Binary Phase Diagrams PDF

Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering College of Engineering Binary Phase Diagrams Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Phase Diagrams Second Semeste...

Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering College of Engineering Binary Phase Diagrams Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Phase Diagrams Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Definitions and Basic Concepts Component pure metals and/or compounds in which an alloy is composed of Example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper http://www.apacrubber.com/brass-metal-products/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Definitions and Basic Concepts System a specific body of material under consideration a series of possible alloys consisting of the same components, but without regard to alloy composition Examples: ▪ Fe-C System ▪ Al-Cu System Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Definitions and Basic Concepts Solubility Limit the maximum concentration of atoms that may dissolve in the matrix to form a solution temperature dependent Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Definitions and Basic Concepts Phase a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics http://www.shmoop.com/solids-liquids-gases/phas Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Definitions and Basic Concepts Phase Equilibrium as it applies to systems in which more than one phase may exist a system is at equilibrium if its free energy is at a minimum under some specified combination of temperature, pressure, and composition Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Definitions and Basic Concepts Phase Equilibrium Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Definition a graphical representation of the phases present and the ranges in composition, temperature and pressure over which the phases are stable collection of curves showing solubility limits also called equilibrium phase diagrams because all reactions represented in the diagram are allowed to go to equilibrium Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Uses phase diagrams are used to predict phase transformations and its products understand the formation of microstructures predict what phases exist for a selected alloy compositions at desired temperatures determine the chemical composition of each phase to calculate the quantity of each phase present Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Types of Phase Diagrams Unary Binary Ternary Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Unary Phase Diagram: One Component Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Second Semester AY 2019-2020 Binary Phase Diagram: Two Components Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Ternary Phase Diagrams: Three Components https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-ternary-phase-and-ternary-phase-diagram Nelson (2011) Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Features in a Phase Diagram Axes: y-axis : temperature (°C or °F) x-axis : composition (wt% or atom%) Lower-case Greek letters (𝝰, β, 𝝲, etc.) : solid solutions L or Lx: denotes a liquid phase Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Features in a Phase Diagram Phase field/region defined by the phase or phases that exist over a range of compositions and temperatures Phase boundary lines that separate different phase fields Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Features in a Phase Diagram Solidus locus of temperature below which only solids are present Liquidus locus of temperatures above which only liquids are present Solvus boundary between a single solid phase field and a two solid phase field Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Features in a Phase Diagram Intermetallic Compound appear as distinct chemical formula in phase diagrams Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Phases Present locate the temperature-composition point on the diagram and note the phase(s) that are present Composition of Phases expressed in terms of the concentrations of the components Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Composition: 70% Ag – 30% Cu 50% Ag – 50% Cu Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Temperature: 900 °C 600 °C Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Chemical Compositions of Equilibriated Phases One-Phase Areas chemical composition of a single phase is equal to the composition of the alloy Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Phase: Liquid 100 % Liquid Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Composition: 70% Ag – 30% Cu Temperature: 900 °C Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Phase: Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Composition: Temperature: Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Chemical Compositions of Equilibriated Phases Two-Phase Areas chemical compositions are located at the two-ends of the isotherm, or tie-line, across the two-phase areas read compositions of phase at the end of the tie line Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Alloy Composition: 30% Ag – 70% Cu Tie Line Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Phases at 900 °C : 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 Phase Composition at 900 °C: 𝛼: 8% Ag – 92% Cu Composition L: 42% Ag – 58% Cu of 𝜶 Composition of Liquid Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Alloy Composition: 90% Ag – 10% Cu Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Phases at 800 °C : 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 Phase Composition at 900 °C: L: 78% Ag – 22% Cu Composition Composition of Liquid of 𝜷 𝛽: 92% Ag – 8% Cu Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Quantities of Phases in Equilibriated Mixtures One-Phase Areas quantity of one phase is equal to the quantity of the alloy Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Alloy Composition: 5% Ag – 95% Cu Phase/s at 800°C : Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. α Phase Composition at 800°C: 5% Ag – 95% Cu Quantity of Phase/s: 𝛼: 100% Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Quantities of Phases in Equilibriated Mixtures Two-Phase Areas quantities are obtained by using the Lever Rule Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Lever Rule STEPS: Define alloy composition and temperature Set tie line and define compositions at the ends of the tie line To find the amount of one phase, use the ff. equation: 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑.𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 – 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑.𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒚 % 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕, 𝟏 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Alloy Composition: 20% Ag – 80% Cu Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Phase Composition at 850°C: 𝛼: 9% Ag – 91% Cu L: 54% Ag – 46% Cu Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Phase Amount at 850°C : 54 − 20 %𝜶= 𝑥 100 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 % 54 − 9 9% Ag 54% Ag 20 − 9 20% Ag %𝑳= 𝑥 100 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 % 54 − 9 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram: Interpretation Alloy Composition: 90% Ag – 10% Cu Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Phases at 800 °C : 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 Phase Composition at 900 °C: L: 78% Ag – 22% Cu 𝛽: 92% Ag – 8% Cu Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Invariant Reactions Eutectic : L1→ S1 + S2 Eutectoid : S1→ S2 + S3 Peritectic : S 1 + L 1 → S2 Peritectoid : S 1 + S 2 → S3 Monotectic : L1 → S1 + L2 Syntectic : L 1 + L 2 → S1 Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Second Semester AY 2019-2020 Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Phases 𝝰-Fe / alpha Ferrite crystal structure: BCC Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. stable form of iron at room temperature maximum solubility of carbon in alpha Ferrite is 0.022 wt% at 727 °C Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Phases 𝝲-Fe / Austenite crystal structure: FCC Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. maximum solubility of carbon in austenite is 2.14 wt% at 1147 °C Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Phases 𝜹-Fe / delta Ferrite crystal structure: BCC same as 𝝰-ferrite stable only at high temperature Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Phases Fe3C / iron carbide / cementite metastable intermetallic compound remains as a compound indefinitely at room T, but decomposes (very slowly, within several years) into α-Fe and C (graphite) at 650 - 700 °C Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Invariant Reactions Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Invariant Reactions Peritectic, 1493 °C 𝑳 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪 + 𝜹 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪 ⇌ 𝜸(𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪) Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Invariant Reactions Eutectic, 1147 °C 𝑳 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪 ⇌ 𝜸 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪 + 𝑭𝒆𝟑 𝑪(𝟔. 𝟕𝟎 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪) Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram: Invariant Reactions Eutectoid, 727 °C 𝜸 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪 ⇌ 𝜶 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪 + 𝑭𝒆𝟑 𝑪(𝟔. 𝟕𝟎 𝒘𝒕% 𝑪) Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypoeutectoid Composition: Amount Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypoeutectoid Composition: Phase Amount 𝑼 𝑾𝒑𝒓𝒐−𝜶 = 𝑻+𝑼 0.76 − 𝐶0′ 𝑊𝑝𝑟𝑜−𝛼 = 0.76 − 0.022 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypoeutectoid Composition: Phase Amount 𝑻 𝑾𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆 = 𝑻+𝑼 𝐶0′ − 0.022 𝑊𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0.76 − 0.022 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypoeutectoid Composition: Phase Amount Example: For a 99.65 wt% Fe–0.35 wt% C alloy at a temperature just below the eutectoid, determine the following: a. The fractions of total ferrite and cementite phases b. The fractions of the proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite c. The fraction of eutectoid ferrite Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypoeutectoid Composition: Phase Amount a. total ferrite and cementite phases: 6.70 − 0.35 𝑊𝛼 = = 0.95 6.70 − 0.022 0.35 − 0.022 𝑊𝐹𝑒3 𝐶 = = 0.05 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. 6.70 − 0.022 Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypoeutectoid Composition: Phase Amount b. the fractions of the proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite: 0.76 − 0.35 𝑊𝑝𝑟𝑜−𝛼 = = 0.56 0.76 − 0.022 0.35 − 0.022 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. 