Head Injury PDF

# Head Injury * Head injury: It's any injury to scalp, skull or brain. ## Common Causes of Traumatic brain injury 1. accident 2. Falling from hight 3. Alcohol and drug that occur head injury. ## Head injury A) focal injuries * **Identifiable area of involvement)** 1. Scalp injury * Excessiv...

# Head Injury * Head injury: It's any injury to scalp, skull or brain. ## Common Causes of Traumatic brain injury 1. accident 2. Falling from hight 3. Alcohol and drug that occur head injury. ## Head injury A) focal injuries * **Identifiable area of involvement)** 1. Scalp injury * Excessive force applied to the scalp * Include abrasions and lacerations 2. Skull Fractures * Occur when energy applied to skull causes abony deformation. * | Skull Fracture | Description | |---|---| | Linear | Thin lines radio graphically, No bond displacement, No Treatment required | | Comminuted | Breakage of skull bone into multiple Fragment | | Depressed | In ward displacement, require Surgical Treatment | | Basal | It's fracture in The base of skull, concern from Infection | 3. Contusion * More severe injure in which the brain is bruised. * Possible bleeding ## Hematoma Hematoma "It's bleeding ....." * | Location | Description | |---|---| | Epidural "EDH" | Between skull and dura mater | | Subdural "SDH" | Between dura mater and surface of brain | | Subarachnoid | Blood in space under arachnoid membran | | Intracerebral | Blood clois within brain tissue itself | ## Diffuse brain Injuries * Involve entire brain and concussion ## **Concussion** * It's a non-lethal head injury resulting from blunt trauma. * Symptoms: Dizziness, confusion, headache, amnesia ## Head Injury * **Primary & Secondary** ### Primary injury * Initial trauma to brain result of blunt or penetrating head trauma. ### Secondary injury - Occur as a result of brain's physiologic response to primary event or injury. - Include: 1. Hypotension related to bleeding 2. Hypoxia 3. Hypercapnia related to breathing pattern ## **ICP** N= 0-15 mmHg * Increase intracranial pressure ## Cushing's Triad 1. Hyper tension 2. Brady cardia 3. Brady prea ## Related To: * **Cerebral edema** * 13-15: Mild injury * 9-12: Moderate * 8: Severe ## Patient with high ICP * One or both pupils may be very wide in response to bright color. ## Managment of Head injured patients ### Initial principles * **Airway & Breathing ABCD** * Protect cervical spine * Patient unconsciousness in left lateral position * Patient consciousness in upright position * **Circulation** * Reduce Cerebral edema * **Cervical spine** * C-Collar ## Prevention of secondary injuries * Hypoxia * Hyper capnia * Hypotension (result From Hypovolemia) * Cerebral ischemia secondary to TIEP