History 2610 Multiple Choice Study Guide PDF

GUIDE TO GETTING 100 ON FINAL EXAM ! Adams Presidency- Second U.S President and served from March 4th,17/March 4,1801. Started an Undeclared War with France due to a signed treaty with Great Britain, who France was at war with during this time. As a result, France began to seize a subs...

GUIDE TO GETTING 100 ON FINAL EXAM ! Adams Presidency- Second U.S President and served from March 4th,17/March 4,1801. Started an Undeclared War with France due to a signed treaty with Great Britain, who France was at war with during this time. As a result, France began to seize a substantial number of American merchant ships. XYZ Affair(1797)- , a diplomatic settlement, where French Officials demanded bribes, such as $250,000,from America to negotiate peace. As a result American were outraged and it led to undeclared war with France known as the “Quasi-War”. Alien and Sedition Acts(1798)- Controversial laws that restricted free speech and the rights of immigrants, leading to backlash against Adams and the Federalist Party. Partisan Politics- Adams struggled with the conflicts between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, particularly with Thomas Jefferson, his vice president. Jefferson’s Presidency- Third U.S President, March 4th 1801/March 4th 1809. Large Federal Debt=Taxes+Corruption, when he became president. Whiskey Tax was repealed, he reduced military spending, and outlawed foreign slave trade, making slaves extremely valuable. Marbury vs. Madison(1803)- Supreme Court case established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional, strengthening the judiciary’s power. Embargo Act(1807)- Prohibited American Trade with all foreign nations, devastating U.S commerce. Sally Hemings- Enslaved women at Jefferson’s Monticello Plantation. She had a long-term relationship with Jefferson, bearing six of Jefferson’s Children, four of whom survived into adulthood. This shows the deep contradictions of slavery in America. Louisiana Purchase(1803)- The U.S doubled the nation’s size for $15 million, despite his strict interpretation of the constitution, which didn’t give him the authority to make the purchase.It was originally owned by French Haiti, and also YellowFever was spread around as well. It included parts or all of 15 future stats, from Louisiana to Montana. Also, it secured control of the Mississippi river and New Orleans, making it critical for trade and westward expansion. France sold the land to fund European wars. Corps of Discovery(1804-06)- Commissioned by Jefferson, this expedition was led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory and to find a water route to the Pacific. They started the expedition in St. Louis and Ascended the Missouri River. Their goals were to map the territories, establish trades with natives, and to assert U.S sovereignty. In addition, they also discovered over 300 new species and they were able to build relationships with native tribes. Sacagawea- 17 year old girl who joined the Lewis and Clark expedition with her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau. She was basically “rented” to Lewis and Clark. She acted interpreted between the corps and the native tribes, and she also had a son with her, therefore signaling peaceful interactions and intentions to other native tribes,  Lewis & Clark- Merwither Lewis and William Clark led the Corps of Discovery. Jefferson selected Lewis, who then selected Clark as a co-leader. They were trained in surveying, navigation, and native diplomacy. Their journals provided the first detailed descriptions of the American West, influencing future exploration and settlement. Hamilton’s Duel- Hamilton and Aaron Burr’s long rivalry resulted in a duel on July 11,1804 in Weehawken, New Jersey. Although Hamilton is against dueling, he still takes on Burr’s duel. Unfortunately, Burr shoots Hamilton with a dishonorable shot right into Hamilton’s heart, causing him to slowly die and Burr’s reputation was ruined. Francis Scott Key- A poet, who wrote the “Star-Spangled Banner”, during the War of 1812, after he had witnessed the British Attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. The poem became the national anthem in 1931. War of 1812- A conflict between the U.S. and Britain caused by trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support for Native American attacks on U.S. settlers. The war strengthened American nationalism and confirmed U.S. sovereignty. U.S was unprepared financially & militarily They needed loans for ⅔ of War cost Madison’s Navy- The Commodore was Oliver Hazard Perry. He was able to get the British Navy to surrender by bluffing. Fort Mims Massacre- Natives allied with British troops, therefore they went and attacked Fort Mims, leading to 553 people being killed, some being half-scalped. Burning of Washington (1814): A tornado hits the White House, Violent Storms are occuring. Madison also leaves his wife, Dolly Madison when leaving the White House. Before Dolly leaves, she takes