History of English-speaking Countries PDF

Historia de los paises de habla inglesa Grupos 11/09/2024 WARMING UP ACTIVITIES Definition of history: History is an academic discipline that studies past events, sources, and human experiences. It's crucial for understanding who we are and preparing for the future. The narrative of history:...

Historia de los paises de habla inglesa Grupos 11/09/2024 WARMING UP ACTIVITIES Definition of history: History is an academic discipline that studies past events, sources, and human experiences. It's crucial for understanding who we are and preparing for the future. The narrative of history: History is not just a list of facts but a narrative that connects events and tells stories. The usefulness of history: History helps us understand the present, avoid past mistakes, and build a better future. Historical sources: There are various types of historical sources, such as primary sources (diaries, letters) and secondary sources (textbooks, articles). Historical interpretation: History is mainly Objective but it is all about interpreting historical events is complex and requires considering multiple perspectives. Key events in the history of English-speaking countries: The Norman Conquest, the birth of the United Kingdom, the Wars of the Roses, the English Civil War, and the Great Depression. Philosophers of history: Nietzsche and Hegel had different approaches to history. Nietzsche emphasized the will to power, while Hegel argues that history is related to reason, and focuses more on historical progress. Power and symbolism: Power and symbolism have played significant roles in history, influencing actions and perceptions. The portraits of henry VIII and Ann Boleyn are representative of their status, their represent the high society (bc of the clothes and the jewels they wear. As in the picture of the Serie Tudors =women not in controls, sword and the cross, sword represent justice and royalty, English reformation, wants to catch peoples attention, women are below men, Historical ideas  if you show your emotions, your not meant to be from the high society. Maps/ representation of the earth: Mercato / Europe in the center because they thought it was the most important part/ northern hemisphere is bigger on the map/ greenland seems bigger than australia but greenland 2millons square kilometer whereas australia is 7.7 millon square kilometers) George Orwell= 1984, distopian (society in the future, kind of hell) “Suddenly there sprang into his mind, ready-made as it were, the image of a certain Comrade Ogilvy, who had recently died in battle, in heroic circumstances… It was true that there was not such a person as Comrade Ogilvy, but a few lines of print and a couple of faked photographs would soon bring him into existence”. Invent a person, fake everything - “Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street building has been renamed, every date has been altered. And the process is continuing day by day and minute by minute. History has stopped. Nothing exists except an endless present in which the Party is always right.” Reinterpretating reality so it is want you want, reedit a book; you eliminate people, erase events, to protect ourselves, --> critical thinking, fact check. - “‘Who controls the past’, ran the Party slogan, ‘controls the future: who controls the present controls the past’”. Once you get power, you can manipulate the past, represent the past in a certain way, Wat do these quotations teach us about the relationship between history and power? How can we protect ourselves against this relationship? Fact check You may think that Orwell is exaggerating. However, many of the things that he describes have already happened in the history of mankind. Consider, for example, these pictures. Where were they taken? What do they reveal? First picture 1987, a men(who killed many many human, chief of secrete police was erase from the picture) Second one, Staline and Lenin, shows friendship, false picture, Staline was Lenine heir, Introductory videos British conquest= Albert the confesseur died childless  difficult to find his successor  Harold Goldwinson is the last Saxon king in England at this time England was used to conquest, especially by Norman, but it did not change the living conditions of peasants (disease, misery…At their lowest due to misery, disease, and oppressive taxation.War compounded their suffering as they lost lands and livelihoods, becoming the spoils of Norman conquerors.Feudalism: Normans introduced a more formalized feudal system, reducing peasants to selfdom and binding them to the land under harsher terms.) Only one invasion succeeded,after the death of Albert--> resulted in a Viking on the throne = CANUTE -he change relatively little the country, he died in 1035, during Canute’s reign Godwin of Wessex was the most powerful baron of England. When Canute Died, many