Group 5 Pink Step 2 Output PDF

Step 1 (TOPIC): Chemical Kinetics: Step 2: Gather and read background information about your chosen topic. PINK I. Basic Concepts Covered by Chemical Kinetics Chemical kinetics is the branch of physical chemistry involved with understanding how quickly or slowly chemical reactions occur. There...

Step 1 (TOPIC): Chemical Kinetics: Step 2: Gather and read background information about your chosen topic. PINK I. Basic Concepts Covered by Chemical Kinetics Chemical kinetics is the branch of physical chemistry involved with understanding how quickly or slowly chemical reactions occur. There are several factors that influence chemical reaction rates that consist of reactant concentration, temperature, the physical state of reactants and their dispersion, the solvent, and the presence of a catalyst. II. Applications of These Concepts in Daily Life Agriculture Combustion in a Car Engine Cosmetics and Personal Care Food Preservation Use of catalysts to speed up chemical reactions A. History of Application Chemical Kinetics is very crucial in various real life applications. Every chemical reaction occurs at the same time, several things can change the rates of the reaction, it may speed up or slow down. Here are some of the applications and how the concept has been utilized throughout history : - Agriculture One product that is familiar to many gardeners, Pyrethrum, is a plant-derived organic compound sourced from flowering Chrysanthemum plants, which was used by Persians as early as 400 BC. One of the earliest inorganic chemical pesticides to be developed was ‘Bordeaux mixture’ originally used as a visual deterrent to stop children from stealing grapes in the early 1880s. Beginning in the 1940s, chemists and chemical companies started to utilize organic chemistry to synthesize and commercialize pesticide products. - Combustion in Car Engine As early as the 17th century, several experimenters first tried to use hot gaseous products to operate pumps. German engineer Nikolaus Otto ‘invented a four-stroke internal combustion engine in 1876, named as “Otto-cycle engine” which serves as the energy for most transportation today and this is a thermodynamic process where the transformation of gasoline’s chemical energy into thermal energy within spark ignition internal combustion engines. - Cosmetics and Personal Care The use of cosmetics dates back to ancient civilizations like Egypt, where natural ingredients such as oils and minerals were used for skincare and  beauty purposes. These early formulations were based on empirical knowledge rather than scientific principles. - Food Preservation In ancient times, the sun and wind would have naturally dried foods. Evidence shows that in the Middle East and oriental cultures actively dried foods as early as 12,000 B.C in the hot sun. Freezing is a preservation method for those who have an appropriate climate. Less than freezing temperatures were used to prolong storage time. Cellars, caves, and cool streams were put to good use for that purpose. Fermentation was only discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1857, opportunistic microorganisms fermented the starch-derived sugar into alcohols. Fruits are fermented into wine, cabbage for Kimchi and so on. Farmers in as early as 10,000 B.C used to grow barley to make beer. Pickling is preserving foods in vinegar. It also originated when food was placed in wine or beer to preserve it, since both have a low pH. Stoneware or glass were used for vinegar to dissolve from the metal pots. The Romans used leftover pickling brine to make concentrated fish pickle sauce called “garum”. The earliest curing was dehydration. Early cultures used salt to help desiccate food. In the 1800s, it was discovered that certain sources of salt gave red meat a red color instead of unappetizing gray. Canning is the newest of the food preservation methods that are placed in jars or  cans, being pioneered in the 1790s when a French confectioner, Nicolas Appert, discovered that the application of heat to food in sealed glass bottles preserved the food from deterioration. B. Changes/Improvements Over Time - Agriculture Applying chemical kinetics to pesticides in soils. The purpose of it is to permit quantitative predictions that can contribute to the best possible protection of crops and the environment. In this case, soils include related aquatic sediments. When modern agricultural pesticides were first introduced, it soon became obvious that new technologies were needed for their safe, effective use. Because there was no scientific base for the new technologies, arbitrary limits had to be imposed. Operational tests and empirical parameters had to be adopted with which the limits could be described. They can still be found in the literature for pesticides in soil and water. The parameters documented test data, but could not describe the dynamic physical chemical processes that can happen under field conditions. There was no more than a partial qualitative insight into those processes. As a result, the parameters could not predict what those physical chemical processes would do. Rough correlations and predictions often had discrepancies of one or more orders of magnitude. The publication of logarithmic plots reflects that. Commercial and regulatory  practice still requires large amounts of expensive field monitoring because predictions were not fully adequate. (D.S. Gamble, 2013) - Combustion in Car Engine Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates and mechanisms, and it plays a pivotal role in