important documents with her as well. British forces set fire and had a big party inside the house, leaving the White House and Capitol extremely damaged. Slaves also escaped while the British army was drunk. Battle of Baltimore (1814): Inspired Francis Scott Key's poem, and it happened after destroying the White House. Battle of New Orleans (1815): THIS BATTLE HAPPENED AFTER TREATY OF GHENT Fought after the war technically ended, but cemented U.S. pride. General Andrew Jackson led a decisive victory over British forces, solidifying his reputation as a war hero. Though the battle occurred after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, it boosted U.S. nationalism. Also, Jackson created earthworks, trenches in the Battle of New Orleans to create a high-ground advantage when fighting the British Army. Britain was led by General Pakenham, and they believed that Jackson’s forces, such as: Frontier Militiamen, Creole Aristocrats, Free Blacks, and Pirates were unprofessional. In addition, Jackson paid slave owners to use the slaves in the battle, whether they died or not. Pirates were also involved in the fight because America had no real “Navy”. Treaty of Ghent(1814)- Ended the War of 1812, establishing a peaceful relationship between the U.S and Britain. Florida/Pensacola- During this time period, it was seen as a “deadland”.That consisted of Greek Refuges and Runaway Slaves. John C. Calhoun says Jackson should go into Spanish Florida, secretly, and kill some natives and cross back, but DON'T ATTACK SPAIN!  60-day campaign promise, and he led an unauthorized battle at Fort Pensacola, which Was a Spanish fort and they lost to Jackson, showing his strengths as a military leader. This was a direct attack towards Spain. Madrid, the seat of the Spanish Government, had control over its territories in the U.S. As a result, Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. Missouri Compromise-A compromise to maintain the balance of free and slave states: 1. Missouri entered as a slave state. 2. Maine entered as a free state. 3. Slavery was banned north of the 36°30′ latitude in the Louisiana Territory. Monroe Doctrine- President James Monroe’s policy warned European powers against further colonization or interference in the Americas. “Jeffersonian” style of government 1. American Continents closed to European Colonization 2. European Extension of political systems considered dangerous 3. U.S will not interfere with existing colonies 4. U.S out of internal affairs of European Nations & Wars. A foundation of American Foreign Policy, and was widely ignored. Election of 1824/1828 1824- Known as the "Corrupt Bargain," John Quincy Adams won after the election was decided in the House of Representatives, despite Andrew Jackson receiving the most votes. No evidence of a “Corrupt Bargain”, but Henry Clay who was the House of Rep. helped convince votes towards Adams. Campaign for Jackson in 1828- Adams states that Jackson has “fame as a killer”, and how he committed adultery with his wife. Jacksonians againists Adams= Public Treasury, Corrupted by foreigners, delivered an American Girl to Russian Czar, Puritanical; Hypocrite, and how he despises common people. Ultimately, Jackson wins the presidency, emphasizing populist ideas and marking the rise of modern Democratic politics. Andrew Jackson Presidency- 7th President of the U.S, JACKSON=FOR THE PEOPLE Indian Removal Act (1830): Authorized forced relocation of 46,000 Native Americans, leading to the Trail of Tears. Nullification Crisis (1832): Asserted federal supremacy when South Carolina tried to nullify a federal tariff. Bank War: Vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., shifting funds to "pet banks" and destabilizing the economy. Black Hawk War(1832)- A brief conflict between the U.S. and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader resisting U.S. expansion into Illinois. Both Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln had roles in the Black Hawk War, though their contributions were not central to the military outcomes. Their involvement, however, became part of their personal histories and political narratives. Illinois State Militia Massacre. Outcome: The defeat of Black Hawk marked the end of Native resistance in the Old Northwest. Trail of Tears(1838)- The forced removal of Native tribes, including the Cherokee, under the Indian Removal Act. 800 mile journey, of cruelty and theft, “unbearable cold”, at least 4000 die,from disease, starvation, and exposure during the 800 mile march to present-day Oklahoma. 