History Exam 2 Outline PDF

**HISTORY: EXAM 2** **OUTLINE:** Test \#2 will take place on Wednesday October 23, from 8:15 to 9:55, and is worth 25% of your grade. Part \#1 (10 points)\ Multiple Choice: The Multiple Choice questions will come from the readings in majority. Some elements will come from class material or videos...

**HISTORY: EXAM 2** **OUTLINE:** Test \#2 will take place on Wednesday October 23, from 8:15 to 9:55, and is worth 25% of your grade. Part \#1 (10 points)\ Multiple Choice: The Multiple Choice questions will come from the readings in majority. Some elements will come from class material or videos. You will be required to answer ALL 10 questions. Part \#2 (25 points)\ Short Answers: Mostly definitions (make sure to review the keywords). Either you will be asked to give a definition or a definition will be written and you need to identify a specific term.\ You will be required to answer 5 questions /out of 10. Part\#3 (10 points)\ Map: Mostly from class material. You must make extensive links between the numerous locations and the material covered in class that relates to them. You will be required to answer 5 questions. Part \#4 (25 points)\ Short Essay (150-200 words): A question from the Reading Assignments or from class material/videos. Make sure that you get the big picture and that you can connect elements to establish similarities and differences. You will be required to answer 1 question/out of 3. Part \#5 (30 points)\ Analysis of a Primary Source (250-300 words): In this essay you will have to assess the historical meaning and significance of a primary source. Information from both from Reading Assignments and from class material/videos may be used in this answer. You will be required to answer 1 question. Test \#2 covers all the material since Test \#1 ### **Legacies of Early Modern World** #### **Religious Societies** - **The Development of Islam** - *Wahhabi Islam*: An 18th-century Islamic reform movement advocating a return to the purest form of Islam. - Started in the Arabian Peninsula (Bedouins & Hejazi), "founder of Islam": (last) prophet Muhammad - Polytheistic but becomes monotheistic, Muhammad, Allah, Koran, Importance of unity: religious rituals, pilgrimage, traditions... - 5 pillars of Islam: profession of [faith], [prayer] 5x/ day, [fasting] during Ramadan, [pilgrimage] to Mecca, [charity] to the poor. - Expansion: Roman Empire ( Al-Andalus), it is also cultural; Sunni - Shi'a schism: disagreement of who the leader should be after Muhammad (Sunni: elect abu Bakr as caliph (political+religious), Shi'a: designate Ali as imam (religious)). Caliphate: community of islamic expansion - Muslim-Christian relations // both have: last judgement & resurrection, belief in jesus, Trinity (father, son, holy spirit) - **Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Traditions** - Reading: Cultural Blending: African and Asian religious practices persisted and adapted in the Americas through syncretism, merging with Christianity to form new religions (e.g., Vodou, Santería). - Islamic Influence: In sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, Islam spread through peaceful means, often blending with local traditions rather than replacing them outright. - Resilience and Adaptation: Despite external pressures, local traditions maintained their significance, adapting to incorporate new elements while resisting complete erasure. - *Taki Onqoy (\"the dancing sickness\")*: Indigenous Peruvian religious rivival movement opposing Spanish colonization and Christianization in the 16th century. - *Neo-Confucianism*: A revival of Confucian thought in China, blending it with Buddhism and Daoism during the Song dynasty. - *Bhakti movement*: Hindu devotional movement emphasizing love for God over ritual and caste distinctions. - *Sikhism*: A monotheistic religion founded in India blending elements of Hinduism and Islam, originating in the 15th century. - **The Development of the Christian Church** - The Crusades: - Pope Urban II calls Christians to arms as an opportunity to expand Christian territory and bring back the Byzantine Empire after the Great Schism of the East (division between Orthodox and Roman Church). 1st crusade is the only success: used feudalism to regain Jerusalem. - Consequences: +; more commercial exchanges, discovery of eastern products, trade routes (esp. Italy), better science, rediscovery of Greek and Roman masterpieces. -; Nobles are ruined, disaster for Jewish-Christian relations, growth of monarchies, papacy loses prestige - The Great Schism of the West - Political conflict within the Roman church: Clement V moves the center of christianity to Avignon, then Gregory XI brings papacy back to Rome, then Urban IV is elected as pope (voters pressured by mobs) so election is declared invalid, new pope elected Clement VIII (rival), but Urban IV refuses to step down, so 2 popes at once so 2 sets of competing cardinals, Council of Constance: both sets of Cardinals negotiate and dismiss both, new pope elected: Martin V. - **Globalization of Christianity** - Expansion: Christianity spread from its Middle Eastern roots into Europe and later to the Americas, Africa, and Asia, heavily influenced by colonialism. - Protestant Reformation: Initiated significant theological and political changes in the 16th century, leading to the creation of various denominations and conflicts (e.g., Thirty Years\' War). - Counter-Reformation: The Catholic Church\'s response to Protestantism, aiming to reaffirm doctrines and address abuses, resulting in the Jesuits\' establishment and increased missionary activity. - Cultural Syncretism: Indigenous cultures often blended with Christianity in new regions, resulting in unique expressions of the faith. - *Catholic missionaries*: Priests sent by European empires to spread Catholicism during colonization. - *Jesuits in China*: Catholic missionaries who integrated into Chinese culture to spread Christianity in the 16th-17th centuries. - *New England Puritans*: Protestant settlers in 17th-century America aiming to build a model Christian society. #### **Explorations and Colonization** - **The