HISTARTD-REVIEWER PDF

HISTARTD REVIEWER INVENTION OF DRAWING Prehistoric Art: 40,000 - 4,000 B.C. - Rock carvings, pictorial imagery, sculptures, and stone arrangements - Existed before the written language Prehistory - nomadic people - rocky walls - charcoal - caves How was drawing invented? - Cave art...

HISTARTD REVIEWER INVENTION OF DRAWING Prehistoric Art: 40,000 - 4,000 B.C. - Rock carvings, pictorial imagery, sculptures, and stone arrangements - Existed before the written language Prehistory - nomadic people - rocky walls - charcoal - caves How was drawing invented? - Cave art in the cave of altamira - 1879 - Marcelino sanz de sautuola Who made the first painting/drawing? Neanderthals - not modern humans - first artists on earth (experts claim) - First painting made by primitive men - Made by Homo Neanderthalis (prehistoric era) - Archaeological excavations carried out in Europe, Africa and Asia - Primitive men were the first painters and sculptors - Demonstrated their daily lives through arts The oldest work of art - Discovered in the Cave of Nerja, in Malaga, Spain - Discovered over 42,200 yrs old in spain - 1959 - Can change ideas about the evolution of humanity - 6 paintings found in the Nerja Caves, 35 miles east of Malaga - The only known artistic images created by Neanderthal man Recent discovery on Cave Paintings - Artwork = 3 wild pigs painted deep in a limestone cave - Archaeologists discovered a pristine 45,000 year old cave painting - May be the oldest artwork in the world (2017)  - Leang Tedongnge Cave, one of many paleolithic caves in the Maros-Pangkep region of Sulawesi island (Indonesia) - Revealed by Science Advances Oldest-known representational art in Indonesia - Discovered by Archaeologist Basaran Burhan, a Griffith University PhD student - Discovered in December 2017 - Only accessible during dry season Where is the first painting/drawing made? - Rock painting or rock art - Made in shelter, caves - Used by nomadic people to protect themselves THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD - Period of European history - Extending from about 500 to 1400-1500 CE - Traditionally known as the Middle Ages - Term was first used by 15th-century scholars to designate the period between their own time & the fall of the Western Roman Empire The Middle Ages: Birth of an Idea - Tells more about the Renaissance that followed - 14th century - European thinkers, writers, and artists celebrated the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. - Dismissed after the fall of Rome as a “Middle” or “Dark” age - No great art produced - No great leaders born The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages - 800 CE - Pope Leo III named the Frankish king Charlemagne the “Emperor of the Romans” - –the first since the empire’s fall more than 300 years before - Became the Holy Roman Empire (Charlemagne) - Ordinary people across Europe had to “tithe” 10% of their earnings each year to the church - Church: mostly exempted from taxation - Amass a great deal of money and power The Middle Ages: The Rise of Islam - The prophet Muhammad (died: 632 CE) - Muslim armies conquered large parts of the Middle East (after Muhammad’s death) - The medieval islamic world was 3 times bigger than all of Christendom - Cairo, Baghdad, and Damascus - Poets, scientists, and philosophers wrote thousands of book (on paper, a Chinese invention that had made its way into the islamic world by the 8th century) - Scholars translated Greek, Iranian, and Indian texts into Arabic - Pinhole camera, soap, windmills, surgical instruments,and an early flying machine - Religious scholars and mystics translated and taught the Quran and other scriptures to people across the Middle East The Crusades - Began in 1095 - End of the 11th century - Pope Urban II summoned a Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem - Continued on and off until the end of the 15th century - Catholic church began to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades - To expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land (by the Crusades) - Wore red crosses to advertise their status - Believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins so that they could spend all eternity in Heaven  - Hugues de Payens (french knight) created a military order - Along with the 8 Templars that were his relatives and acquaintances - Won the eventual support of the pope - The Fall of Acre in 1291 marked the destruction of the last Crusader refuge in the Holy Land - Pope Clement V dissolved the Knights Templar in 1312 The Middle Ages: Art and Architecture - Building grand cathedrals and other ecclesiastical structures like monasteries were another way to show devotion to the Church - Cathedrals were the largest buildings in medieval Europe (found at the center of towns and cities) - Around 1200, church builders embraced a new architectural style, known as the Gothic - Gothic architectures are almost weightless compared to Romanesque buildings Gothic structures: has huge stained-glass windows, pointed vaults, pointed arches, spires, and flying buttresses (technology perfected in the Islamic world) - The Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in france - The rebuilt