Philippine Amphibians PDF

Philippine Amphibians  Philippine Amphibians 112 or 113 species (Alcala & Brown 1998, 1999; Brown et al. 2000; Diesmos et al. 2004, 2006; Siler et al. 2007, 2009, 2010; Brown et al. 2009) 85% inhabit the forested areas (Brow...

Philippine Amphibians  Philippine Amphibians 112 or 113 species (Alcala & Brown 1998, 1999; Brown et al. 2000; Diesmos et al. 2004, 2006; Siler et al. 2007, 2009, 2010; Brown et al. 2009) 85% inhabit the forested areas (Brown et al., 2008) 95% endemic to Philippines (Brown et al., 2008) 99 species endemics 45% threatened with extinction (Alcala, et al., 2012; Brown, et al., 2012; Diesmos, et al., 2014).  Gymnophiona: Caecilians Caecilians (/sɪˈsɪliən/; New Latin for 'blind ones') are a group of limbless, vermiform (worm-shaped) or serpentine (snake-shaped) amphibians with small or sometimes nonexistent eyes. They mostly live hidden in soil or in streambeds, and this cryptic lifestyle renders caecilians among the least familiar amphibians. Bufonidae: True toads Ansonia, Pelophryne & Bufo This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Bombinatoridae: Primitive aquatic flat headed frogs Barbourula busuangensis Oreophryne, Kalophrynus, Chaperina & Kaloula This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Kaloula: narrowmouth frogs, including the Luzon narrow-mouthed frog and Asian painted frog Megophryidae: Leaf-litter frogs Megaphorys and Ranidae: True frogs Micrixalus, Hylarana, Sanguirana, Staurois Hylarana: Green paddy frog - invasive This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Dicroglossidae: Fork-tongued frogs Hoplobatrachus, Ingerana, Fejervarya, Limnonectes and Occidozyga Hoplobatrachus: East Limnonectes Asian bullfrog magnus (endemic) Rhacophoridae: Shrub- frogs Nyctixalus, Philautus, Polypedates, Rhacophorus, Kurixalus, Leptomanis Philautus: Common forest tree frog This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Polypedates: Common Southeast Asian tree frog This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Leptomantis bimaculatus Platymantis: Phil. forest frogs This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA ` Invasive Species/ Species of Concern due to its Threat to Biodiversity and Ecosystem  Pili, et al.: Invasion & distribution of alin frogs Photographs in life of (a) the American bullfrog, (b) the Asiatic painted toad, (c) the cane toad, (d) the Chinese bullfrog, (e) the green paddy frog, and (f) the greenhouse frog. Photographs copyright Tony Gerard (a), Arman N. Pili (b), How to ID your Frogs using Basic Morphology as guide: Mts. Makiling and Banahaw as Guide WEB VERSION WEB VERSION  Frogs? 1. Male frogs often have small, differently colored patches on their hands. 2. These patches are particularly noticeable on the insides of their thumbs. 3. The texture of these patches can be rough, aiding in mating. 4. During the breeding season, male frogs often undergo color changes. 5. Their patches may turn dark and become raised, enhancing visibility. 6. Nuptial pads are slightly darker, textured areas on male frogs' thumbs. 7. They assist in gripping the female during mating. IDENTIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE REPTILES Morphological Characteristics of Class Reptilia Class Reptilia includes lizards, snakes, worm-lizards, turtles and crocodilians. Amniotes Epidermal scales and dermal plates Lack feathers, hair or mammary glands Skin is dry Ectothermic 3-chambered heart Claws  DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES  Order Squamata Suborder Suborder Suborder Ophidia/Serpentes Amphisbaenia Sauria/Lacertilia Agamidae - Have well developed limbs - Throat flaps of fans - Keeled scales Hydrosaurus (sailfin dragon) Draco (Flying Lizard) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Gonocephalus (forest dragons) Bronchocela (crestedlizard) Scincidae Cylindrical bodies Robust Conical heads  Eugongylinae S Lygosominae Mabuyinae Scincinae Sphenomorphi nae This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Dibamidae Small, elongated, nearly limbless lizards Fossorial Dibamus leucurus Dibamus novaeguineae Varanidae Small head, long neck Terrestrial – arboreal predators Sturdy body and limbs and powerful tails Gekkonidae Terrestrial to arboreal forms Scansors Mostly nocturnal Cyrtodactylus philippinicus Gekko gecko gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Hemiphyllodactylus insularis Pseudogekko smargardinus Luperosaurus cf kubli Snakes Typhlopidae Blind snakes