fights for his succession outraged the country, afterall the only one standing was Edward the confessor (son of Alfred the great), Edward was crown on easterday 1043. REIGN OF EDWARD= Edward hated the force in place and especially Godwin, who assassinated his brother. Edward could not do anything about it, while Godwin forced him to marry his daughter Edward grew up for 30 years in Normandy, so reigning on a country he knew nothing about was really difficult (his mother brought him as a refugee from the war- he was influenced politically and culturally) he built a lot of castle and churches in the 11th century, but he had to continuously look over his shoulder because Godwin wanted him to have difficulties on the throne. in 1051, Edward brought allies from Normandy to establish in castle, at this moment he created the archibishop of canterbury - he had the force to confront Godwin and he threw him out of the country, Which lead godwin to want revenge. Edward secluded himself toward the end of his reign and focused on religious projects like the construction of Westminster Abbey, where he settle himself with his wife (Godwin’s daughter) with whom he never slept with (never giving her an heir)where he was later buried. While Edward is losing his crown, he promised the Dukes of Normandy the succesion of his throne- a powerful heir is to be crown--> William the Conqueror (a bastard- who learned quickly how to survive, born in 1027, These challenges made William ruthless in his rise to power and effective in quelling internal rebellions.)( nobody knew that Edward made a promise) FINALLY Godwin dies of a stroke in 1053, one man is standing behind, the son of Godwin -->Harold who wants to be king also- everyone already knew him in the country he was in such a good place. in 1064 Harold needs to travel, sailing across the Channel to save his brother detained by William. While a Storm is bursting so Harold and his men settle for a moment in Guy de Pontiac territory (which is the friend of William)- facing this situation Harold accept that William must be the King instead of him.(Harold swore the Bayeux Oath to support William’s claim to the English throne. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts this oath, in which Harold is shown placing his hands on sacred relics while making the promise.The oath was significant because it became a key justification for William's later invasion, allowing him to claim that Harold had betrayed a sacred vow.This moment tied Harold to William in a feudal bond and gave William moral authority (and later papal support) to pursue the English throne. As the Bayeux Tapestry perfectly introduces the subject, (70 meters long tapestr) tells the story of the events surrounding the conquest of England by the Duke of Normandy. while being on the territory of Guy de Pontiac, harold men’s are given by Guy to William,as a military force --> in return Harold saves William soldiers in Saint Michel one on his left arm, one on his back. because of internal conflicts with Harold Godwinson and his brother Tostig, who allied with viking Forces Harold has now 2 though choices= - supporting Tostig and make a civil war - or support Tostig’s ennemies for a crucial support afterall He finally choose to support the ennemies of his brother, which has disastreous consequences, northern rebellion--> which weakened Anglo-Saxon unity before William’s invasion.Harold’s decision to prioritize his future obligations to William over family loyalty played a crucial role in the subsequent breakdown of Anglo-Saxon power. Key Battles and Turning Points: - 1053: Godwin dies; Harold, his eldest son, becomes a significant political figure, rising to prominence. - 1054: Harold’s Bayeux Oath to William sets the stage for the coming conflict, though Harold later defies this oath by claiming the English throne after Edward’s death. - 1066: Edward the Confessor dies, Harold ascends the throne despite his earlier promise to support William's claim. for 10 years William the Conqueror had had the chances to regroup support all around europe, tellings and certifying that Harold is a oath-breaker, he secured the Pope’s blessing, everyone were thrilled for an invasion of Harold Territory that was meant to be William territory. Dukes of Normandy made this situation into an internacional matter, describing Harold as the bad one and William as the one who need to set the record straight( retablir la verité) BATTLES= - william’ss troops and Harold’s troop were established, one waiting for the other one to come, after 2 month or so, Harold decided to demobilized the troops. - 1 day later Tostig reunite with the Norwegian army, stopped at viking territory to gather more troops, they seems to be unstoppable, they got into Britain, travelling to London, Peterborough, until Stamford Bridge (causing a lot of damage in their path-500 hostages) --> Tostig