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National Institute of Technology Delhi

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Hindi Sparsh Class 10 Study Notes

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These are study notes from a Hindi Sparsh class 10 textbook focusing on the subject of Hindi.

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i| [kaM ,d jk"Vªh; vfLerk vkSj jk"Vªh; pfj=k dk fodkl Hkk"kk osQ lkFk vfHkUu :i ls tqM+k gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dks dksbZ xs nsf[k,] e”ks ls [ksyrk Hkh jgk vkSj njts esa vOoy Hkh gw¡A* ysfdu og brus nq[kh vkSj mnkl Fks fd eq>s muls fnyh gennhZ gqbZ vkSj muosQ ?kko ij ued fNM+dus dk fo...

i| [kaM ,d jk"Vªh; vfLerk vkSj jk"Vªh; pfj=k dk fodkl Hkk"kk osQ lkFk vfHkUu :i ls tqM+k gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dks dksbZ xs nsf[k,] e”ks ls [ksyrk Hkh jgk vkSj njts esa vOoy Hkh gw¡A* ysfdu og brus nq[kh vkSj mnkl Fks fd eq>s muls fnyh gennhZ gqbZ vkSj muosQ ?kko ij ued fNM+dus dk fopkj gh yTtkLin tku iM+kA gk¡] vc eq>s vius mQij oqQN vfHkeku gqvk vkSj vkRelEeku Hkh c ij u jgkA vk”kknh ls [ksyowQn esa 'kjhd gksus yxkA fny e”kcwr FkkA vxj mUgksaus fiQj esjh I+kQthgr dh] rks lkI+kQ dg nw¡xkµ^vkius viuk [kwu tykdj dkSu&lk rhj ekj fy;kA eSa rks [ksyrs&owQnrs njts esa vOoy vk x;kA* ”kcku ls ;g gsdM+h trkus dk lkgl u gksus ij Hkh esjs jax& ij ugha FkkA HkkbZ lkgc us bls Hkk¡i fy;kµmudh lgt cqf¼ cM+h rhoz Fkh vkSj ,d fnu tc eSa Hkksj dk lkjk le; xqYyh&MaMs dh HksaV djosQ Bhd Hkkstu osQ le; ykSVk] rks HkkbZ lkgc us ekuks ryokj [khap yh vkSj eq> ij VwV iM+sµns[krk gw¡] bl lky ikl gks x, vkSj njts esa vOoy vk x,] rks rqEgsa fnekx gks x;k gS] exj HkkbZtku] ?keaM rks cM+s&cM+s dk ugha jgk] rqEgkjh D;k gLrh gS\ bfrgkl esa jko.k dk gky rks is oqQN ,slh èkkj.kk gqbZ fd eSa ikl gh gks tkm¡Qxk] ils osQoy ,d njtk uhps gksA vkf[kj vkneh dks oqQN rks viuh iks”kh'ku dk [k;ky j[kuk pkfg,A ,d ”kekuk Fkk fd yksx vkBok¡ njtk ikl djosQ uk;c rglhynkj gks tkrs FksA eSa fdrus gh fefMyfp;ksa dks tkurk gw¡] tks vkt vOoy njts osQ fMIVh eSftLVªsV ;k lqi¯jVsaMsaV gSaA fdrus gh vkBoha tekr okys gekjs yhMj vkSj lekpkji=kksa osQ laiknd gSaA cM+s&cM+s fo}ku mudh ekrgrh 2024-25 cM+s HkkbZ lkgc / 51 esa dke djrs gSa vkSj rqe mlh vkBosa njts esa vkdj ck”kkjh ykSaMksa osQ lkFk dudkS, osQ fy, nkSM+ jgs gksA eq>s rqEgkjh bl de vDyh ij nq%[k gksrk gSA rqe ”kghu gks] blesa 'kd ugha] ysfdu og ”ksgu fdl dke dk tks gekjs vkRexkSjo dh gR;k dj MkysA rqe vius fny esa le>rs gksxs] eSa HkkbZ lkgc ls eg”k ,d njtk uhps gw¡ vkSj vc mUgsa eq>dks