HBS 1.2 Review PDF

# Unit 1: Road to Rehabilitation ## 1.2 Muscles and Motion & 1.3 Relief Within Reach ### 1.2.1 Causes of Contraction | Key Terms | Description | |---|---| | Muscle | A band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position o...

# Unit 1: Road to Rehabilitation ## 1.2 Muscles and Motion & 1.3 Relief Within Reach ### 1.2.1 Causes of Contraction | Key Terms | Description | |---|---| | Muscle | A band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body. | | Tendons | A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. | | Ligament | A flexible, tough fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages together at a joint. | | Contraction | The process in which a muscle becomes or is made shorter and tighter. | | Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) | A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups, which supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes. | | Sarcomere | Any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils. | | Actin | A protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells. | | Myosin | A protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells. | | Sliding Filament Theory | Theory that explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement. | | Troponin | A protein (together with tropomyosin) involved in muscle contraction. | | Tropomyosin | A protein (together with troponin) involved in muscle contraction. | ### 1.2.2 Makeup of a Muscle | | Description | |---|---| | Endomysium | A layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber. | | Epimysium | A layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle. | | Perimysium | A layer of connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers. | | Fascicle | A bundle of muscle fibers. | | Myofibril | Long contractile fibers that perform muscle contraction (actin and myosin). | ### 1.2.3 Building Muscle | | Description | |---|---| | Origin | Muscle attachment on bone that remains immobile during action. | | Insertion | Muscle attachment on bone that moves during the action. | ### 1.2.4 Mind Over Muscle | | Description | |---|---| | Occupational Therapy | Medical treatment that improves a patient's ability to perform activities of daily living such as school, work, and home. | | Muscle fatigue | A decrease in the force or power output of muscle. | ### 1.2.5 Joints in Motion | | Description | |---|---| | Fibrous Joint | A fixed, or immovable, joint that connects bones. It is made primarily of collagen. | | Cartilaginous Joint | A joint that has some motion to it with hyaline cartilage present, in the space between articulating bones. | | Synovial Joint | A moveable joint that contains synovial fluid in the space around it to reduce friction; the most common type of joint in the body. | | Cartilage | Flexible connective tissue that provides shape and support to various body parts and cushions bones, allowing for movement and flexibility. | | Articular (hyaline) Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone structures. | | Elastic Cartilage | A spongy, yellow, elastic network of fibers that provide support to body structure. | | Fibrocartilage | The strongest type of cartilage that provides support, rigidity, and cushioning to parts of the body. | | Kinesiology Tape | A stretchy, movable tape that is used by therapists to change muscle tone, move lymphatic fluids, correct movement patterns, and improve posture. | | Proprioception | The body's ability to sense movement, action, and location. Examples of proprioception are being able to walk or kick without looking at your feet. | ### 1.2.6 Restoring ROM | | Description | |---|---| | Range of Motion | The range through which a joint can be moved. | | Goniometer | An instrument for measuring the angles of a joint. | | Active ROM Exercise | Exercises that are completed by the patient moving the limb or body part around the stiff joint without the help of their physical therapist. | ### 1.3.1 Personalized Plans | | Description | |---|---| | Empathy | Understanding and experiencing the feelings of another person. | | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) | A set of U.S. national standards that protect an individual's privacy rights related to their personal medical information. | ## Careers | Job Title | Description | |---|---| | Physical Therapist | Medical professional who helps injured or ill people improve movement and manage pain | | Physiatrist | A medical doctor trained in the specialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation. | | Orthopedic Surgeon | A medical doctor who examines, diagnoses, and treats (including surgical treatment) diseases and injuries to the musculoskeletal system. | | Certified Athletic Trainer | A medical professional that provides athletic training services to athletes to prevent, assess, and treat athletic injuries. | ## Lessons at a Glance: 3 Types of Muscle | Muscle Type | Description | Image | |---|---|---| | Skeletal Muscle | Striated, voluntary muscle that is attached to the skeletal system. | Image of Skeletal Muscle | | Smooth Muscle | Nonstriated, involuntary muscle that makes up the walls of hollow organs. | Image of Smooth Muscle | | Cardiac Muscle | Striated, involuntary muscle that makes up the walls of the heart. | Image of Cardiac Muscle | ## Sliding Filament Theory - In order for muscles to contract (shorten and thicken), they must receive a message from the CNS to do so. - Muscle fibers contain myofibrils that allow the muscles to contract. - Thick filament protein: myosin - Thin filament protein: actin - The two proteins can slide, shortening the sarcomere during contraction. ### Diagram of a sarcomere: - A diagram of a sarcomere shows the Z disk, sarcomere, M line, myosin, actin, and tropomyosin. ### Structure of a Skeletal Muscle: - A diagram of skeletal muscle shows how the muscle contracts. ## Muscle Rules 1. Muscles have at least 2 attachments and cross 1 joint. 2. Muscles always "pull" to get shorter. 3. The attachment that moves is known as the insertion and the attachment that remains stationary is known as the origin. 4. Muscles that decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as **flexors**. Muscles that increase the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as **extensors**. 5. Muscles work in opposing pairs. 6. Muscle striations point to the attachments and show the direction of pull. ## Types of Joints - **Fibrous joints** - A fixed, or immovable, joint that connects bones. It is made primarily of collagen. - **Synovial joints** - A moveable joint that contains synovial fluid in the space around it to reduce friction; the most common type of joint in the body. - Saddle joint - Ball-and-socket joint - Hinge joint - Condyloid joint - Plane joint - Pivot joint - **Cartilaginous joints** -A joint that has some motion to it with hyaline cartilage present, in the space between articulating bones. ### Diagram of a cartilaginous joint: - This diagram shows the bone, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, articular capsule, and joint cavity containing synovial fluid. ## Range of Motion - **Goniometer** – tool used to measure the angle of the joint in motion - **Rotation** - A diagram showing how the head, neck, and arms can rotate. - **Circumduction** - A diagram showing how a leg uses circumduction. ## Depression & Elevation - Diagram of a jaw shows how depression and elevation work. ## Abduction & Adduction - Diagram shows how abduction and adduction work in the arm. ## Flexion & Extension - Diagram shows how flexion and extension work for the legs. ## Plantar flexion & Dorsiflexion - Diagram shows how plantar flexion and dorsiflexion work in the foot. ## 4 Ligaments of the Knee - A diagram shows the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). ## Clinical Ligament Tests - When a ligament of the knee is torn, the joint is loose (laxity). - **Anterior Drawer Test (ACL Injury)** - diagram shows how this test is performed. - **Posterior Drawer Test (PCL Injury)** - diagram shows how this test is performed. - **Valgus Stress Test (MCL injury)** - diagram shows how this test is performed. - **Varus Stress Test (LCL injury)** - diagram shows how this test is performed. ## Taping an ACL Injury - Kinesiology/Kinesio tape is flexible tape designed to relieve pain and improve circulation without restricting movement. - When not to use tape on an ACL injury: - post-op - over open wounds or sutures - if the patient has a DVT (deep vein thrombosis) - if tumor or cancer - allergy to adhesive