looses, while Harold find his body after the war. - but Harold had no time the grieve - William is on his way to Britain aftere hearing the war with Tostig, in the same way of Tostig, William burns everything on his path, and reconstruct a castle to settle with his troops. The war is coming, Harold took a defensive position on top of a hill and William’s troop attacking from below--> this took 6 hours for this battle --> Battle of Hastings, resulting in the death of Harold (famous death- shot in the eye) aftermath, William built a church in the exact spot where Harold died, William consolidated is victory by asserting control on many cities ( Hastings, Canterbury, Guildford,Micheldever, Dorchester, Hertford, London Willam settle significant change in the way england was managed William's Rule (1066-1087): Coronation on Christmas Day 1066: Despite riots outside Westminster Abbey, William was crowned king.  His rule contrasted sharply with that of earlier kings like King Canute, known for integrating Anglo- Saxon and Viking cultures. Resistance: Met with brutal repression—massacres, starvation, and the building of castles to assert control. Feudal system: William introduced Norman land laws, replacing the old Anglo-Saxon system. Surnames became hereditary, and power passed from father to eldest son in a formalized structure. Domesday Book (1067): A comprehensive survey of land and resources to centralize power. William forced nobles to swear loyalty oaths and tightened his grip on England’s wealth and military power. Legacy and Aftermath: -William’s death (1087): Died from injuries sustained during a campaign, remembered as a ruthless but effective conqueror. -Despite his strong rule, his death led to political instability, as he left no clear heir. -Harold’s secret burial: Harold's wife secretly buried him in Westminster Abbey without William’s or the pope's consent, marking a quiet but symbolic resistance to Norman rule. New Elements Introduced: -The Bayeux Oath becomes a key turning point in justifying William's invasion. It highlights the religious and political weight behind William’s actions and Harold’s ultimate betrayal. -The feudal bond between Harold and William emphasizes the feudal system’s importance during this era. -William's securing of papal support for his invasion, framing Harold’s actions as both a political and religious breach, adds a layer of divine legitimacy to the conquest. 16/09 Who inhabited Britain before the Romans? - 3rd millennium BC: Iberian (colonize Britain, prehistorical humans groups, living in other part of Europe, building tools) - 8th century onwards= Celtic people (Britons) (Germanic tribe, move to southern and western part of Europe they receive the name of Britons,)(maintained some sort of communication, and exchange with country of Europe,) Celtic people= ○ not developed system of writing so difficult to know about them,  evidences as= clothes, pots and shoes are rarely found because they rot in the soil/ thing made out of stone and metals don’t rot , so they tell us information/ the Celts didn't read and write, it was the romans that told us about Celtic people in books. Archeologist found the body , some workmen came across the body, that man has been killed 2000 years ago they still found food in his stomach , his last meal was bread - Mainly romans and archeologist. o Celtic people lived across most of Europe during Iron age o They were similar to inhabitant of Gaul and other parts of continental Europe , with whom they had normal and regular communication, their economy was based on agriculture (forest) , the Celts lives in roundhouse with thatched roofs of straw of heather (plant that grows on the hill of northern Britain)  o Political structure= King/ Queen + warriors+farmers, military aristocracy  no national sentiment (no global Celtic groups, each groups were independent, sometimes they join force against enemies but rarely -not Celtic Britain)/ living with agriculture o TRIBAL ORGANIZATION =Kingship (very common -extended family): families lived together in settlements= children parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins o polytheistic religion ( connected with nature, worshiping of herds, we know this because of Romans, = this is about believing in many god except christianism;Judaism and Islam o they had similar language, they could communicate with each other, they were more advanced on technologies, PRE-Roman Britain Video= built a lot of things, In 43 ad Roman planted his invasion, empereur, The druids, roman soldiers, were brilliant to built things, biggest  Hadrian’s wall, 6m high , 3 meter large, romans created York, bark, chester, Life didn’t change for peasants, 410 ad romans left, many thing abandoned, economy collapse, new leaders emerge , but northern Britain was in ruin. ○ Romans legacy - latin (but very limited, comes from France), animals, buildings ( structure) brought pottery, fruits, new medicine, -Most of these legacies disappeared, surprisingly fast, if you compare this to other country, language disappeared - they found resistance when they came to Britain. - Constructions , (forts/ roads) +Hadrian’s WALL +towns,+latin+food+and everyday object REASONS for conquest= -obtaining wealth (natural resources +slaves) +prestige / internal political reasons -Claudius occupies Britain among other reasons to reaffirm his prestige, massive force (40.000 soldiers) - mixed strategy of domination - romans influenced collapsed fast ROMAN SOCIETY= - 3rd/2nd century BC= from city state to global power – grow gradually more and more power - Consulship ( to be elected to assert control) - Patricians= senate+magistrates (in charge of governing Rome,settled in Rome ) - Cursus honorum (=different steps to grow Rome) : law +politics (you earn prestige from controlling a country politically and by growing military, conquer, extending Rome, MAKING ROME BIGGER) - Growth of military power -internal troubles Rome change from a monarchy to a republic, (middle of the century, big tensions among different groups in Rome – change from republic to Monarchy, emperor on top) WHY CONQUER BRITAIN= for wealth, natural ressources , looking for riches , land slaves, and most of all iron, lead, copper, zinc silver and gold +Fame and Prestige Republic  empire= the general became the important ones, the one controlling, technically the soldier were for the state, but here soldiers were serving the general and not the country, receive some sort of reward, general gave soldiers land,(land of another country, because Rome was for Patricians, so they needed more land) Julius Caesar= try to invade Britain twice 55BC and 54 BC , both times , the British warriors and rotten weather made him and his army go back to present day France, (had rebellions in gauls, and some problem in rome, has his enemies in rome) bc of these reasons , he did not establish government in Britain, but establish alliances with some tribes, (= overlord , forces catuvellauni=cetic tribe) to pay taxes) whom pay taxes so that the romans protect them. vassals kingdoms tributes and taxes were established for protection Julius died and some war , augustus won AUGUSTUS= considered invading Britain (to finish what Julius wanted) again but he discarded the idea- ROMAN OCCUPATION= - The catuvellauni defeated the trinovantes (romans allies who payed taxes for protection)(=claudius attacked britain so as to protect the trinovantes) - Trade is under threat - 43 AD= Claudius attacks Britain with 40.000 soldiers (decided to occupy Britain, conquer it completely) (occupied every part except north part) - Britain becomes romans province - 2 officials  governor and procurator(procurateur= control politics,money,taxes) - Government is based on = o Local aristocracy o Romans’ governor o Procurator provinciae REBELLION AGAINST ROME - Main rebellion61 AD: Queen Boudica ( she burnt down capital city, and press down the romans down)destroys Colchester but is finally defeated  romanization continues - Attacks from tribes in the north : Scots and Picts  defensive walls to protect from attacks  Hadrian’s Wall (military defense, barriers) ROMAN COLLAPSE - Internal political rivalries increase: many political entity, (but also being attacked) - 317 AD= Edict of Milan: Christianity becomes the official religion of the empire - 337 AD : the Empire is divided - 367 AD: the Picts and Scots (= from north part of Britain =they crossed Hadrian’s Wall )invade Britain - 406 AD: German tribes cross the river Rhine (Vandals, Alans and Suei) (rhine was a border) - 409 AD : Britain is assaulted by Angles and Saxons (britain, asked for help to Rome, they send legions to help, but Rome was also being attacked in Rome, VERY COMPLICATED) ( Britain send letter to Honorious so they can help, emperor say no, ) - 410 AD: the last two legions leave Britain (simbolic end of roman presence in britain) BRITONS RESIST AGAINST ANGLES AND SAXONS - King Athur resisted (= identified as a legend, celtic romanized briton, ROMANS LEGACY - «romanization» was mostly constricted to the cities - msot of the (rural) population was largely unaffected  - roads and sites of cities remained - but the influence on language/ legal and Political system was limited SEMINAR= HISTORY OF BRITAIN: “BEGINNINGS” 1. Why was Tacitus attracted by the British isles? How does this relate to the reasons that the Romans had to occupy Britain? -Tacitus was really interested in silver and others metals, romans wanted that but also many others things, like slave, extended country, but they were the science of civilization that was as important. 