Small smooth scaled with cylindrical bodies Eyes concealed by scales Xenopeltidae Sunbeam snakes Burrowing and secretive Cylindrical body, f lattened head Pythoniae Very large bodies Non-poisonous Mostly terrestrial Gerrhopilidae Blind snakes Genus Gerrhopilus (philippines) Acrochordidae Wart snakes Thoroughly aquatic Weird looking with seemingly oversized skin Colubridae Racers, rat snakes Largest snake family Without venom glands Ahaetulla Chrysopelea Dendralephis Calamaria Boiga Coelagnathus Gonyosoma Liopeltis Lycodon Oligodon Ptyas Sibynophis Opisthrophis Stegonotus Rhabdophis Trophidonophis  Cycloridae The members of this subfamily are among the most poorly known snakes in the world. Very little Cyclocorus information is available on their Hologerrhum geographic distribution, ecology, behavior, or conservation status Myersophis Oxyrhabdium Levitonius  Homolopsidae Indo-Australian water snakes, mudsnakes, or bockadams. Typically stout-bodied water snakes, and all are mildly venomous. Cerberus Fordonia Gerarda  Pareidae Pareidae is a small family of snakes found largely in southeast Asia. Only one species in the Philippines Aplopeltura boa, the blunthead slug snake or blunt-headed slug-eating snake  Pseudaspididae (Mock Vipers, Keeled Snakes and Mock Snakes) Small snake family Three genera and disjunct distribution. Common Mock Viper Psammodynastes pulverulentus pulverulentus Elapidae Coral snakes and cobras Venomous Small eyes have round pupils Elongate cylindrical bodies Neck flap Ophiophagus hannah to Ophiophagus salvatana (Sp.nov.) endemic to Luzon and Ophiophagus bungarus (Palawan) Species of concern (medically) – Coral Snake Calliophis  Laticauda, Emydocephalus, Hydrophis, Microcephalophis (Sea Snakes except H. semperi) Viperidae Pit vipers Highly poisonous Triangular heads Thick bodies, short tails 5 species of viper in the Philippines (𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠) 1. Northern Philippine temple pit viper (𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑠 philippinensis) 2. Southern Philippine temple pit viper 3. Philippine pit viper (Trimeresurus flavomacalatus) 4. Batanes pit viper (Trimeresurus mcgregorii) 5. Palawan pit viper (Trimeresurus Schultzei) All of them are VENOMOUS SPECIES Hydrophidae Sea snakes All are venomous Paddle shaped tails Highly aquatic Sea Snakes/Sea Kraits Laticauda, Hydrophis, This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Aisphyrus ORDER TESTU Testudines Shelled reptiles with solid anapsid skull Most primitive order of living reptiles Exceptional feature shell Dorsal carapace and ventral plastron  Terrestrial tortoises TURTLES Marine species Semi-aquatic turtles  Dermochelyidae Leatherback turtles Fusiform body Dermochelys coriacea  Bony carapace and plastron Heads and necks are Chelonidae (Sea Turtles) largely non retractable Emydidae Terrestrial to freshwater Small to moderate-sized turtles  The painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) is The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), also the most widespread native turtle of known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle North America. It lives in relatively slow- belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the moving fresh waters pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world. Trionychidae Soft-shelled turtles Flattened and pancake shaped turtles Head was protruding snorkellike snout Excellent swimmers and strong webbed feet This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Malayan Softshell Turtle Asian Giant Softshell Turtle Chinese Softshell Turtle Geoemylidae (Old-World Pond Turtles) Semi-aquatic Widespread distribution in Asia ((subfamily Rhinoclemmydinae Three genera in PH (Cuora, Cyclemys and Siebenrockiella) Cuora amboinensis amboinensis Southeast Cuora amboinensis kamaroma (Domed- Asian Box Turtle Southeast Asian Box Turtle Cuora philippinensis (Philippine Box Turtle) (new species from C.amboinensis complex) Cyclemys dentata Hosea spinosa Siebenrockiella leytensis Asian Leaf Turtle Spiny Turtle Philippine Forest Turtle ORDER CROCODILIA  Complete separation of nasal and oral cavity Crocodiles 4-chambered heart Slit-like pupils adapted during night time Lack Jacobson’s organ  Crocodylida Order e Crocodili a Alligatorida e Gavialidae Why not make your own database/checklist using available resources???? To do: Make a list of all possible reptiles and amphibians that can be found in your area of assignment?