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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a common cause of traumatic brain injury?
Which of the following is a common cause of traumatic brain injury?
What type of skull fracture occurs without bone displacement?
What type of skull fracture occurs without bone displacement?
What is a characteristic of a contusion?
What is a characteristic of a contusion?
Where is an epidural hematoma located?
Where is an epidural hematoma located?
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What is a defining feature of primary brain injury?
What is a defining feature of primary brain injury?
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What is Cushing's Triad characterized by?
What is Cushing's Triad characterized by?
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What may indicate increased intracranial pressure in a patient?
What may indicate increased intracranial pressure in a patient?
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What often follows primary brain injury as a physiological response?
What often follows primary brain injury as a physiological response?
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Which description pertains to a basal skull fracture?
Which description pertains to a basal skull fracture?
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What symptom is commonly associated with concussion?
What symptom is commonly associated with concussion?
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Study Notes
Head Injury
- Head injury: Any injury to the scalp, skull, or brain.
- Common causes: Accidents, falls from heights, alcohol and drug-related incidents.
- Focal Injuries:
- Scalp injury: Excessive force causing abrasions and lacerations.
- Skull fractures: Occur when energy applied to the skull causes bony deformation. Types include Linear, Comminuted, Depressed, and Basal.
- Diffuse Brain Injuries: Involve the entire brain and include concussion.
- Concussion: Non-fatal head injury from blunt trauma, symptoms include dizziness, confusion, headache, and amnesia.
- Hematoma: Types include epidural (EDH) between the skull and dura mater; subdural (SDH) between dura mater and surface of the brain; and subarachnoid, blood in space under arachnoid membrane.
- Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP):
- ICP increase (N > 15 mmHg)
- Cerebral edema related to increased ICP
- Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, bradypnea).
- Management of Head Injured Patients:
- Initial principles (ABCs): Airway, Breathing, Circulation
- Protect cervical spine
- Patient unconsciousness in left lateral position
- Reduce cerebral edema
- Cervical spine stabilization (collar)
- Prevent secondary injuries (hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypotension)
- Cerebral ischemia (secondary to ICP).
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