2. What does Skara Brae teach us about how pre-Roman people lived? The Neolithic farmers were highly organized and sophisticated, living in interconnected villages without churches. Their houses were partly underground for comfort and security. While they were mostly self-sufficient, they also interacted with other villages. Their burial practices revealed a hierarchical society, with individual graves for important people and common graves for others. Around 2500 BC, the climate became colder and wetter, making their stone settlements less stable. Despite their less advanced technology compared to the Romans, they had a tribal structure with an aristocracy consisting of a queen or king, warriors, and soldiers 3. What was Britain like around 1000 BC in terms of population and agricultural activity? Agriculture: lived on agriculture, forest were cleared so to farm them., as much land as in 1914. a lot, Populations: crowded island, as much people as people living in Celtic England. 4. Did Rome have any relationship with the British isles before they were invaded by the Romans? Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC Protection of farmers, trade,olives, oil, wine,jaws, 5. What were the major reasons Rome had to occupy Britain? Slaves, power, extended country, silver and metals, prestige. wealth, ressources, 6. What was the strategy that Claudius used to conquer Britain? In 55 bc julius ceasar launch his soldeirs acrros chanel, weather incapable to go on 54 bc, julius ceasar again but failed Claudius didn’t want to do the same mistake julius ceasar did , Send 40.000 soldiers/ troups , more than the one before, , conquer it completely except north of britain, Give their son a trip to Rome and a taste of of the dulce vita, and watch their resistance melt, , celts thought roman were sweet. Invaded with soldiers, claudius gain supporter, strategie that carrot and the stick, they could lived better if they accept romans occupation. 7. What were the major functions of Hadrian’s Wall?  CONTEXT:Queen boudica hated roman colonization of Britain (her own daughters were raped), go east, burning romans settlements, Romans got to the great temple of claudius beacause they know they would have been protected from Queen boudica, bu out of luck, smoked, city burning in smoking ashes, boudica had her revenge, but could not last, now she has to fight the romans army, but ended in a glory chaotic slaughter, boudica took her own life before being killed by romans, While barbarians begins to attack forts in the north Romans knew exactly what to do in7980, in the monts gronpius as Tacitus called it, there was another slaughter, Defensive wall to protect the part conquered by the Romans from the SCOTS AND PICTS, stretching 73 miles cost to cost, impermeable barriers, against barbarians from the north, begins with forts, but as britain settled down in the second century ad, they became social center, purpose: control and observe, customs scams, was imposed on the one who tried to do trade/ Primarly defensive barriers: regulated trade and commerce, exchange, observe,taxes, custom system, ( douane). 8. How was Rome being transformed in the 4th century and how did this affect Britain? Rome’s downfall: political problem, attacked by the germanic tribe, Britain was no important for rome, bc more urgent matter fro Rome. 9. Who was the venerable Bede? Why was he important? «father of english hsitory»wrote or translated some forty books on practically every area of knowledge, including nature, astronomy, and poetry Help to spread, the relieves in religion, 8 century, he contributed to the spread of christianity, , first historian of english language. 10. Who was King Alfred and why was he important? Alfred may not have been the first king of all England, but he had helped to preserve Christian Anglo-Saxon culture and created the basis from which his son Edward the Elder and his grandsons Athelstan and Eadred could bring the country together/ securing peace with vikings vikings did manage to do, created england with a vision of a government Alfred= hero on the run, history from rome, true, his father went to rome asking the pope for help, turning alfred into a true christian warrior, again he come on the sacred site, philosopher prince, --> anglo saxons conception, auhtentic vision of a rome govenrment by a law and education, christian roman world, but first the collapse of its kingsom seems imminent, Made people think that the possibility of a united kingdom. Alfred king of Wessex (=kingdom of anglo-saxon Britain)( with Leinster and Munster) So succesful to reign on england,Vikings went to take control of ENGLAND, Alfred, protect the country against Vikings, need to unify the different country, TEXT TACITUS BRITANNIA: FROM CONQUEST TO PROVINCE Tacitus, Agricola 10–27, 29–37 11 Who the first inhabitants of Britain, whether indigenous or incomers, as is usual among barbarians, is debated. Their physical types vary, and as a result deductions are formed from that variation. Thus, the red hair of those living in Caledonia and their large limbs