Second Agricultural Revolution** - **The Black Death** - **Hundred Years' War** - **War of the Roses** - **Renaissance and the Age of Discovery** - **The Unification of Spain** - **The Age of Reformation** ### **Political Revolutions** - **The Glorious Revolution** - **The American Revolution** - **The French Revolution** - *Third Estate*: The commoner class in pre-revolutionary France, representing the vast majority of the population. - **Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context/Comparing Atlantic Revolutions** - Reading: Enlightenment Ideals: The revolutions were influenced by Enlightenment principles of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty. - Diverse Outcomes: The American Revolution sought independence without radical social change, while the French Revolution aimed for significant societal transformation, including the abolition of feudal privileges. - Haitian Revolution: Unique as a successful slave revolt, leading to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black republic and influencing other movements. - **Napoléon and Le Grand Empire** - Coup d'etat against the directory which ends the era of revolution, Napoleon has good charisma and people skills, which is why he gains support; deals with domestic issues: napoleonic code (bringing 300 down to 7 codes), equality of citizens before law, protection of property rights, toleration of religion (restores catholic church; accepts church but doesnt need it (ex. His coronation), abolishes feudalism, creates the bank of france - Le grand empire: expansion of territory which is seen as a threat to european territories, it is a failure because: 1. Great-britain\'s survival with a continental blockade which makes them more powerful, backfires on France. 2. Forces of nationalism, other nations build national pride which is detrimental. 3. Invasion of Russia in winter: kills ⅘ soldiers, Russia would burn everything behind them down so the french soldiers had no more food, shelter... - Napoléon's Influence: His conquests spread revolutionary ideals but also led to a backlash against these movements, as various regions sought to re-establish order after his fall. - **Nationalism, Feminism** - *Suffrage*: The right to vote, a key demand in many 19th-century reform movements. - *Maternal feminism*: A movement arguing for women\'s political rights based on their role as mothers and moral guardians. - **Echoes of Revolution:** *Reading: Global Impact*: The Atlantic revolutions inspired movements for independence and social reform worldwide, spreading ideas of equality and democracy. - *Post-Revolutionary Movements*: Revolutions in the early 19th century continued the push for republicanism and social equality despite conservative backlashes. - *Abolitionism*: The revolutionary ideals contributed to the abolitionist movement, framing slavery as a moral and economic injustice. - *Titled nobility*: Aristocrats who held hereditary titles and privileges, often resistant to revolutionary change. ### **The Industrial Revolution** - **England** - **Industrialization: The Global Context** - *Reading: Economic Transformation*: The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from agrarian economies to industrial production, utilizing fossil fuels and mechanization. - *Global Population Growth*: The period saw significant population growth, increasing demands for resources and leading to innovations in energy use. - *Technological Advances*: Innovations like the steam engine and advancements in textile manufacturing drove industrial growth, affecting global trade dynamics. - **The First Industrial Society** - *Reading: Social Change*: Industrialization created distinct class divisions, with a rising middle class and a laboring class facing poor working conditions. - *Urbanization*: Massive migration to cities altered traditional ways of life, leading to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions for the working class. - *Economic Shift*: The economy transitioned from agriculture to industry, reshaping social structures and political power dynamics. - *Textile industry*: The first major sector industrialized in Britain, central to the Industrial Revolution. - *Karl Marx*: 19th-century philosopher and economist, co-author of The Communist Manifesto, advocating class struggle and socialism. ### **Colonization & Imperialism** - **Industry and Empire** - *Reading: Imperialism's Evolution*: Imperialism shifted from colonial conquest to economic and cultural domination, with powerful nations exerting influence without direct control. - *Cultural Imperialism*: The spread of Western culture and language often undermined local traditions and identities. - *Neocolonialism*: Former colonial powers continue to exert economic control through multinational corporations and international financial institutions, maintaining dependency. - *Economic imperialism*: Domination of weaker economies by more powerful nations through economic means rather than direct conquest. - *Civilizing mission*: The belief that European imperial powers had a duty to \"civilize\" colonized peoples through religion and Western values. - **Reversal of Fortune: China's Century of Crisis** - *Reading: Decline of Power*: China faced internal crises (overpopulation, revolts) and external pressures (Opium Wars) that weakened its sovereignty. - *Opium Trade Impact*: The illegal opium trade significantly undermined Chinese society and economy, leading to wars and \"unequal treaties\" that ceded control to foreign powers. - *Failed Modernization*: Efforts to modernize (e.g., self-strengthening movement) were insufficient to address internal and external challenges, contributing to the Qing dynasty\'s collapse in 1912. - *Taiping Uprising*: A massive 19th-century Chinese rebellion, led by a Christian-inspired movement, against the Qing dynasty. - *Opium Wars*: Conflicts between Britain and China in the mid-19th century over British trade in opium and Chinese sovereignty. - *Self-strengthening*: Chinese reform movement in the late 19th century aimed at modernizing military and industry to resist Western powers.