𝑊𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 = = 0.44 0.76 − 0.022 Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypoeutectoid Composition: Phase Amount c. the fraction of eutectoid ferrite: 𝑊𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝛼 = 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝛼 − 𝑊𝑝𝑟𝑜−𝛼 𝑊𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝛼 = 0.95 − 0.56 = 0.39 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypereutectoid Composition: Amount Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypereutectoid Composition: Phase Amount 𝑽 𝑾𝒑𝒓𝒐−𝑭𝒆𝟑 𝑪 = 𝑽+𝑿 𝑪′𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝑾𝒑𝒓𝒐−𝑭𝒆𝟑𝑪 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypereutectoid Composition: Phase Amount 𝑿 𝑾𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆 = 𝑽+𝑿 6.70 − 𝐶1′ 𝑊𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 6.70 − 0.76 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypereutectoid Composition: Phase Amount Example: For a 98.90 wt% Fe–1.10 wt% C alloy at a temperature just below the eutectoid, determine the following: a. The fractions of total ferrite and cementite phases b. The fractions of the proeutectoid cementite and pearlite c. The fraction of eutectoid cementite Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypereutectoid Composition: Phase Amount a. total ferrite and cementite phases: 6.70 − 1.10 𝑊𝛼 = = 0.839 6.70 − 0.022 1.10 − 0.022 𝑊𝐹𝑒3𝐶 = = 0.161 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. 6.70 − 0.022 Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypereutectoid Composition: Phase Amount b. the fractions of the proeutectoid cementite and pearlite: 1.10 − 0.76 𝑊𝑝𝑟𝑜−𝐹𝑒𝐶 = = 0.057 6.70 − 0.76 6.70 − 1.10 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. 𝑊𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 = = 0.943 6.70 − 0.76 Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Hypereutectoid Composition: Phase Amount c. the fraction of eutectoid cementite: 𝑊𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐹𝑒3 𝐶 = 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙−𝐹𝑒3 𝐶 − 𝑊𝑝𝑟𝑜−𝐹𝑒3 𝐶 𝑊𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐹𝑒3 𝐶 = 0.161 − 0.057 = 0.104 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Transformation Equilibrium Condition very slow cooling or heating phase diagram is used to predict phase transformations Non-Equilibrium Condition rapid cooling or heating TTT curve and/or CCT curve is/are used Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Non-Equilibrium Time-Temperature-Transformation Curve or Isothermal Transformation Curve (IT) allow prediction of the microstructure and corresponding amount after some period of constant temperature Continuous-Cooling Transformation Curve allow the prediction of microstructures after continuous cooling treatments Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy ∆𝑻 Difference TEMPERATURE Isothermal Treatment Continuous Cooling Treatment TIME Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Phase Diagram vs TTT Curve Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy  Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 TTT vs CCT: Eutectoid Steel CCT TTT MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy TTT vs CCT: Eutectoid Steel Abbaschian, R., Lara Abbaschian, and Robert E. Reed-Hill. Physical Metallurgy Principles. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy  Isothermal Transformation Curves 4340 Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. eutectoid Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy  Continuous Cooling Transformation Curve Critical Cooling Rate the minimum quenching rate that will form 100% martensite Callister, W. (2011). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. CRC Press. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Continuous Cooling Transformation Curve Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: Eutectoid Steel Microstructures and/or Phases Present: Pearlite: 50% Bainite: 50% Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 1045 Microstructures and/or Phases Present: Bainite: 50% Martensite: 50% (w/ some retained austenite) Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 1045 Microstructures and/or Phases Present: Bainite: 50% Tempered Martensite: 50% or (w/ some martensite) Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 1045 Microstructures and/or Phases Present: Pro-Ferrite: 42% Pearlite: 29% Bainite: 29% Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 1045 Microstructures and/or Phases Present: Pro-Ferrite Pearlite Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 1045 Microstructures and/or Phases Present: Pro-Ferrite Pearlite Bainite Martensite Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 1045 Microstructures and/or Phases Present: Pro-Ferrite Pearlite Bainite Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 4340 Microstructures and/or Phases Present at a cooling rate of 𝟓℃/𝒔: Bainite Martensite Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy Example: AISI 4340 Microstructures and/or Phases Present at a cooling rate of 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏℃/𝒔 : Pro-Ferrite Pearlite Bainite Martensite Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy References Callister, William D., and David G. Rethwisch. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. eBook. Smallman, R. E., and R.E Smallman. Modern Physical Metallurgy. 8th Edition. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. eBook. Second Semester AY 2019-2020 MetE 176: Physical Metallurgy