14th of Cherokee population. A brutal and aggressive march. Cotton Gin- Eli Whitney, A Yale Student, created a prototype in 10 days, that revolutionized cotton processing, increasing productivity but also intensifying the demand for slave labor in the South, as cotton became the backbone of its economy. Census of 1840- The 1840 U.S. Census recorded a population with unrealistic #’s, reflecting growth from westward expansion and immigration. It revealed trends in population distribution and urbanization that influenced political and social issues, like slavery and state representation. However, the census had several issues, including incomplete data, inconsistent categories (especially for free blacks and “insane” people), underreporting (particularly of enslaved people), and errors by inadequately trained enumerators. These problems, common in early censuses, were addressed in later versions. Romanticism- A literary and artistic movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, nature, and imagination over reason and logic.Expressed through Literature, art and thought.It rejected the Industrial Revolution’s focus on rationalism and sought a return to a more intuitive and spiritual relationship with the world. Transcendentalism - philosophical and literary movement in the U.S. that emphasized individualism, intuition, and the connection between humans and nature. Key ideas included self-reliance, the belief in personal intuition over societal norms, and the view of nature as a source of spiritual truth. It also promoted nonconformity and a direct, personal connection with the divine. Ralph Walso Emerson- “Grandfather” of Romanticism and Transcendentalism. He urged individuals to trust their intuition, reject conformity, and cultivate a direct relationship with nature. Emerson’s ideas influenced the development of American literary and philosophical thought. Henry David Thoreau- Transcendentalism Activist, also famous for his essay "Civil Disobedience," which argued that individuals should resist government actions that they deemed unjust, even if it required breaking the law. He refused to pay taxes in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War. In addition, this influenced other civil rights movements and leaders such as MLK Jr and Gandhi. William Henry Harrison- 9th president of the U.S, he served the shortest term in office, dying 31 days after his inauguration, in freezing weather from March 4, 1841- April 4th 1841. His cause of death is presumed to be pneumonia and Enteric Fever. Tyler Presidency- John Tyler of Virginia, was the First VP to become president. People called him “His Ascendency”. He also signed the annexation of Texas, in 1845. Manifest Destiny- A belief that the U.S was destined by God to expand across the NA continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It justified territorial expansion, such as the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the acquisition of territories like Oregon and California, but it led to conflicts with Natives and Mexico. Donner Party- Group of people who were moving west with George Donner. They departed on the Oregon Trail in 1846. They left late and were overloaded with supplies and people, as a result Donner decides to take a risk and take the Hastings cutoff, potentially shortening this journey. However, 100 oxen die of dehydration causing the party to be lost in the desert and they have to abandon lots of supplies. Eventually, they became trapped in the Sierra Nevada mountains during winter, there were huge snow storms and they had divided into 2 camps with only a month's worth of supplies. Eventually, they decided that the 17 strongest members would continue the trip to California, on foot. They were called the Forlorn Hope. They were decided by lottery’s or duels. As the forlorn hope was gone, the rest of the stranded began to resort to cannibalism, starting with Franklin Graves and his daughters. As the group begins to move, they run into 2 local natives known as Salvador and Luis, they begin to help the party but later they try to escape their camp. As a result, William Foster catches them trying to escape and kills them, and they eat them later. Later on, there were 4 search parties and when they found the party, 42 people were dead, and the survivors stated they died of “Natural Causes”, when in reality it was Cannibalism. There were 47 survivors and George Donner and his wife stayed back and died in guilt. This tragedy shows the harsh reality of westward migration. Sam Houston- Commander of the Texian Army, and was the first president of the Republic of Texas. Led the victory of the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, which resulted in the capture of Mexican General Santa Anna, ending the Texas Revolution. The Alamo- A pivotal battle during the Texas Revolution that lasted 12 days, in which Texians were overwhelmed by the Mexican Army, led by General Santa Anna. All 189 men inside of the Alamo were wounded and dead, leaving only 16 women, children, and slaves surviving. This battle became a rallying cry for Texian Independence: “Remember the Alamo”. However, Sam Houston and the Texian Army, come and attack Mexican Forces, which resulted in the capture of Mexican General Santa Anna, ending the Texas Revolution. Texas Independence- Mexican Congress repudiates the treaty signed by Santa Anna, when he was a prisoner, However, the Lone Star Republic Constitution was created, declaring Texas’s