combustion science and technology. In combustion processes, fuels react with oxygen to produce heat, and chemical kinetics governs the rates at which these reactions occur. Combustion Modeling: Chemical kinetics is used to develop detailed mathematical models of combustion processes. These models aid in simulating and optimizing combustion systems, such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Emission Control: By understanding the kinetics of pollutant formation, engineers can design combustion systems that minimize emissions of harmful substances, contributing to cleaner air and reduced environmental impact. Fuel Development: Researchers use chemical kinetics to study the combustion behavior of different fuels and additives. This  knowledge informs the development of alternative fuels and combustion technologies. Flame Chemistry: Chemical kinetics helps unravel the intricacies of flame chemistry, leading to advancements in combustion diagnostics and the design of more efficient burners. (K. Lewis, 2023) - Cosmetic and Personal Care Products Initially, cosmetics were created using natural ingredients without a scientific understanding of their stability or reaction rates. The focus was on immediate results rather than long-term efficiency. In Mid-20th Century, the introduction of synthetic ingredients and preservatives marked a significant shift. Chemical Kinetics began to be applied to understand the stability and reaction rates of these new compounds, leading to more reliable and longer-lasting products. Stability testing became more systematic, with chemical kinetics helping to predict the shelf life of products and ensure they remained effective over time. - Food Preservation Kinetics plays a major role in assuring food safety, preventing their deterioration, retaining their quality and nutritive value, and extending their shelf life. No wonder it has been amply investigated and modeled, creating a large body of knowledge on the subject. Because kinetics deals with temporal changes, as the word's origin indicates (kinesis, from the Greek κíνησις=motion), their mathematical description is based on rate equations of different kinds. These equations are used to quantify and predict the progress of physical, chemical, and biological processes during food preservation, handling, and storage. They include quality loss due to chemical degradation of desirable compounds and/or synthesis of undesirable ones. Comprehensive explanation, data analysis, and critical evaluation of the various types of kinetics models in food research can be found in van Boekel's excellent review and book (see, respectively, van Boekel 2008, 2009). Two closely related subfields in which kinetics models play a central role are the determination of food storage conditions and shelf-life prediction. They too have ample coverage in the food literature (e.g., Labuza 1984, Nicoli 2012, Steerle 2004). Modern mathematical software opens new ways to estimate the kinetics parameters of food product deterioration and use them to simulate storage. Although yet to be done, it is theoretically possible to combine phenomenological models of the kinds described with heat transfer theories to predict not only what happens at a point, or average product's temperature, but also in a whole container, pallet, or  entire shipment. Software for finite element methods can also be adapted for the purpose. Before such methods are adapted, however, one can conveniently run simulations of the kind described in this work for anticipated extreme conditions or variations, for example, and examine their consequences in terms of nutrient retention or quality loss. The results of such simulations would indicate whether the effort of incorporating a finite element method is worthwhile, or whether using average product temperatures will suffice. (M. Peleg, et al, 2017) - Use of catalysts to speed up chemical reaction Advancements in catalytic materials have been instrumental in driving the progress of green chemistry. Novel catalyst materials have been developed to enhance catalytic performance, improve selectivity, and increase catalyst lifetime. One area of innovation is the emergence of new catalyst materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and nanoparticles. These materials offer unique properties and high surface areas, enabling efficient catalytic reactions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their exceptional properties and versatility. These materials are composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic ligands, forming a porous and crystalline structure. The high surface area and tunable pore sizes of MOFs allow for efficient adsorption and diffusion of reactant molecules, facilitating catalytic reactions. Moreover, the ability to modify the metal and ligand components of MOFs offers endless possibilities for tailoring their catalytic properties to specific reactions. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, have revolutionized the field of catalysis with their unique size-dependent properties. These tiny particles, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in diameter, exhibit enhanced reactivity due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. The large surface area of nanoparticles provides more active sites for reactant molecules to interact, leading to increased catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, the size and composition of nanoparticles can be precisely controlled, allowing for the design of catalysts with specific properties and selectivity. In addition to the development of new catalyst materials, significant progress has been made in improving the performance of existing materials. Zeolites, for example, have long been used as catalysts due to their porous structure and high thermal stability. Recent advancements in zeolite synthesis techniques have led to the creation of hierarchical  zeolites, which possess a range of pore sizes and enhanced mass transport properties. These hierarchical zeolites exhibit improved catalytic activity and selectivity, making them highly desirable for various industrial applications. (M. Michelotti, 2023) C. Issues/Concerns about this application Agriculture Negative effects of pesticides - The negative effects of pesticides include domestic animal contaminations and deaths, loss of natural antagonists to pests, pesticide resistance, honeybee and pollination decline, losses to adjacent crops, fishery and bird losses, and contamination of groundwater. The fertility of soil is affected by the death or damage to microorganisms caused by pesticides. Further, some pesticides induced immunotoxicity in humans which may lead to immunosuppression, hypersensitivity (allergies), autoimmune diseases, and inflammation; children may be especially susceptible to the adverse effects of being exposed to pesticides. People who work regularly with pesticides, such as farmers, are at greater risk of cancer. Thousands of non-lethal poisonings and cancer cases each year are attributable to pesticides. Combustion in Car Engine Incomplete combustion - Incomplete combustion occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely. This can lead to the  formation of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons, which are harmful pollutants. Cosmetics and Personal Care Allergic Reactions - Many people experience allergic reactions to ingredients in cosmetics, such as fragrances, preservatives, and dyes. Skin Irritation - Ingredients like alcohol, certain acids, and synthetic fragrances can cause skin irritation, redness, and dryness. Endocrine Disruptors - Chemicals like parabens and phthalates can interfere with hormone function, potentially leading to health issues. Food Preservation Oxidation - Oxidative reactions can lead to rancidity in fats and oils, and loss of vitamins and flavors. Antioxidants are often used to slow down these reactions, and their effectiveness can be studied through chemical kinetics. Use of catalysts to speed up chemical reaction Deactivation - Catalysts can lose their activity over time due to poisoning (where impurities bind to the active sites), sintering (where particles grow and reduce surface area), or fouling (where deposits block active sites). REFERENCES/LINKS: https://chemistai.org/public/topic/real-life-applications-of-chemical-kinetics The Advantages and Disadvantages of Pesticides. (n.d.). ChefsBest. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from https://www.chefsbest.com/advantages-disadvantages-pesticides/ Aloi, D. (2018, June 5). Inaccuracies in radiocarbon dating. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180605112057.htm Blakemore, E. (2017, March 21). How radiocarbon dating helps archaeologists date objects and sites, with carbon-14. National Geographic. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/radiocarbon-dating-explained Doona, C. J., Feeherry, F. E., Ross, E. W., & Kustin, K. (2016, March 2). Chemical Kinetics for the Microbial Safety of Foods Treated with High Pressure Processing or Hurdles. Springer Link. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12393-015-9138-7 Explore Chemistry: Introduction to Chemical Kinetics. (2022, June 9). LabXchange. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://about.labxchange.org/blog/explore-chemistry-introduction-to-chemical-kinetics Gamble, D. S. (2013). Discoveries Leading to Conventional Chemical Kinetics for Pesticides in Soils: A Review. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780124076860000063 Gamble, D. S. (2017, October 28). The Physical Chemistry of Pesticides in Soil and Water. Agriculture. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/7/11/91 History & Advances in Radiocarbon Dating. (2022, June 15). Beta Analytic. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-history/ Lachat, J. (n.d.). What is Carbon Dating? UChicago News. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/what-is-carbon-14-dating Lewis, K. (2023). A comprehensive review of chemical kinetics in combustion processes. Allied Academies. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/a-comprehensive-review-of-chemical-kinetics-in-comb ustion-processes.pdf Lower, S. (2022, November 13). 17.6: Catalysts and Catalysis. Chemistry LibreTexts. 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D., & Corradini, M. G. (2017, January 4). A New Look at Kinetics in Relation to Food Storage. Annual Reviews. https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025915 Singh, R. P., & Desrosier, N. W. (2024, July 31). Food preservation | Definition, Importance, & Methods. Britannica. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/food-preservation Taylor, C. (2024, January 31). The Intriguing History of Chemical Kinetics | by Curtis Taylor. Medium. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://medium.com/@chemlord101/the-intriguing-history-of-chemical-kinetics-20d477c5a5df Webb, K. (2023, August 1). The Social and Cultural Impact of the Combustion Engine on Society. https://purecombustion.com/the-social-and-cultural-impact-of-the-combustion-engine-on-socie ty/