Professional Ethics.pdf

TTTT3013 COMPUTER ETHICS AND SOCIAL PROFESSIONAL ETHICS  RECAP WHAT IS ETHICS? A branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality— that is, concepts such as good and bad, noble and ignoble, right and wrong, justice and virtue....

TTTT3013 COMPUTER ETHICS AND SOCIAL PROFESSIONAL ETHICS  RECAP WHAT IS ETHICS? A branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality— that is, concepts such as good and bad, noble and ignoble, right and wrong, justice and virtue. A discipline which investigates the principles, methods and human behaviour. Ethics is relative (external factors)  WHAT IS ETHICS? ICT has affected the criteria and the nature of ethics. Pre ICT– It is debated from the theoretical and philosophical perspective (relate to life, creator and nature). ICT era– It is exercised by action through ethical approach.  WHY ETHICS IN OTHER AREAS ARE IMPROPER FOR ICT? Computer and data communication have decreased human value. Fast communication via computers affect human action (e.g. couldn’t think the implication of their actions). High numbers of electronic version-easily modified, non authorized access and copy (i.e. increase hacking, plagiarism, privacy and piracy issues). These have created conflict with the main purpose of ICT (i.e. provide information access but at the same time been exposed to information threat). Limited access and verification techniques have caused unethical ICT. Source: Parker, Swope & Baker (1996)  THE IMPORTANCE OF CODE OF ETHICS IN ICT Need code of ethics as a guidance on responsibility and good value. Include: How organisation predict users’ action, the use of computers How professional work All rules and conduct should be acknowledged. HOW TO DISTRIBUTE/ACKNOWLEDGE THE RULES? Vary among organisations Objective is to avoid misconduct Can be: Policy and code of practice Standard  PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER ETHICS Informed consent Balanced Those who received the impact of ICT Advantages more than risks should be aware and ready, informed Justice Balanced between the pro and cons Minimising risk Take responsibility by those who Avoid irrelevant risk receive the advantages  TYPES OF CODE OF ETHICS IN ICT Professional System users  THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHICS 1. Thou shalt NOT use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt NOT interfere with other people's computer work. 3. Thou shalt NOT snoop around in other people's computer files. 4. Thou shalt NOT use a computer to steal. 5. Thou shalt NOT use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Thou shalt NOT copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt NOT use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt NOT appropriate other people's intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10.Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans. Source: Computer Ethics Institute - http://computerethicsinstitute.org/home.html  WHY THE PROFESSIONALS NEED ETHICS? Professional ethics are values or good behaviour that have to be embraced by individuals according to their own professions. Professional ethics determines the correct actions that have to be followed and the wrong actions that need to be avoided. Professional ethics is used to evaluate moral principles for the use of a certain group formed to control their performance in carrying out tasks. Professional ethics is to preserve a professional individual’s moral integrity.  PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS Social control tool used as a guidance to discipline one’s self, to become more ethical. Function: 1. an inspiration and guidance 2. prevention and discipline (conflict and misconduct) 3. preserving professional integrity 4. preserving harmony 5. giving support 6. giving positive image  BASIC OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICAL CONDUCT Excellence Committed Initiative Loyal Responsible to the society Honest Good Moral  ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTER MACHINERY (ACM) CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Provide explanation to assist members in dealing with the various issues contained in the code (development and system usage) It is introduced to the registered user. Penalty (e.g. termination of membership if misconduct) Others: Data processing Management Association (DPMA), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE), Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS), British Computer Society (BCS)  ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTER MACHINERY (ACM) CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT PREAMBLE {Excerpts} The Code is designed to inspire and guide the ethical conduct of all computing professionals, including current and aspiring practitioners, instructors, students, influencers, and anyone who uses computing technology in an impactful way. Additionally, the Code serves as a basis for remediation when violations occur. The Code includes principles formulated as statements of responsibility, based on the understanding that the public good is always the primary consideration. Each principle is supplemented by guidelines, which provide explanations to assist computing professionals in understanding and applying the principle. Source: Association for Computer Machinery - https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (2018)  ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTER MACHINERY (ACM) CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Section 1 outlines fundamental ethical principles that form the basis for the remainder of the Code. 1. GENERAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 1.1 Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all people are stakeholders in computing. 1.2 Avoid harm. 1.3 Be honest and trustworthy. 1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate. 1.5 Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions, creative works, and computing artifacts. 1.6 Respect privacy. 1.7 Honor confidentiality. Source: Association for Computer Machinery - https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (2018)  ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTER MACHINERY (ACM) CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Section 2 addresses additional, more specific considerations of professional responsibility. 2. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES 2.1 Strive to achieve high quality in both the processes and products of professional work. 2.2 Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct, and ethical practice. 2.3 Know and respect existing rules pertaining to professional work. 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review. 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks. 2.6 Perform work only in areas of competence. 2.7 Foster public awareness and understanding of computing, related technologies, and their consequences. 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when authorized or when compelled by the public good. 2.9 Design and implement systems that are robustly and usably secure. Source: Association for Computer Machinery - https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (2018)  ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTER MACHINERY (ACM) CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Section 3 guides individuals who have a leadership role, whether in the workplace or in a volunteer professional capacity. 3. PROFESSIONAL LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES 3.1 Ensure that the public good is the central concern during all professional computing work. 3.2 Articulate, encourage acceptance of, and evaluate fulfillment of social responsibilities by members of the organization or group. 3.3 Manage personnel and resources to enhance the quality of working life. 3.4 Articulate, apply, and support policies and processes that reflect the principles of the Code. 3.5 Create opportunities for members of the organization or group to grow as professionals. 3.6 Use care when modifying or retiring systems. 3.7 Recognize and take special care of systems that become integrated into the infrastructure of society. Source: Association for Computer Machinery - https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (2018)  ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTER MACHINERY (ACM) CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Commitment to ethical conduct is required of every ACM member, and principles involving compliance with the Code are given in Section 4. 4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE. 4.1 Uphold, promote, and respect the principles of the Code. 4.2 Treat violations of the Code as inconsistent with membership in the ACM. The Code as a whole is concerned with how fundamental ethical principles apply to a computing professional's conduct. The Code is not an algorithm for solving ethical problems; rather it serves as a basis for ethical decision-making. When thinking through a particular issue, a computing professional may find that multiple principles should be taken into account, and that different principles will have different relevance to the issue. Questions related to these kinds of issues can best be answered by thoughtful consideration of the fundamental ethical principles, understanding that the public good is the paramount consideration. The entire computing profession benefits when the ethical decision- making process is accountable to and transparent to all stakeholders. Open discussions about ethical issues promote this accountability and transparency. Source: Association for Computer Machinery - https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (2018)  THE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESIONAL PRACTICE ACM and IEEE have cooperated to produce a Code of Ethical Practice. Members of these organisations sign up to the Code when they join. The Code contains 8 Principles related to the behaviour of and decisions made by professional software engineers, including practitioners, educators, managers, supervisors and policy makers, as well as trainees and students of the profession.  THE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESIONAL PRACTICE PREAMBLE {Excerpts} Software engineers are those who contribute by direct participation or by teaching, to the analysis, specification, design, development, certification, maintenance and testing of software systems. Because of their roles in developing software systems, software engineers have significant opportunities to do good or cause harm, to enable others to do good or cause harm, or to influence others to do good or cause harm. To ensure, as much as possible, that their efforts will be used for good, software engineers must commit themselves to making software engineering a beneficial and respected profession. In accordance with that commitment, software engineers shall adhere to the following Code of Ethics and Professional Practice. Software engineers shall commit themselves to making the analysis, specification, design, development, testing and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected profession. In accordance with their commitment to the health, safety and welfare of the public, software engineers shall adhere to the following Eight Principles: Source: Association for Computer Machinery - https://ethics.acm.org/code-of-ethics/software-engineering-code/ (1997)  THE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESIONAL PRACTICE 1. PUBLIC 5. MANAGEMENT Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest. Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and 2. CLIENT AND EMPLOYER maintenance. Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best 6. PROFESSION interests of their client and employer consistent with the public Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the interest. profession consistent with the public interest. 3. PRODUCT 7. COLLEAGUES Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues. modifications meet the highest professional standards possible. 8. SELF 4. JUDGMENT Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in practice of the profession. their professional judgment. Source: Association for Computer Machinery - https://ethics.acm.org/code-of-ethics/software-engineering-code/ (1997)  WHY DO WE NEED WORK/PROFESSIONAL ETHICS? To guide the professional in using their knowledge, skills and expert – beneficial to others Important role as a basis for good relationship between the professional and the society, employer, client and colleague THANK YOU