point towards a German origin. The swarthy complexion and generally curly hair of the Silures, together with their situation opposite to Spain, render it probable that ancient Iberians came over and possessed that territory. Those who are nearest Gaul resemble them whether from a steely genetic origin, or whether when lands jut forward in opposite directions, the climate gives the same body type to the same bodies. On a general overview, however, it appears probable that the Gauls originally took possession of the neighbouring coast. You will find there Gaulish-style rites and religious beliefs. Their languages do not differ greatly. Their audacity in provoking dangers, and fear in retreating when danger approaches, is the same. The Britons, however, display more ferocity, as long-term peace has not softened them. For we understand that the Gauls were once renowned in war, but after a while, a life of ease and idleness crept over them, and they lost both their courage and their liberty. The same change has also happened among those of the Britons who have been long subdued but the rest continue such as the Gauls were. What is the basic characteristic that Tacitus highlights when describing the British indigenous population? Germans origins, physically differents but simmilarity in terms social organization, language. How do Britons resemble/differ from the Gauls, according to Tacitus? Some say their resemble because gauls took posesions of the neighbouring coast so there are some resemblance of culture, language, they have also the same need of conquering, being the most powerful one, but their difference is based on the fact that gauls have calmed down whereas the Britons have simply more need of cruelty and fierceness. Britons more warriors. More ferocious, , gauls people were tamed before than britons 12 Their strength is in infantry; certain tribes also fight battles in the chariot. The more noble person drives the chariot and his dependant fights for him. The Britons used to give obedience to their kings, but at present they are divided into warring factions of rival chiefs. In fact nothing has been more useful for us against the most powerful tribes than the fact that they cannot agree! It is seldom that two or three communities agree in repelling the common danger; and so, while they fight on their own, they are all subdued. The sky in this country is spoiled by frequent rains and clouds; but there is no extreme cold. The length of the days greatly exceeds that in our part of the world. The night is bright, and, at the far north of the island, so short, that the evening and morning twilight is scarcely distinguished by a noticeable interval. They say when clouds do not block it, sunshine is visible during the whole night, and that it does not appear to rise and set, but to move across the sky. Perhaps the extreme and flat parts of the earth, casting a low shadow, does not lift the darkness to any height, and so night fails to reach the sky and the stars. The soil, except for the olive, the vine, and other crops suited to warmer climates, is productive of crops, and rich in cattle. They are slow to ripen but quick to grow, both from the same reason: the great humidity of the ground and the atmosphere. Britain yields gold and silver and other metals, the reward of victory. The Ocean also produces pearls but they are dark and spotty. Some people think that the natives are unskilled in gathering them. For in the Red Sea the oysters are plucked from the rocks alive and breathing, but in Britain they are collected as the sea throws them up. For my own part, I am more inclined to believe that the quality of the pearls is lacking rather than greed on our part. What type of social and political organization do the Britons have? What is advantageous for the Romans, according to Tacitus? Even if they had to obey to the king, they were independant living with a tribal organizacion, they were not unified, so, avantage for Rome because they could conquer them more easily What interest could Britain have for Rome? the pearls that they harvest are better on the rome part , or maybe the idea of shadow and the night beacause they don’t have a moment of darkeness, which could have been protected them in moments of wars. 13 The Britons themselves actively submit to the levy, tributes, and the other obligations of government, provided that they are not treated unfairly. They bitterly resent unfair treatment, their subjection only extending to obedience, not to slavery. Accordingly, Julius Caesar, the first of all Romans who entered Britain with an army, although he terrified the inhabitants by a successful engagement and gained control of the shore, may be considered to have made posterity aware of it rather than handed the country to posterity. Soon came our civil wars; the arms of the generals were turned against the Republic; and Britain