Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person PDF - Quarter 2 – Module 4

Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 2 – Module 4: Human Person and Death Personal Development Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 4: Title First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government...

Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 2 – Module 4: Human Person and Death Personal Development Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 4: Title First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Reviewers: Cristeta M. Arcos Dolorosa S. De Castro Illustrator: Ronan DC. Vergara Layout Artist: Ren Mac Mac G. Motas Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Regional Director Job S. Zape Jr., CLMD Chief Elaine T. Balaogan, Regional ADM Coordinator Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Regional Librarian Susan DL. Oribiana, SDS Dolorosa S. De Castro, CID Chief Cristeta M. Arcos, EPS In Charge of LRMS Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected]  Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 2 – Module 4: Human Person and Death Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Human Person and Death! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. 13 For the learner: Welcome to the Mathematics 7 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on ( Lesson Title) ! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: This will give you an idea of the skills or What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the module. This part includes an activity that aims to What I Know check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. This is a brief drill or review to help you link What’s In the current lesson with the previous one. In this portion, the new lesson will be What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. This section provides a brief discussion of the What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This comprises activities for independent What’s More practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. This includes questions or blank What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. This section provides an activity which will What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. 13  This is a task which aims to evaluate your Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. In this portion, another activity will be given Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. This contains answers to all activities in the Answer Key module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! 13  What I Need to Know In this module, learners like you will be philosophically oriented regarding a sensitive topic everybody does not like always to talk about – death. Here, we will treat death in an academic way while also allowing our own takes and insights to interplay with the discussions. However, you are advised to have an objective disposition regarding death to remove any negative impression that may affect your readiness to understand death as a phenomenon. Primarily, we will deal with the Phenomenological Notion of Death to give it definite characterization and the Relation of Death with Authenticity upon which we will come to realize the value of understanding death as a way to establish a more meaningful existence. Thus, after going through this module, you are expected to: 1. explain the phenomenological notion of death 2. give the characteristics of death 3. relate death with the concept of a good life based on authenticity 4. reflect on one’s own death 5. embrace death as a natural phenomenon Notes to the Teacher There may be cases where students are not ready to discuss this topic. To prevent unwanted scenarios, orientation may be done beforehand. Being knowledgeable about psychological dispositions of learners is an advantage. 13  What I Know Write TRUE if you agree that the statement is correct but write FALSE if you think the statement is incorrect and explain why the statement is wrong in the space provided under each item. ______________ 1. Immortality can be achieved by man. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 2. Death is impending. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 3. We can always design how we will die. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 4. Two persons can totally share same experience of death __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 5. Death is one of the surest thing in the world. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 6. We can always say that there is still time. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 7. We waste our lives by living the life we don’t want. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 8. Following the society would mean a good existence. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 9. Death comes at the time we expect it will come. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 10. Though we don’t know when we will die, we can prepare for it. __________________________________________________________________ 13  Lesson 1 Death What is your initial reaction when you read the title of this part of the module? Is death really a terrifying phenomenon? If death is a dreadful thing, what makes it fearsome? On the other hand, death, as part of human reality, may have meaningful messages. At this junction, we will try to uncover the mystery of death by rationalizing its phenomenon so that we get to understand it better, accept it as part of human nature, and treat it as a condition that allows us to create a meaningful existence. What’s In THOUGHT EXPERIMENT: Imagine the scenario below. Answer the questions using 3-5 sentences only. You are lying in a hospital bed. You have a stage 4 colon cancer. You have no problem in paying the bills since you are a rich man. But nobody, except for the doctor and hospital staff, is with you. This is due to the fact that you despised your family for not believing in you and left them to pursue your dreams. One day, an angel appeared and told you, “You only have a week left to live. Within that span of remaining time, God is giving you a chance to forgive your family in one condition: your life will end the moment you utter your forgiveness to your family. If you do not forgive them, you will get additional week to live.” You are about to respond to the angel, what would you say? ANSWER: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13  What’s New INTERPRETATING THE STORY: Discuss the symbolisms in the short story and story’s possible meaning. From Leo Tolstoy’s A Confession and Other Religious Writings There is an old Eastern fable about a traveller who is taken unawares on the steppes by a ferocious animal. In order to escape the beast, the traveller hides in an empty well, but at the bottom of the well, he sees a dragon with its jaws open, ready to devour him. The poor fellow does not dare to climb out because he is afraid of being eaten by the ferocious beast, neither does he dare drop to the bottom of the well for fear of being eaten by the dragon. So he seizes hold of a branch of a bush that is growing in the crevices of the well and clings on to it. His arms grow weak and he knows that he will soon have to resign himself to the death that awaits him on the either side. Yet he clings on and while he is holding on to the one branch, he looks around and sees that two mice, one black and one white are steadily working on their way round the bush he is hanging from, gnawing away at it. Sooner or later, they will eat through it and the branch will snap, and he will fall into the jaws of the dragon. The traveller sees this and knows that he will inevitably perish. But while he is still hanging there, he sees some drops of honey on the leaves of the bush, stretches his tongue and licks them. INTERPRETATION AND MEANING OF SYMBOLS: 13  What is It Phenomenological Notion of Death According to Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) in his book Being and Time, death is (a) certain, (b) indefinite, (c) one’s property, (d) non-relational, and (e) not to be outstripped. Death is certain. As part of humanness, we are all born (in Heideggerian sense, we are “thrown”) in the world. The world is governed by time. We, humans, are existing in time, thus, as being thrown in the world, we have beginning and since we are finite beings, we also have end – death. Birth and death are two things we cannot remove from our existence. Whether we like it or not, we will die. Death is indefinite. While death is sure to come, it is however indefinite as to when it will come. Death is impending, meaning to say, it can happen anytime. We do not know exactly when. That is why, we should try to live the best life that we can for we never know the day of our end. Death is one’s property. The death of the person belongs to him. Nobody can experience his death except himself. There can be no proxies or substitutes for a person in experiencing death. Death is non-relational. This means that when we die, we die alone. We have no choice but to face it on our own. Death also removes all our relations to others. In contemplating death, we realize our own individuality and independence from the world. Death is not to be outstripped. Death cannot be taken away from a person. Even the person himself cannot remove the possibility of death in his life. One cannot make himself live forever. Even though we see in fiction movies the idea of immortality, death, in real life is a definite reality which we nothing can be done to be outstripped. 13  What’s More Death and Authenticity What does death really mean? Is it just a reminder that human existence has a limitation? We may accept the reality of death as it is, but it also reminds us that we have to value life while we have it. Since we cannot control it, things that remain within our control are those which belong to life. While still alive, we have choices to take. The question now is not focused on death but on how we live in the world. Let us ask ourselves before we die. Did we ever truly live? Authenticity is an idea mostly used in existentialism which means having true and meaningful existence. According to Soren Kierkegaard, we have to avoid the crowd – the majority of the society which we think that should be the pattern of our lives. For example, we see people marrying, therefore, we also have to marry. But authenticity is not like that. We have to freely choose marrying. The intention to marry should not come from the crowd as we usually hear but it should come from our deliberate choice. Another reason why we fail to lead an authentic life is fear. Just because we are afraid of the possible consequences and what others might say, we fail to pursue what we truly want in life. This challenge of authenticity is one of the important messages of death. As we accept death, we realize the value of having a true life – an authentic life! AUTHENTICITY PROJECT: List down the 3 things you truly want in life, the challenges you see in pursuing your goals and the possible solutions to these challenges. GOALS CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS 13  What I Have Learned BEFORE AND AFTER: Write your previous knowledge (before reading this module) and your new understanding on death. Determine what makes more sense and tell why. Previous Knowledge about Death New Understanding about Death What makes more sense? 13  What I Can Do REFLECTIONS. After realizing that death is certain and impending, we should at all times be ready for death. It is just like a thief in the night so we have to prepare for it. Write an essay about your realizations and your insights about death. MY REFLECTIONS NAD INSIGHTS ABOUT DEATH __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 13  Assessment Write TRUE if you agree that the statement is correct but write FALSE if you think the statement is incorrect and explain why the statement is wrong in the space provided under each item. ______________ 1. Death is one of the surest thing in the world. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 2. Death comes at the time we expect it will come. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 3. We can always say that there is still time. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 4. Though we don’t know when we will die, we can prepare for it. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 5. Immortality can be achieved by man. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 6. We can always design how we will die. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 7. Following the society would mean a good existence. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 8. We waste our lives by living the life we don’t want. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 9. Death is impending. __________________________________________________________________ ______________ 10. Two persons can totally share same experience of death __________________________________________________________________ 13  13 What I Know Assessment FALSE – we all TRUE die. FALSE – death TRUE is impending FALSE – we FALSE – we may not know how never know when we will die. we will die FALSE – one’s TRUE death is unique FALSE – we all TRUE die. FALSE – we FALSE – we never know when may not know how we will die we will die. TRUE FALSE – we FALSE – we should live the life should live the life we personally want. we personally want. TRUE FALSE – death TRUE is impending FALSE – one’s TRUE death is unique TRUE Answer Key write your realizations about death and meaning of life. existence: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjzJ8bO2x4U. Get a journal and Watch this motivational video about death and give your reflection on your own Additional Activities References BOOKS: Agoncillo, T.A. (2012). The history of the Filipino people 8th edition. Quezon City: C& E Publishing Corp. Artigas, M. (2006). Philosophy: an introduction translated by Fr. M. Guzman. Makati City: Sinag-tala Publishers Corpuz, B.B., Ruben A.C., Maria Lovelyn C.P., Socrates, O.P., (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person for senior high school. Quezon City: Lorimar publishing, Inc. Bauzon, P.T. (2012). Handbook in social philosophy (with review materials in social philosophy of education for LET) 2nd Edition. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store. Bernardo, J.P.V. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. Pasay City: JFS Publishing Services. Buber, Martin. “Dialogue,” in Between Man and Man, Collins: Fontana, 1966. Calano, Mark Joseph et al, Philosophizing and Being Human. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House Inc., 2016. Copus, B.B. et al. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. Quezon City: Lorimar Pub. Dy Jr., Manuel, Philosophy of Man: Selected Readings. 2 nd Edition. Makati City: Goodwill Trading Co. Inc, 2001. Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Translated by Joan Stambaugh. New York: SUNY Press, 1996. Krapiec, M. I. (1985). I – man: an outline of philosophical anthropology abridged version by Francis J. Lescoe and Roger B. Duncan. New Britain: Mariel Publications. Mabaquiao Jr., Napoleon. Making Life Worth Living. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing 13  House, Inc. 2017 Maboloc, C. R. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. Quezon City: The Inteligente Publishing Inc. Mercado, L.N. (1988). Applied Filipino philosophy. Tacloban City: Divine Word University Publication. Wallace, W.A. (1977). The elements of philosophy. New York City: Society of St. Paul. Ramos, C.C. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. Manila: Rex Publishing House Socio, M.P.G. and Ignatius H.V. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc. JOURNALS: Gaardner, J. (2007). A user manual for our planet. UNESCO: the courier. No. 9 ISSN. 1993- 8616. 4 – 5. United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2009). Teaching philosophy in Asia – Pacific. Bangkok: author. Augustine. Man: Body and soul. (1967). In A. Armstrong (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy (pp. 354- 361). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521040549.023 Callicott, J. Baird 1987, ‘Conceptual Resources for Environmental Ethics in Asian Traditions of Thought: A Propaedeutic’, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 115-130. Frese, Stephen J. 2003, ‘Aldo Leopold: An American Prophet’, The History Teacher, Vol. 37, No. 1, Special Feature Issue: Environmental History and National History Day 2003 Prize Essays, pp. 99-118. Jenkins, Willis 2009, ‘After Lynn White: Religious Ethics and Environmental Problems’, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 283-309. Snyder Brian F. 2017, ‘The Darwinian Nihilist Critique of Environmental Ethics’, Ethics and the Environment, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 59-78. 13 Welchman, Jennifer 2012, ‘A Defence of Environmental Stewardship’, Environmental Values Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 297-316. Confucianism and Existentialism: Intersubjectivity as the Way of Man Author(s): Hwa Yol Jung Source: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , Dec., 1969, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Dec., 1969), pp. 186-202 Published by: International Phenomenological Society Jen: An Existential and Phenomenological Problem of Intersubjectivity Author(s): Hwa Yol Jung Source: Philosophy East and West , Jul. - Oct., 1966, Vol. 16, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1966), pp. 169-188 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Dean Edward A. Mejos, Against Alienation: Karol Wojtyla’s Theory of Participation, Kritike, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2007 ONLINE SOURCES: http://sutterfield.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/6/8/12686139/discussion_questions_ for_plato_cave.pdf https://outre-monde.com/2010/09/25/platonic-myths-the-sun-line-and-cave/ http://blogphilosophy2.blogspot.com/2007/11/phenomenology.html https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/12/01/the-human-person-as-an- embodied-spirit/ https://ses.edu/a-summary-of-act-potency/ https://iep.utm.edu/envi-eth/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/environmental-aesthetics/ https://www.schooldrillers.com/anthropocentrism-in-environmental-ethics/ https://simplicable.com/new/environmental-issues http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/sdancy.html https://gm.ecotaf.net/1640-freedom.html https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts- and-maps/human-act https://studylib.net/doc/25188409/ethics-1-module-1-study-guide--aug-2018- https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences- magazines/tribal-society https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/digital-society/0/steps/23808 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke%2010:25- 37&version=NIV 13 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]