independence from Mexico, and it sounded similar to Missouri’s. Texas Annexation- After gaining independence, Texas wanted to annex into the U.S as a slave state. Jackson finally recognized the annexation, however it was rebuffed by the U.S, in Washington. In addition, during this time, France and England aimed to keep Texas as an Independent nation and aligned with European Interests, preventing the United States from expanding. But, in 1843, with the Tyler Negotiation, Texas was “secretly” annexed to the U.S. However, with the publication of the letter, Blessings of Slavery, Northerns and Westerners were outraged due to the expansion of slave states, eventually abandoning the annexation of Texas. But, when Polk came into office, He annexed both Oregon and Texas into the U.S, winning him his presidency and creating a balance of power between free/slave states. James Polk- 11th President of the U.S his name was “Young Hickory” people said he resembled Jackson. He was a firm supporter of the Manifest Destiny. He oversaw the annexation of Texas, the Oregon territory settlement, and the Mexican-American War, which resulted in the U.S gaining vast territories such as California and New Mexico, with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- February 2nd, 1848 Mexico gave up claims to Texas, California, and New Mexico to the U.S, but the U.S payed Mexico $15 Million. This was ratified March 10, 1848. Spot Resolution-Abraham Lincoln questioned and asked Polk for the exact location of where American blood had been shed in the disputed territory, that would lead to the Mexican-American War. Mexican-American War- Lasted 17 months 110 deaths per 1000 people 1,733 killed/4,152 wounded. 11,550 died to disease First American Offensive War. Considered a “Limited War” 500,000 square miles-1 mill. Uncle Tom’s Cabin- A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that depicts the brutality of slavery and humanized enslaved individuals, It played a significant role in the North in shaping the public opinion and “jump-starting” the abolitionist movement, contributing to the Civil War. Planters- Wealthy southern landowners who relied on large plantations that grew cash crops(cotton, tobacco, sugar) by using enslaved labor. They had 20+ slaves and an overseer. Fewer than 11,000 held 50 2,300 held over 100 Andrew Jackson =150 11 planters with 500+ Thomas Jefferson=600 Joshua Jon Ward, South Carolina=1000 “King of Rice Planters” Farmers- Smaller-scale agricultural workers, many were independent. They had 1-19 slaves. Slavery as institution(Stats/Categories)- Typical Slaves 9-10 children per women 33% of slaves are under 18/children 50% of slaves die before age 1 Average life exp.=21 10% over 50 yrs old 3.5% over 60 yrs old Field Hands-$20,000-$30,000(Cheapest slave) House Slaves-$30,000-$50,000(varies on how trained they are) Eye contact isn’t allowed Conversations were not allowed with masters Not allowed to touch white people Cannot touch top of serving platters Fancy Girls-$50,000-$80,000 Sex Slaves Usually young and beautiful $50,000 for those who argue back $80,000 for those that go along with it Skilled Slaves- $50,000-$150,000  Most Expensive Has marketable skill Clothes and Shoes were only given during Christmas and Easter Social Hierarchy during this time Planters(20+)→Slave-Holding Farmers(1-19)→Middling Farmers(1-2)→Landless whites→Slaves Reproduction in Slavery- Slave owners “forcefully” grew the slave population, by getting the “strongest” male slave and forcing slaves to reproduce. (Selective Breeding). Women were encouraged to reproduce with incentives. However, some women resorted to abortion or even Infanticide, in attempt to stop or slow down Slave growth. Wilmot Proviso (1846): Proposed by Congressman David Wilmot, it sought to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, such as California and New Mexico, after the Mexican-American War. Though it passed the House, it failed in the Senate, reflecting the sectional divide over slavery. Calhoun’s Resolutions (1847): John C. Calhoun of South Carolina argued that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories and that the rights of slaveholders should be protected in all U.S. territories. His position represented the Southern defense of slavery and states' rights. Henry Clay- Henry Clay was a prominent politician and statesman who played a central role in brokering critical compromises to ease sectional tensions between the North and South. Famous Quote- “ By all love of liberty, by all veneration for your ancestors, by all regard for posterity, pause, solemnly pause at the edge of the precipice, before the fearful & disastrous leap is taken into the yawning abyss below”- Henry Clay Compromise of 1850- 1. California enters the Union as a free state, ending the forever balance of free/slave states. 