Canterbury Cathedral in England - Frescoes and mosaics decorated church interiors - Devotional images of the Virgin Mary, Jesus, and the Saints were painted by artists Illuminated Manuscripts - Before the invention of the printing press in the 15th century - Created by Craftsmen in monasteries (and later in universities) - Handmade sacred and secular books with colored illustrations, gold and silver lettering and other adornments - Women could receive higher education at convents - Nuns wrote, translated, and illuminated manuscripts as well - Urban booksellers began to sell smaller illuminated manuscripts (books of hours, psalters, & other prayer books) to wealthy individuals THE RENAISSANCE ART PERIOD - A fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages - Described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century - Promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art From Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins - Took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. & the beginning of the 14th century - Europeans made few advances in science and art - Also known as the “Dark Ages”: branded as a time of war, ignorance, famine, and pandemics like the Black Death Humanism - 14th century - A cultural movement that began to gain momentum in Italy - Promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature, and science - 1450: The invention of the Gutenburg printing press improved communication throughout Europe Medici Family - They ruled Florence for more than 60 years - Were famous backers of the movements - The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy (where wealthy citizens could pay to support budding artists) - Declared by the italian writers, artists, politicians that they participated in an intellectual and artistic revolution (very different compared to the Dark Ages) - First movement: Venice, Milan, Bologna, Ferrara, and Rome - 15th century: Renaissance ideas spread from italy to france, throughout western & northern europe - European countries experienced renaissance later than italy Renaissance Geniuses Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - Italian painter, Architect, inventor - “Renaissance man” - “The Mona Lisa” - “The Last Supper” Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - French philosopher and mathematician - Father of modern philosophy - “I think; therefore I am” Galileo (1564-1642) - Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer - Pioneered work with telescopes - Described the moons of jupiter and rings of saturn - Was under house arrest for his views of a heliocentric universe Giotto (1266-1337) - Italian painter and architect - More realistic depictions of human emotions - Known for his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua Dante (1265-1321) - Italian philosopher, poet, writer and political thinker - Authored “the divine comedy” William shakespeare (1564-1616) - England's “national poet” - Most famous playwright - Sonnets and plays - “Romeo and juliet”  Donatello (1386-1466) - Italian sculptor - Lifelike sculptures like “David” commissioned by the medici family Sandro botticelli (1445-1510) - Italian painter - “Birth of venus” Raphael (1483-1520) - Italian painter who learned from da vinci and michelangelo - The Madonna - “The school of athens” Michelangelo (1475-1564) - Italian sculptor, painter, and architect - Carved “David” - Painted The Sistine Chapel in Rome Renaissance Impact on Art, Architecture, and Science - Art, architecture, and science were closely linked - It was a unique time when the fields of study fused together seamlessly - Galileo and Descartes presented new views of astronomy and mathematics - Copernicus proposed that the Sun was the center of the solar system - Renaissance art was characterized by realism and naturalism - Used perspective, shadows, and light as techniques da Vinci - incorporated scientific principles like anatomy to recreate human body with extraordinary precision - “The vitruvian man” created by da Vinci; inspired by the writings of the roman architect Vitruvius  Filippo brunellschi - One of the leading architects and engineers of italian renaissance - The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence Early Renaissance (1300-1490) Cimabue Giotto Sandro Botticelli Donatello Fra Angelico Masaccio Paolo Ucello Early Renaissance (1490-1520) Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Late Renaissance or Mannerism (1520-1600) Parmigianino Pontormo Andrea del Sarto Rosso Fiorentino Bronzino Georgino Vasari Francesco Salviati Famous artistic works that were produced during the renaissance: The Mona Lisa (da Vinci) The Last Supper (da Vinci) Statue of David (Michelangelo) The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo) The Birth of Venus (Botiticelli) The Printing Press (early 15th century) - Allowed mass production for books Johannes Gutenburg - Inventor of printing press - Began experimenting around 1440, was ready to put his method to use by 1450 - Gutenberg 42-line Bible European Typography - Gothic: thin stroke, thick stroke, angled strokes - Roman: horizontal serifs, similar vertical stroke width - Italic: developed by italian humanists (used to mimic handwriting)