_____gXmXEV8_2_1_49_removed_1 (1).pdf

Al-HADI University College Medical laboratory technique Lab. Instrumentation / Theoretical First stage Dr. Abdul hameed Mohammad ‫‪Introduction‬‬ ‫اﻟوﺣدات‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوع‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧظري‬ ‫اﻻﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑرﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪L...

Al-HADI University College Medical laboratory technique Lab. Instrumentation / Theoretical First stage Dr. Abdul hameed Mohammad ‫‪Introduction‬‬ ‫اﻟوﺣدات‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوع‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧظري‬ ‫اﻻﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑرﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪Lab. Instrumentation‬‬ Subject/Week subject NO. Medical Device – Full Definition 1 Microscopy 12 Microscope types 31 Electronic microscope 43 photometry 52 spectrophotometer 61 centrifuge 75 electrophoresis 75 Filtration 97 Subject/Week subject NO. Biosafety cabinet 103 incubator 113 Autoclave 124 ‫‪FILTRATION‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎرب ﺗﻨﺠﺢ أﺟﺮاس‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺮا ﻛﺎﻳﺰ ع اﻟﺪﻋﻮة ﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪97‬‬  Filtration ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌ ﻳﻒ اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﻋﲆ أﻧﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ اﳌﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ Filtration may be defined as the separation of a solid from a fluid by means of a porous ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ medium that retains ‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ‬the solid but allows the fluid to pass. ‫ﯾﻣر‬ The term fluid includes liquids and gases, so that both these may be subjected to filtration. ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﳌﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﳧﺢ ﲟﺮور اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ إﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﱰﺷﻴﺢ‬،‫اﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﳩﻞ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻐﺎزات‬ 98  Filtration.‫اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺼﻞ اﳌﻮاد ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﲆ ﺻﻔﺎﲥﺎ اﻟﻔﻴ ﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﳰﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ Filtration is the separating of substances based on their different physical and chemical qualities. Typically, we think of it as the removal of solid particles from a mixture containing both solids ‫ﻋﺎد ًة ﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﰲ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﲆ أﻧﻪ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺠ ﻳﯫت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ and liquids..‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ وﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ In this process, we refer to the collected solid material as the residue and the fluid material ‫ ﻧﺸﲑ إﱃ اﳌﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﳌﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ as the filtrate. ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ وإﱃ اﳌﺎدة اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺷﺢ‬ 99  Filtration ‫ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮرق واﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﻘﻤﺎش‬،‫ﻳﱲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ‬ Different materials are used for the purpose of filtration, including paper, sand, and cloth. Filtration also occurs naturally in our bodies, for example in the kidneys, where the blood is filtered in a process called glomerular filtration. ‫ ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬،‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﰲ أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ‬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﱲ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺪم ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﳧﻰ‬،‫اﳌﺜﺎل ﰲ اﻟﻜﲆ‬ 100  ‫اﻧﻮاع اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ‬ Filtration types ‫اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮد اﳌﺮﻛﺰي‬ 1- Centrifugal Filtration This kind of filtration is done by rotating ‫ﺗدوﯾر‬ the substance to be filtered at very high speed. Due to the horizontal rotation, the more dense matter is separated from the less dense matter. ‫ﻳﱲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻳﻖ ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ‬ ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺪوران‬.‫ﺟﺪا‬ً ‫اﳌﺎدة اﳌﺮاد ﺗﺼﻔﻴﳤﺎ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﱲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﳌﺎدة اﻷﻛﱶ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳌﺎدة اﻷﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬،‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ 101  ‫اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ‬ 2-Gravity Filtration.‫ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﳌﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻳُﺴﻜﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ أﻋﲆ إﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ أﻗﻞ‬ This is where the mixture is poured from a higher point to a lower one. It is commonly done through simple filtration, using filter paper in a glass funnel, where the insoluble solid particles are captured by the filter paper and the liquid goes right through by gravity’s pull. Depending on the volume of the substance at hand, filter cones, fluted filters, or filtering pipets can be used. ‫أﻗﻣﺎع اﻟﺗرﺷﯾﺢ أو اﻟﻣرﺷﺣﺎت اﻟﻣﺧددة أو أﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟﺗرﺷﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﻋﳣﺎ ًدا ﻋﲆ ﺣﺠﻢ اﳌﺎدة‬ ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬،‫اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ورق اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ‬،‫وﻳﱲ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎ ﻳﻂ اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ أو اﳌﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﱲ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺠ ﻳﯫت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻏﲑ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬،‫ﰲ ﻗﻤﻊ زﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬.‫اﳌﺨﺪدة أو ﻣﻤﺼﺎت اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ‬.‫ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ‬ 102 ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ورق اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ وﳝﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬  ‫اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ 3- Cold Filtration ،‫ﺟﺪا‬ ً ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ اﻟﺒﺎرد درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻮاد‬-.‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﻤﺎم ﺟﻠﻴﺪي‬ ً Cold filtration makes use of very low ‫ﺟ ﻳﯫت اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ temperatures, often by using an ice bath. Some substances, such as fatty acid particles ‫ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬ ، ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدھﻧﯾﺔ‬become suspended ‫ﻣﻌﻠق‬in the mixture as they cool down ، ‫ﺗﺑرد‬which then allows us to filter them out more easily. ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﱪد‬.‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﳧﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺼﻔﻴﳤﺎ ﺑﳨﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﱪ‬ 103  ‫اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ اﻟﺤﺎر‬ 4-Hot Filtration ‫وﻫﺬا ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠ ﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺒﻠﻮ ﻳﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺷﻮاﺋﺐ‬ This is often used for crystalline compounds ‫ﻣرﻛﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻠورﯾﺔ‬that contain impurities.‫اﻟﺷواﺋب‬ The way this filtration is done is by melting down the crystalline compound, removing the impurities as the substance is still in liquid form, and finally recrystallizing the now pure substance. ‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗم‬ ‫ وإزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺷواﺋب ﻷن اﻟﻣﺎدة‬، ‫ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗرﺷﯾﺢ ھﻲ إذاﺑﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛب اﻟﺑﻠوري‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ً ‫وأﺧﯾرا إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻠورة اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﻧﻘﯾﺔ اﻵن‬ ، ‫ﺗزال ﻓﻲ ﺻورة ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬. 104 Hot Filtration Hot Filtration, solution contained in the Erlenmeyer flask is heated on a hot plate in order to prevent re-crystallization of solids in the flask itself ‫ ﻳﱲ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ اﳌﺤﻠﻮل اﳌﻮﺟﻮد‬،‫اﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ دورق ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻲ ﻋﲆ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﳌﻨﻊ إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﻮر اﳌﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺪورق ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ 105  ‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ 5- Multilayer Filtration This can refer to multiple layers of different material,including sand, gravel, or charcoal, where the different layers contain different particle sizes of that material. ‫ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟرﻣل أو‬، ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺷﯾر ھذا إﻟﻰ طﺑﻘﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة ﻣن ﻣواد ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ ﺣﯾث ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺟﺎم ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﺣﺻﻰ أو اﻟﻔﺣم‬ ‫ﻣن ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣﺎدة‬. In this type of filtration, a mixture of liquid and insoluble solid particles is poured over the layers, and the solid particles are caught throughout, resulting in a filtered liquid. ‫ ﯾُﺳﻛب ﻣزﯾﺞ ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳﯾﻣﺎت اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠذوﺑﺎن‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﺗرﺷﯾﺢ‬ ‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﮭ ﺳﺎﺋل ﻣُﻔﻠﺗر‬، ‫ وﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻘﺎط اﻟﺟﺳﯾﻣﺎت اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬، ‫ﻓوق اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت‬. 106 107 Question What is the type of filtration and explain one of them?  ‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Biological safety cabinet‬‬ ‫اﺷﻄﺮ ﻛﺘﻜﻮت ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﻨﺎاااا‬ ‫‪103‬‬  Biological safety cabinet ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ أو ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ً ‫ واﻟﱵ ﺗﳧﻰ‬- (BSC) ‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺒ ﻳﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ وﺟﻴﺪة اﻟﳤﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﻣﺎن ﻣﻊ اﳌﻮاد اﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ )أو اﻟﱵ‬- ‫اﳌﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻳﺤﳣﻞ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ( ﲟﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺤﺪ ًدا ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ A biosafety cabinet (BSC)—also called a biological safety cabinet or microbiological safety cabinet—is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level. Several different types of BSC exist, differentiated by the degree of biocontainment required. BSCs first became commercially available in 1950. ‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻮاء اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬،BSC ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪة أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.1950 ‫ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎ ﻳًﺎ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﰲ ﻋﺎم‬BSCs ‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬.‫اﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ 104  Purposes ‫ ﻫﻮ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﰲ اﳌﺨﺘﱪ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳌﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت‬BSC ‫اﻟﻐﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﱃ إزاﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬HEPA ‫ ﻳﱲ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﻮاء اﻟﻌﺎدم ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻷﻣﺮاض‬.‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴ ﻳﺎ واﻟﻔﲑوﺳﺎت اﻟﻀﺎرة‬ The primary purpose of a BSC is to serve as a means to protect the laboratory worker and the surrounding environment from pathogens. All exhaust air is HEPA-filtered as it exits the biosafety cabinet, removing harmful bacteria and viruses. ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﻔﺦ ﻫﻮاء اﻟﻌﺎدم ﻏﲑ اﳌﻔﻠﱰ ﻧﺤﻮ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬،‫وﻫﺬا ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻘﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ذو اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺤﻲ‬ This is in contrast to a laminar flow clean bench, which blows unfiltered exhaust air towards the user and is not safe for work with pathogenic agents. Neither are most BSCs safe for use as fume hoods. ‫ آﻣﻨﺔ‬BSCs ‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬.‫وﻫﻮ ﻏﲑ آﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺄﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﺎن‬ Likewise, a fume hood fails to provide the environmental protection that HEPA filtration in a BSC would provide. However, most classes of BSCs have a secondary purpose to maintain the sterility of materials inside (the "product"). ،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.BSC ‫ ﰲ‬HEPA ‫ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﻏﻄﺎء اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ‬،‫وﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‬.("‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﺮض ﺛﺎﻧﻮي ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻘﻢ اﳌﻮاد اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة داﺧﻞ )"اﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬BSCs ‫ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﯫت‬ 105 106  ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع‬ Types ‫( ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬CDC) ‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﳌﺮاﻛﺰ اﻷﻣ ﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻷﻣﺮاض واﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﳯﺎ‬ ‫ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻄ ﻳﻘﺘﲔ‬BSCs ‫ وﺗﳣﲒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﯫت وأﻧﻮاع‬.‫اﻟﴪﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ إﱃ ﺛﻼث ﻓﯫت‬ The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies BSCs into three classes. These classes and the types of BSCs within them are distinguished in two ways: 1-the level of personnel protection 2- environmental protection provided and the level of product protection provided. 3- pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬-2.‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﻓﺮاد‬-1 ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﱵ‬-3.‫اﳌﻘﺪم‬ 107 ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺤﺪد ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬  Class I.‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﲔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬.‫ ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻬﻮاء إﱃ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬،‫ﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ C lass I cabinets provide personnel and environmental protection but no product protection. In fact, the inward flow of air can contribute to contamination of samples. These BSCs are commonly used to enclose specific equipment (e.g. centrifuges) or procedures (e.g. aerating cultures) that potentially generate aerosols. BSCs of this class are either ducted (connected to the building exhaust system) or unducted (recirculating filtered exhaust back into the laboratory) ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻄﺮد اﳌﺮﻛﺰي( أو إﺟﺮاءات )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺰا ع اﻟﳤﻮﻳﺔ( اﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺌﺔ إﻣﺎ أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬BSCs ‫ ﺗﻜﻮن‬.‫اﳌﺤﳣﻞ أن ﺗﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي‬ ‫)ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﺎدم اﳌﺒﲎ( أو ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ )إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﺎدم اﳌﻔﻠﱰ‬ 108 (‫ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى إﱃ اﳌﺨﺘﱪ‬  Class II ‫ﻧﻈﺮا ﻷن ﻫﻮاء‬ ً (‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ )ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎت وﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬.HEPA ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ً ‫اﳌﻜﻴﺎج ﻳﱲ‬ Class II cabinets provide both kinds of protection (of the samples and of the environment) since makeup air is also HEPA-filtered..‫ﺧﺰاﺋﻦ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺨﺰاﻧﺎت ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﰲ اﳌﺨﺘﱪات اﻟﺴ ﻳ ﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ Class II cabinets are the commonly used cabinets in clinical and research laboratories. There are five types: Type A1 (formerly A), Type A2 (formerly A/B3), Type B1, Type B2 and Type A2 ‫ واﻟﻨﻮع‬،(A ‫ )اﳌﻌﺮوف ﺳﺎﺑﻘً ﺎ ﺑﺎﰟ‬A1 ‫ اﻟﻨﻮع‬:‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻧﻮاع‬ C1..C1 ‫ واﻟﻨﻮع‬،B2 ‫ واﻟﻨﻮع‬،B1 ‫ واﻟﻨﻮع‬،(A/B3 ‫)اﳌﻌﺮوف ﺳﺎﺑﻘً ﺎ ﺑﺎﰟ‬ 109  Class III ،‫ واﻟﱵ ﻳﱲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﳢﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﱪات اﻻﺣﺘﻮاء اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬،III ‫ﰎ ﺗ ﲓ ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ أﻗﴡ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬،BSL-4 ‫ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض‬ ً The Class III cabinet, generally only installed in maximum containment laboratories, is specifically designed for work with BSL-4 pathogenic agents, providing maximum protection..‫أو ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﻌﻘﲓ ﺑﺒﺎب ﻣﺰدوج‬ ‫ وﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﳌﻮاد ﺗﺪﺧﻞ وﺗﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﺰان ﻏ‬،‫اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬ The enclosure is gas-tight, and all materials enter and leave through a dunk tank or double-door autoclave. Gloves attached to the front prevent direct contact with hazardous materials (Class III cabinets are sometimes called glove boxes). ‫ﲤﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﻔﺎزات اﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﰲ اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﳌﺒﺎﴍ ﺑﺎﳌﻮاد‬ 110 ‫ أﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ ﺑﺼﻨﺎدﻳﻖ اﻟﻘﻔﺎزات‬III ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺮة )ﺗﳧﻰ ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬ 111