2. Texas’s Boundary is set at its present location, Texas paid ten million dollars for debt. 3. New Fugitive Slave Act become federal law 4. New Mexico Territory deliberately ambiguous 5. Slave trade is abolished, but not slavery in Washington D.C Fugitive Slave Act- Part of the Compromise of 1850, this law required citizens to assist in the capture of runaway enslaved people and penalized those who helped fugitives. It inflamed Northern abolitionist sentiment, as it forced free states to participate in upholding slavery. Abduction of Free Blacks, who are then forced back into slavery Denial of Jury Trial Violators were imprisoned for up to 6 months and fined $1000 (38,206) This fires the abolition movement. Zachary Taylor- A hero of the Mexican-American War and the 12th President of the United States. Taylor opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories, which alienated Southern leaders. He died on July 9, 1850. He contracted cholera and enteric fever. He was also exhumed in 1991, making him look like a mummy. Kansas-Nebraska Act-Proposed by Stephan Douglas,this act allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide the issue of slavery via voting,effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise. Slavery would be voted by local votes  Missouri Residents ride into Kansas voting to become a slave state. Two State Governments. Pro-Slavery/Anti-Slavery Bleeding Kansas- A period of violent conflict in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers following the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Attack on Lawrence, Kansas-May 1856 Pottawatomie Massacre- May 24-25, 1856 John Brown- A Free soiler, led a group of followers into Pottawatomie creek that resulted in 200 deaths, and $2 million worth of damage ($76 mil tdy) John Brown also led an armed raid on an arsenal in Virginia, hoping to start a slave rebellion. However, he was captured, tried, and hanged. Stephen Douglas- A Democratic senator from Illinois known for: Advocating for popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Debating Abraham Lincoln in the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates. Running against Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election, where he represented Northern Democrats. Lincoln vs Douglas-A series of seven debates during the Illinois Senate race, primarily focused on slavery. Lincoln believes he HAS TO CHALLENGE Douglas. Lincoln’s Position: Slavery was morally wrong and should not expand into new territories(Free Soil), though he didn’t advocate for immediate abolition. Also believes that Free Black pop. should return to Africa. Douglas’s Position: Supported popular sovereignty(Voting for Slavery in your state) and argued that each territory should decide the issue of slavery. He manipulates people about Lincoln. Outcome: Douglas won the Senate seat, but Lincoln gained national recognition for his future presidential campaign in 1860. Harpers Ferry- Arsenal: John Brown’s raid on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, aimed to arm enslaved people for a rebellion. The raid failed and Brown had to surrender to General Robert E. Lee, who was the highest ranking general at the time, but it heightened sectional tensions, with Southerners fearing similar uprisings and Northerners increasingly viewing Brown as a martyr. December 2, 1859 Brown was hanged. Election of 1860- Abraham Lincoln’s election as president triggered the secession of Southern states Candidates: Lincoln (Republican), Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat), John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union). Outcome: Lincoln won with 40% of popular vote, and there is a clear sectional divide between Lincoln and Breckinridge. Secession- Eleven Southern states seceded from the Union following Lincoln’s election, forming the Confederate States of America. The first state to secede was South Carolina on December 20th,1860. The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis, and secession directly led to the Civil War. On February 1st. 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas all secede from the Union. Civil War- Regional Advantages/Disadvantages: Union:Advantages: Larger population, industrial base, extensive railroads, and a strong navy, More Troops. Disadvantages: Initially less experienced military leadership and fighting an offensive war. Confederacy: Advantages: Strong military leadership (e.g., Robert E. Lee), familiarity with the terrain, and a defensive strategy. Disadvantages: Smaller population, limited industrial base, and dependence on cotton exports for revenue, weak Navy, and less troops. Jefferson Davis- The president of the Confederate States of America. Davis struggled to unify the Confederacy and manage its war effort, as he faced internal divisions, resource shortages, and eventual military defeat. He was captured in Georgia. Robert E. Lee(Virginia)- He was formerly the commander of Union Forces, however he turned it down and resigned. He became the Commander of the Confederate Forces because he wanted to prevent less casualties. He famously states an interesting quote: “There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” Lincoln’s