Professional Development and Applied Ethics Handout 3 PDF

**HANDOUT 3** **PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLIED ETHICS** **Name:** **Course:** **Year and Section:** **Instructor:** **TOPICS:** - **Self-regulation and Professional Autonomy** - **Graft and Corruption** **Professional self-regulation** is a regulatory model which enables governmen...

**HANDOUT 3** **PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLIED ETHICS** **Name:** **Course:** **Year and Section:** **Instructor:** **TOPICS:** - **Self-regulation and Professional Autonomy** - **Graft and Corruption** **Professional self-regulation** is a regulatory model which enables government to have some control over the practice of a profession and the services provided by its members. Self-regulation is based on the concept of an occupational group entering into an agreement with government to formally regulate the activities of its members. The agreement typically takes the form of the government granting self-regulatory status**.** This is done through a piece of legislation which provides a framework for the regulation of a specified profession, and identifies the extent of the legal authority that has been delegated to the profession's regulatory body**.** It also means more autonomy and control for the profession as a whole. Under professional self-regulation, the regulatory body for a profession is able to set entry requirements and standards for practicing the profession, rather than having government, or another profession, impose requirements on the profession. **Professional Autonomy** means having the authority to make decisions and the freedom to act in accordance with one\'s professional knowledge base **Prevalence of corruption** despite the fact that corruption is universally abhorred, it afflicts traditional and modern societies, rich and poor countries, developed and underdeveloped nations. In traditional (pre-colonial) Africa it was a common feature to offer gifts to people in authority or in some respectable position in society (social, political or religious). Some of these "gifts" were bribes in anticipation of a reciprocal favour. Post-colonial Africa is undeniably one of the worst victims of (political) corruption. Despite great assets, Africa makes slow progress because of the slow bleeding of the festering wound of corruption. According to experts corruption is the greatest and most serious disease of governments in Africa. Corruption is more wide-spread or pervasive in some than in other countries. In the Third World it consumes from 30%-70% of the national budget! It also produces more devastating effects in some than in other nations. In the rich North it will not as easily cause people to suffer. **GRAFT AND CORRUPTION** INCLUDE BRIBERY, EXTORTION, AND NEPOTISM, AND ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE SUBORDINATION OF PUBLIC INTERESTS TO PRIVATE AIMS AND VIOLATIONS OF THE NORMS OF DUTY AND WELFARE, ACCOMPANIED BY SECRECY, BETRAYAL, DECEPTION AND A CALLOUS DISREGARD FOR ANY CONSEQUENCES SUFFERED BY THE PUBLIC. We also define corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy, hampers economic development and further exacerbates inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental crisis. Exposing corruption and holding the corrupt to account can only happen if we understand the way corruption works and the systems that enable it. **Forms of corruption** vary, but can include bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. **What is the penalty for graft and corruption in the Philippines?** \- (a) Any public officer or private person committing any of the unlawful acts or omissions enumerated in Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this Act shall be punished with imprisonment for not less than one year nor more than ten years, perpetual disqualification from public office, and confiscation or forfeiture in favor of \... **How to prevent graft and corruption?** Preventing public sector corruption 1. Codes of conduct. \... 2. Systems of rewards and incentives. \... 3. Accessibility. \... 4. Human resources management. \... 5. Citizen and stakeholder participation. \... 6. Open government and e-government. \... 7. Managing conflicts of interest. \... 8. Compliance-friendly environment. **Why is it important to prevent corruption?** Corruption can cause death, injury, and financial loss to innocent parties. It results in fewer or defective schools, hospitals, roads and other public services. It is therefore morally wrong. **Graft and Corruption as Morally Evil** \"Is \'graft\' always bad? Is \'corruption\' always an unmixed evil? Is it possible that at this point in Philippine history graft and corruption may be a necessary evil? "Accordingly, I was asked to present a paper \"on the pros and cons of graft and corruption.\" Our key concept, \"graft and corruption,\" is a catch-all Filipino-English term which refers to illegal and, from a Western-derived ethics of public service, immoral conduct benefiting government officials. It connotes an abuse of one\'s office, a betrayal of the public trust. In fact, for many years the Philippine penal code has included bribery, dereliction of duty, frauds and illegal exactions, and malversation of public funds as \"crimes committed by public officers.\" In the mid-50s, the Unexplained Wealth Act was enacted to penalize any official for unlawfully acquiring property clearly beyond his means. Then in 1960 Congress passed the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act which formally defined what most informed Filipinos would associate with the term \"graft and corruption.\" Although nepotism, or the illegal appointment by an official of his close relatives, is not among the practices catalogued in the Act, a number of transactions between an official and his close relatives are proscribed therein. So nepotism and its variants may also be regarded as forms of \"graft and corruption.\" In much of the English literature on the subject, the single word \"corruption\" is used rather than the local compound \"graft and corruption.\" We shall therefore use the first (corruption) for its universal or general meaning and reserve the latter (graft and corruption) to refer specifically to the Philippine setting. Activity 2 Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Course/Year: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Direction: Answer the given Questions.** 1\. What are the forms of corruption? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. What is the difference between graft and corruption? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_