oqQN dgus dk gd ugha gS] ysfdu ;g rqEgkjh xyrh gSA eSa rqels ik¡p lky cM+k gw¡ vkSj pkgs vkt rqe esjh gh tekr esa vk tkvks vkSj ijh{kdksa dk ;gh gky gS] rks fuLlansg vxys lky rqe esjs led{k gks tkvksxs vkSj 'kk;n ,d lky ckn eq>ls vkxs Hkh fudy tkvks] ysfdu eq>esa vkSj rqeesa tks ik¡p lky dk varj gS] mls rqe D;k] [kqnk Hkh ugha feVk ldrkA eSa rqels ik¡p lky cM+k gw¡ vkSj ges'kk jgw¡xkA eq>s nqfu;k dk vkSj ¯”knxh dk tks rtqjck gS] rqe mldh cjkcjh ugha dj ldrs] pkgs rqe ,e-,- vkSj Mh- fiQy~ vkSj Mh-fyV~ gh D;ksa u gks tkvksA le> fdrkcsa iaMk xkM+k rks iqfyl us mudks 2024-25 Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk / 61 idM+ fy;k rFkk vkSj yksxksa dks ekjk ;k gVk fn;kA rkjk lqanjh ikoZQ esa cM+k&ck”kkj dkaxzsl desVh osQ ;q¼ ea=kh gfj'panz ¯lg >aMk iQgjkus x, ij os Hkhrj u tk losQA ogk¡ ij dkI+kQh ekjihV gqbZ vkSj nks&pkj vknfe;ksa osQ flj iQV x,A xqtjkrh lsfodk la?k dh vksj ls tqywl fudyk ftlesa cgqr&lh yM+fd;k¡ Fkha mudks fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;kA 11 cts ekjokM+h ckfydk fo|ky; dh yM+fd;ksa us vius fo|ky; esa >aMksRlo euk;kA tkudhnsoh] enkylk (enkylk ctkt&ukjk;.k) vkfn Hkh xbZ FkhaA yM+fd;ksa dks] mRlo dk D;k eryc gS] le>k;k x;kA ,d ckj eksVj esa cSBdj lc rjI+kQ ?kwedj ns[kk rks cgqr vPNk ekywe gks jgk FkkA txg&txg I+kQksVks mrj jgs FksA vius Hkh I+kQksVks dk dkI+kQh izcaèk fd;k FkkA nks&rhu cts dbZ vknfe;ksa dks idM+ fy;k x;kA ftlesa eq[; iw.kksZnkl vkSj iq#"kksÙke jk; FksA lqHkk"k ckcw osQ tqywl dk Hkkj iw.kksZnkl ij Fkk ij ;g izcaèk dj pqdk FkkA L=kh lekt viuh rS;kjh esa yxk FkkA txg&txg ls fL=k;k¡ viuk tqywl fudkyus dh rFkk Bhd LFkku ij ig¡qpus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh FkhaA eksuqesaV osQ ikl tSlk izcaèk Hkksj esa Fkk oSlk djhc ,d cts ugha jgkA blls yksxksa dks vk'kk gksus yxh fd 'kk;n iqfyl viuk jax u fn[kykos ij og dc #dus okyh FkhA rhu cts ls gh eSnku esa g”kkjksa vknfe;ksa dh HkhM+ gksus yxh vkSj yksx Vksfy;k¡ cuk&cukdj eSnku esa ?kweus yxsA vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh FkhA tc ls dkuwu Hkax dk dke 'kq: gqvk gS rc ls vkt rd bruh cM+h lHkk ,sls eSnku esa ugha dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g lHkk rks dguk pkfg, fd vksiu yM+kbZ FkhA iqfyl dfe'uj dk uksfVl fudy pqdk Fkk fd veqd&veqd èkkjk osQ vuqlkj dksbZ lHkk ugha gks ldrhA tks yksx dke djus okys Fks mu lcoQks balisDVjksa osQ }kjk uksfVl vkSj lwpuk ns nh xbZ Fkh fd vki ;fn lHkk esa Hkkx ysaxs rks nks"kh le>s tk,¡xsA bèkj dkSafly dh rjI+kQ ls uksfVl fudy x;k Fkk fd eksuqesaV osQ uhps Bhd pkj ctdj pkSchl feuV ij >aMk iQgjk;k tk,xk rFkk