was neglected long even after the establishment of peace. The divine Augustus called this “policy” and Tiberius “precedent”. It is certainly agreed that an expedition into Britain had entered Caligula’s thoughts, natural fickleness making him swift to change his mind, together with the mighty attempts against Germany meant it came to nothing. The deified Claudius was the man who carried out such a great task: legions and auxiliary units were conveyed across the Channel and Vespasian was given a share in the command: this was the start of the good fortune which was soon to follow him. Tribes were crushed, kings were captured, and Vespasian’s greatness was revealed by the fates. How did Caesar’s expeditions to Britain differ from later expeditions? Even if they didn’t conquer Britain at that time Ceasar had the chance to entered britain and made some agreements with the tribes but he had to go back to Rome because of internal problems, twice, even with the gauls, Why were expeditions to Britain abandoned for a long time? Internal problems in Rome, the German attempts to conquer, was really dificult, so they abandonned Britain for a long time until Claudius. 14 Aulus Plautius, the first man of consular rank to be appointed governor, and his successor Ostorius Scapula were both outstanding in warfare. Little by little, the closest part of Britain was reduced into the form of a province, and moreover a colony of veterans was settled. Certain tribal areas were presented to King Cogidubnus, (and he continued in utter loyalty within our own memory) there being an ancient and long established practice of the Roman people to have the kings responsible for slavery. Didius Gallus, the next governor, consolidated the gains of his predecessors, and added a few fortified garrisons in the remoter parts through which he could claim that he had increased size of the province. Veranius succeeded Didius, but died within the year. Suetonius Paulinus then commanded with success for two years, subduing various tribes, and establishing garrisons. Through confidence inthese achievements, he undertook an expedition against the Isle of Anglesey, which had provided supplies to rebels, and thereby exposed his back to an opportunistic attack. 15 For the Britons, relieved from immediate fear by the absence of the governor, began to complain amongst themselves about the miseries of slavery, to compare their several insults, and inflame each by drawing the worse conclusions: that there was nothing to gain by patience for a people who were putting up with heavier burdens so easily. Formerly they had one king at a time; now two were set over them, the governor – and he vented his rage upon their life’s blood – and the procurator upon their property. The agreement or disagreement of these governors was equally fatal to those whom they ruled. The gangs of the centurions of the one, and the slaves of the other combined force and insults so that nothing was safe from their greed, nothing from their lust. In battle, it was the bravest who took the spoils; but as things were their homes were ransacked by cowards and shirkers, their children forced away, and conscriptions imposed, as if the only lesson of suffering of which they were ignorant was how to die for their country. Yet how little would the number of soldiers invading be if the Britons were just to count their own forces! From considerations like these, Germany had thrown off the yoke of subjugation though it was defended by a river and not the ocean. For the Germans, the welfare of their country, their wives, and their parents were the motives for war, while for the Romans it was greed and luxury. The Romans would withdraw as even Julius Caesar had done, if Britons would match the courage of their ancestors, and not be afraid at a loss in one or two battles. Those who get lucky, attack, but those who experience suffering, stay firm. Even the gods now seemed to be compassionate to the Britons, by keeping the general away, and the army on another island. The most difficult point, assembling for the purpose of deliberation, was already accomplished. There was always more danger from the discovery of their planning, than from actually daring to do it. What reasons did the Britons have to rebel against Rome? The result of the extension of Romans , became dangerous for Celts tribe, an explosion of slavery, of misery, made the tribe think of wanting and needing better for their lives, their Homes were ransacked by the ill-intentioned people and malicious people. Slavery , robberies, oppression. They felt they had 2 king, always fighting with each other, the governor and the procurator, were abusing the people, didn’t felt heard from them. Took exemple from the germand, because they fought back the Romans, Britons realized that they are numerous, more than Rome. ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND=