1920s saw an explosion in the production and consumption of consumer goods like radios, refrigerators, and automobiles. Durable goods are products meant to last for several years (e.g., cars, appliances). Political Movements and Economic Crisis KKK: The Ku Klux Klan saw a resurgence in the 1920s, focusing on nativism, white supremacy, and anti-immigrant sentiment. The organization became a significant political force in some regions of the U.S. Nativism: A political and social attitude that favors the interests of native-born or established inhabitants over those of immigrants. In the 1920s, nativism was particularly directed at immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The Red Scare: The fear of communism and radical leftist movements following the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the 1920s, this fear led to the "Red Scare," where suspected communists, anarchists, and socialists were targeted by the government and private citizens. Monetarist Theory: An economic theory that emphasizes the role of governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation. It argues that variations in the money supply have major influences on national output and inflation. Stock Market Crash of 1929: A key event that marked the beginning of the Great Depression. On October 29, 1929, stock prices collapsed, leading to widespread panic, bank failures, and mass unemployment. Margin Buying: A practice in which investors borrow money from brokers to purchase stocks. While it allowed for greater profits during a boom, it also increased risk, and many lost everything when the stock market crashed. Bank Failures: After the stock market crash, many banks failed as depositors rushed to withdraw their funds. The banking system was in crisis, and people lost their savings. “Hoovervilles”: Makeshift shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression. They were named derisively after President Herbert Hoover, who many blamed for the economic collapse. The Great Depression and the New Deal The "Hundred Days": Refers to the first three months of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency, during which he pushed through a large number of programs and reforms to address the economic crisis of the Great Depression. The Dust Bowl: A series of severe dust storms in the 1930s that devastated farming regions of the Great Plains. It was caused by a combination of drought, over-farming, and poor land management practices. Interest Rates and the Federal Reserve: The Federal Reserve, the U.S. central bank, sets interest rates to influence economic activity. During the Depression, the Fed’s policies, including high interest rates, were criticized for worsening the economic downturn.  Protectionism: Economic policy of restricting imports through tariffs and quotas. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, which raised tariffs on foreign goods, is often blamed for exacerbating the Great Depression by reducing international trade. Voluntarism: A philosophy championed by Herbert Hoover during the Depression, encouraging businesses to voluntarily maintain wages and employment levels rather than relying on government intervention. The New Deal: A series of programs and reforms enacted by FDR to address the Great Depression. It included public works projects, financial reforms, and social welfare programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform. Fireside Chats: Informal radio addresses given by FDR to the American public. These chats helped reassure and comfort Americans during the Depression and fostered a personal connection between the president and the people. Bank Holiday: In 1933, FDR declared a nationwide bank holiday, closing all banks for several days to prevent further runs on banks and to stabilize the financial system. Keynesian Theory/Pump Priming/Deficit Spending: Economic theory proposed by John Maynard Keynes that advocates for government intervention in the economy during downturns. It suggests that governments should increase spending and reduce taxes to stimulate demand and pull the economy out of a depression. Recovery, Relief, Reform: The three main goals of the New Deal: ○ Recovery aimed to restore the economy to normal levels. ○ Relief focused on providing immediate assistance to those suffering from the effects of the Depression. ○ Reform sought to prevent future economic disasters through changes in banking, labor laws, and social safety nets. FDR’s New Deal Programs/Agencies: ○ CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps): Provided jobs in natural resource conservation to young men. ○ PWA (Public Works Administration): Funded large infrastructure projects like bridges, dams, and schools. ○ SSA (Social Security Administration): Established a system of retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare. ○ WPA (Works Progress Administration): Provided jobs for the unemployed to work on public projects. World War II and Pre-War Policies  Fascism: A far-right, authoritarian political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong nationalism. Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany were major examples of fascist regimes. Axis Powers/Allied Powers: The Axis Powers during WWII were led by Germany, Italy, and Japan, while the Allies included the U.S., the Soviet Union, the UK, and France, among others. Blitzkrieg: A military strategy used by Nazi Germany, characterized by fast, surprise attacks using coordinated forces like tanks, aircraft, and infantry to overwhelm the enemy. "Cash & Carry": A policy implemented by the U.S. during WWII in which countries at war could buy American arms as long as they paid cash and transported the goods themselves. "Lend-Lease": A program that allowed the U.S. to lend or lease military supplies to Allied nations without requiring immediate payment. Pearl Harbor: A surprise attack by Japan on December 7, 1941, which led to the U.S. entering World War II. Battle of the Coral Sea: A naval battle in May 1942, marking the first air-sea battle in history, where American and Japanese forces fought to a strategic stalemate. Battle of Midway: A decisive naval battle in June 1942 in which the U.S. Navy inflicted severe damage on the Japanese fleet, turning the tide in the Pacific War. Island Hopping: A military strategy used by the U.S. in the Pacific theater of WWII, where Allied forces captured key islands and used them as bases to advance closer to Japan. Battle of Britain: The 1940 air campaign in which the British Royal Air Force successfully defended Britain against the German Luftwaffe. Battle of Stalingrad: A major turning point in WWII, where the Soviet Red Army defeated the German Army, marking the beginning of a major Soviet offensive. The Bombs: Refers to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to Japan Internment during World War II refers to the forced relocation and imprisonment of specific groups of people, particularly those of Japanese descent, by the U.S. government. The most well-known example is the internment of Japanese Americans during the war, but there were other instances of internment as well. Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects of internment, especially regarding Japanese Americans: Japanese American Internment Executive Order 9066 (1942): Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, this order allowed the U.S. military to designate areas as military zones and remove people from  these areas. This led to the internment of around 120,000 Japanese Americans, most of whom were living on the West Coast, out of fear that they might be loyal to Japan after its attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Internment Camps: Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated to camps, known as War Relocation Authority (WRA) camps, located in remote areas of the U.S. These camps were often in desert regions, far from cities. The living conditions were harsh, with families placed in overcrowded, poorly built barracks, surrounded by barbed wire and guarded by soldiers. Impact on Japanese Americans: The internment caused significant economic hardship, social stigma, and psychological trauma for Japanese American families. Many lost their homes, businesses, and possessions, and faced public hostility during and after the war. Despite this, many Japanese Americans, including those interned, served in the U.S. military during the war, most notably in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which became one of the most decorated units in U.S. history.