Presidency-1861-1865- Key Actions: Issued the Emancipation Proclamation (1863), delivered the Gettysburg Address (1863), and pushed for the passage of the 13th Amendment. Assassination: Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in April 1865, shortly after the Union’s victory. Frederick Douglass- An escaped enslaved man who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and orator. Douglass published influential work, and advocated for the abolition of slavery, civil rights, and women’s suffrage. SUPER SMART FOR A SLAVE Sojourner Truth- A prominent abolitionist and women’s rights activist after gaining her freedom in 1827. Truth worked tirelessly to end slavery, support the Union during the Civil War, and advocate for racial and gender equality. Harriet Tubman- A former enslaved woman who escaped to freedom, Harriet Tubman became a conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading over 70 enslaved people to freedom. Tubman was a symbol of courage and resistance.’ Stances on Slavery Abolitionists-Advocated for the immediate end of slavery Pro-Slavery- Argued slavery was essential to the Southern economy and way of life Free Soil- Slavery should not expand into new states/areas and stay where it is already. Popular Sovereignty- Lets the states vote on whether they want to be a free or slave state. Slavery and Expansion- As the U.S. expanded westward, the question of whether slavery would be allowed in new territories and states became a central and divisive issue that contributed to tensions between the North and South. It was a central factor in the political and social factors leading to the Civil War. The failure to reach a long-term resolution over the status of slavery in the new territories, along with the South’s economic dependence on slavery and the North’s growing opposition to its spread, created a deeply divided nation. The eventual outcome was the abolition of slavery, but at the cost of tremendous bloodshed and the transformation of the United States. Buchanan’s Presidency- “TRASH PRESIDENT”- the 15th president, failed to prevent the secession of Southern states. His presidency is often criticized for inaction during the lead-up to the Civil War. At first, he believed that the south was “bluffing” when they were beginning to secede. Buchanan said that secession was illegal but also believed the federal government had no authority to stop it. Star of the West- A american battleship that was sent to strengthen Fort Sumter.It was fired upon by Confederate forces, marking one of the first hostile acts of the Civil War. Kentucky Amendment-designed to guarantee the protection of slavery in states where it already existed, However, it was never ratified. The 13th amendment was passed, abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude. Virginia/West Virginia- Virginia was a Confederate state, but its western region opposed secession and slavery. This division led to the formation of West Virginia, which joined the Union as a separate state in 1863. Habeas Corpus- “to process the body”:The suspension of habeas corpus is a drastic measure that allows the government to detain individuals without judicial oversight(evidence). Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan- Squeeze the South Economically and Militarily, like an anaconda. 1. Defend Washington D.C & Exert Pressure on Richmond(Confederate Capital) 2. Blockade Southern Ports to cut off trade and supplies(Filled with Trash) 3. Invade & Divide the South by invading along main water routes.(Mississippi River) Civil War Conscription- Both the north and south used drafts to supply soldiers for the war Confederacy(1862)- The first draft in U.S history, however, planters and those who paid $500 didn’t have to fight the war, and substitutes were found to fight in their place. Union(1863)- $300 to not fight in war and get a substitute, and people were beginning to bargain with others to get out of war. (Marrying into a “higher” class family) Emancipation Proclamation(1863)-Issued by President Lincoln, this executive order declared all enslaved people in Confederate-held territories to be free. January 1, 1863 “All persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall be in rebellion against the U.S, shall be then, henceforth & forever free.” Emancipation Required: Slave Labor for Rebel War effort:President Abraham Lincoln sought to undermine the Confederacy's ability to wage war by depriving it of this labor force. Moral Cause: reframed the Civil War as not only a struggle to preserve the Union but also as a fight to end slavery. Public Opinions:Over time, the proclamation shifted Northern public opinion toward viewing the abolition of slavery as a necessary and just goal. Foreign Alliances: Emancipation Proclamation helped isolate the Confederacy diplomatically, ensuring that major European powers remained neutral or leaned toward supporting the Union. African American Union Soldiers- 180,000 African Americans were in service. 