Lora=krk dh izfrKk iaMk iQgjkdj fdl ckr dk laosQr nsuk pkgrs Fks\ 5- iqfyl us cMs+&cM+s ikdks± rFkk eSnkuksa dks D;ksa ?ksj fy;k Fkk\ fyf[kr (d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (25-30 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ 1- 26 tuojh 1931 osQ fnu dks vej cukus osQ fy, D;k&D;k rS;kfj;k¡ dh xb±\ 2- ^vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh Fkh*µfdl ckr ls irk py jgk Fkk fd vkt dk fnu vius vki esa fujkyk gS\ Li"V dhft,A 3- iqfyl dfe'uj osQ uksfVl vkSj dkSafly osQ uksfVl esa D;k varj Fkk\ 4- èkeZrYys osQ eksM+ ij vkdj tqywl D;ksa VwV x;k\ 5- MkW- nklxqIrk tqywl esa ?kk;y yksxksa dh ns[k&js[k rks dj gh jgs Fks] muosQ I+kQksVks Hkh mrjok jgs FksA mu yksxksa osQ I+kQksVks [khapus dh D;k otg gks ldrh Fkh\ Li"V dhft,A ([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (50-60 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ 1- lqHkk"k ckcw osQ tqywl esa L=kh lekt dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh\ 2- tqywl osQ ykyck”kkj vkus ij yksxksa dh D;k n'kk gqbZ\ 3- ^tc ls dkuwu Hkax dk dke 'kq: gqvk gS rc ls vkt rd bruh cM+h lHkk ,sls eSnku esa ugha dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g lHkk rks dguk pkfg, fd vksiu yM+kbZ FkhA* ;gk¡ ij dkSu ls vkSj fdlosQ }kjk ykxw fd, x, dkuwu dks Hkax djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS\ D;k dkuwu Hkax djuk mfpr Fkk\ ikB osQ lanHkZ eas vius fopkj izdV dhft,A 4- cgqr ls yksx ?kk;y gq,] cgqrksa dks ykWdvi esa j[kk x;k] cgqr&lh fL=k;k¡ tsy xb±] fiQj Hkh bl fnu dks viwoZ crk;k x;k gSA vkiosQ fopkj esa ;g lc viwoZ D;ksa gS\ vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A 2024-25 64 / Li'kZ (x) fuEufyf[kr dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,& 1- vkt rks tks oqQN gqvk og viwoZ gqvk gSA caxky osQ uke ;k dydÙkk osQ uke ij dyad Fkk fd ;gk¡ dke ugha gks jgk gS og vkt cgqr va'k esa èkqy x;kA 2- [kqyk pSysat nsdj ,slh lHkk igys ugha dh xbZ FkhA Hkk"kk vè;;u 1- jpuk dh n`f"V ls okD; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ ljy okD;µljy okD; esa drkZ] deZ] iwjd] fØ;k vkSj fØ;k fo'ks"k.k ?kVdksa ;k buesa ls oqQN ?kVdksa dk ;ksx gksrk gSA Lora=k :i ls iz;qDr gksus okyk miokD; gh ljy okD; gSA mnkgj.kµyksx Vksfy;k¡ cukdj eSnku esa ?kweus yxsA la;qDr okD;µftl okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d Lora=k ;k eq[; miokD; lekukf/dj.k ;kstd ls tqM+s gkas] og la;qDr okD; dgykrk gSA ;kstd 'kCnµvkSj] ijarq] blfy, vkfnA mnkgj.kµeksuqesaV osQ uhps >aMk iQgjk;k tk,xk vkSj Lora=krk dh izfrKk i

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