10% of Union Army(total) 80%- former slaves or free blacks from the South 38,000 killed in action.(some shot, killed by a blade, or even Lynched, which is a war crime.) Civil War as a total war(1864)-Grant destroys Civilian Property if they were to interfere with Union troops. Such as destroying homes with cannons and even killing people. William Tecumseh Sherman also liked to destroy railroads. Confederate Money- The Confederacy issued its own currency during the war, but it rapidly depreciated due to inflation and lack of backing by gold or silver. By the end of the war, Confederate money was nearly worthless, contributing to the South’s economic collapse. (Had Scenes of Slavery on the bills, Davis and Calhoun were on the bills as well) Gettysburg Address- A short but powerful speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery. Lincoln redefined the Civil War as a struggle for liberty and equality, declaring that the nation must ensure “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” William Tecumseh Sherman- A Union general. Sherman’s campaigns devastated the South’s infrastructure and economy, helping to bring the war to a close. His strategy exemplified total war and remains controversial for its impact on civilians. He wanted to destroy South Carolina and Georgia. “We are not fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people”-sherman. Criticism of Sherman- - “Those people made war on us, defied and dared us to come south to their country, where they boasted they would kill us and do all manner of terrible things. We accept their challenge, and now for them to whine and complain of the natural necessary results is beneath contempt.” - Rarely committed atrocities/attributed to them: Grant and Sherman took war crimes extremely seriously Ulysses S. Grant- Grant was the leading Union general whose aggressive strategies secured major victories, including the capture of Vicksburg(1863), where he put Vicksburg in a siege, forcing them to surrender, and the defeat of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House (1865), which ended the Civil War. People called him “The Lion of Vicksburg”. Military Philosophy: “Find out where your enemy is. Get at him as soon as you can. Strike him as hard as you can and as often as you can, and keep moving on.” Civil War- Environmental Impact- 500 horses die per day across the U.S Trees scared by the union Bridges and levees destroyed by the union Canon craters Boom of mosquitos that carry malaria Animals are malnourished Freedmen's Bureau- March 1865, Established by Congress to assist newly freed African Americans after the Civil War. It provided clothing ,food, education, healthcare, and legal aid. However, whenever the freedmen had nowhere to go, they would return to their masters and work for them under LABOR CONTRACTS(unconstitutional). Lawyers, Teachers, and Doctors from the North had to come to the south to help and care for slaves, since southern people didn’t want to. Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction-  - Proclamation of Friendship (bringing the nation back together) - Rebel States form Union Governments and leave their confederate governments - 10% of 1860 voters take an Oath to the constitution and the Union - When abiding by the 2 above, they receive a presidential pardon for their low treasons - Excluded: Civil/Diplomatic/Military officers of the Confederacy, Judges & Congressmen that aided rebellion, Those in neglect of treating captured Black soldiers as a Prisoner of War Radical Republicans opposed this, because they believed that Lincoln was being too lenient on the South. Wade-Davis Manifesto- A harsher Reconstruction plan proposed by Radical Republicans. The bill required 51% of voters in 1860 (not 10%) to take a loyalty oath before a Confederate state could form a new government and be readmitted to the Union and in order to vote or hold public office. However, Lincoln vetoed the bill because he believed that this was not going to be the country together. (Usurping Power), Lincoln is abusing his power- Radical Republicans. “No Persecution, No Bloody Work.” - Lincoln, April 11, 1865. Lincoln Assassination (April 14, 1865)- President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln right in his head, knocking him unconscious immediately; he dies 7 hours later. He also stabs Lincoln’s aid. John Wilkes Booth-(Virginia)- He was a Famous Actor. He believed assassinating Lincoln would revive the Confederacy and avenge the South’s defeat. Booth also planned to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward to destabilize the Union government. He says “Sic Semper Tyrannis” (Thus Always to Tyrants) (Virginian Motto) after killing Lincoln while on the Ford Theater Stage. He runs to a barn where it was being burnt. Booth was not burned to death, he was shot. Lincoln Conspirators- Lewis Powell: Attacked Secretary of State Seward but failed to kill him. George Atzerodt: Assigned to kill Vice President Johnson but lost his nerve. They were hanged.