Group 4 A Quantitative Research of Users’ Satisfaction with Mobile-Connected Smoke Detectors PDF

CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 1 A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH OF USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH MOBILE- CONNECTED SMOKE DETECTORS IN DETECTING HOUSEHOLD FIRE HAZARDS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FACULTY...

CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 1 A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH OF USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH MOBILE- CONNECTED SMOKE DETECTORS IN DETECTING HOUSEHOLD FIRE HAZARDS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FACULTY School Year 2024-2025 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Academic Requirements in Practical Research 2 / Capstone Project By BENABENTE, PRINCESS BEA T. CALUB, MHYCA ELLA A. MANDIN, MITZI SONJA A. RACELIS, TRINA ANGELINA P. RAMIREZ, JULL CZARIA C. STEM – CSS October 2024  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 2 Introduction Fire can be caused naturally or by human activities. While we can take measures to prevent fires, we cannot predict when they will occur. A large number of fire incidents happen within a short period of time and occur across the world. Fire has a large impact on a household. It can ruin things inside the house or even burn down the whole house and can spread to neighboring houses. Not only does fire destroy our things, but it also has environmental impacts and health risks. In this current generation, we rely on technology. Technology is an important part of our lives, making things easier, increasing our productivity and creativity, and connecting us with others. Technology is used in many fields, such as education, industry, health, the economy, and business. A smoke detector, which falls under the category of safety technology, is the leading life saving device in home fire safety. Most fatal home fires occur at night while people are asleep. Roughly three out of five fire deaths happen in homes with either no smoke alarms or no working smoke alarms. More than one-third (38 percent) of home fire deaths result from fires in which no smoke alarms are present (National Fire Protection Association, 2024). A fire alarm system is a network of devices designed to detect and warn people about the presence of fire or smoke in a building or other enclosed spaces. Due to rapid advancements in technology, fire alarm systems have undergone a dramatic transformation. The future of fire safety is looking brighter with the advancements in fire alarm technology. With new innovations in sensors, wireless systems, and artificial intelligence, fire alarms can now detect fires more accurately and quickly. This has the potential to save lives and minimize damage in the event of a fire (Klein, 2023). With the continuous advancement of technology, there is a development of new ways on how fire alarm systems work. Understanding current technology and the advancement of technology can improve the use of fire alarms. Continuous improvement and new technology are created to enhance the use of fire alarms that are more accurate, quick to respond, and reliable. Improved technology can reduce false alarms and enable early detection of fire, which can prevent the spread of fire.  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 3 Smoke detectors need to be accurate and dependable if they are going to permit timely responses to fire dangers, particularly in residential environments, whose potential consequences of delayed or false alert could be devastating. Conventional smoke detectors have greatly aided in saving lives and minimizing damage in properties; however, with innovative technology, smoke detectors connected via mobile devices are now under development to enhance the means of fire prevention measures. It can sense smoke and alert people through mobile devices installed, so these advanced detectors give an alert in real-time even when people are not in their house. The connectivity of these devices through mobile makes protection better as users can operate remotely or alert emergency services more effectively. The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering defines "reliability" as the ability of the item (product, system, etc.) to function under designated conditions of operation and within a specified time span or number of cycles. Accuracy and reliability of smoke detectors are critical factors for ensuring everybody's safety in the event of a fire. Smoke detectors, which serve as an integral part of fire alarm systems, must, to this effect, provide high reliability and be fast in operation to be capable of early fire detection due to smoking and reduce damage to property and any possible injury. According to Dungan (n.d.), fire alarm systems including smoke detectors should normally have a target of reliability rates in the range of 99.5% or 99.9%, inferring that it should not ordinarily fail in more than one fire out of a thousand fires. They could unfortunately be limited in reliability precisely because of external influences such as environmental conditions, faulty installations, or maintenance problems, so constant inspection, testing, and maintenance would be needed for rectification (Dungan, n.d.; Sensors, 2024). Recent studies show that the reliability of various systems can be severely degraded under high-temperature situations during fires, where system integrity becomes of prime importance (Sensors, 2024). These issues will allow for continued protection from fire detection when carefully designed and built according to comprehensive safety standards such as NFPA 72. The incorporation of mobile technology into smoke detectors raises new questions concerning the accuracy and reliability of the devices in relation to a typical detector. Unlike traditional detectors that depend only on sound alarms to alert the occupants, mobile-communicating detectors depend on wireless networks, software applications, and the functionality of the user's mobile. The add-on parameters are at a risk of interfering with the signal; even if it fails to network  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 4 parts or software errors can deteriorate its performance. It is required to test their reliability under real conditions so that it indeed promptly notifies and correctly detects smoke and reaches or exceeds the performance standards for ordinary smoke detection devices. In this paper, the ability of smoke detectors installed with mobile phones to detect residential fire hazards and deliver timely authentic alerts through mobile technology is intended to enhance the understanding of this subject. The emergency notification system in case of fire is one of the security systems. Its main task is to preserve human life and health. Typically, this system includes a set of technical means for notifying people in different areas of the building and managing effective evacuation in case of danger (Sokolov, Zaliskyi, & Petrova, 2023). As this helps the notification to alert the homeowners to be aware of danger in their homes, and to also test the notification system and its reliability. The notification itself assesses the effectiveness for doing the work for the homeowners whenever they left their homes and for safety purposes, to also lower the cases of houses that are burning and to always keep people from fire. Thus, mobile-connected smoke detectors are considered a major milestone in fire safety technology with protection improvements and high-technology alerting that exceeds the methodology for fire detection by traditional methods. Smoke detectors are integral components of the fire alarm system which grew from primeval sounding alarms to high-tech communicating devices over the mobile networks. These tools would require accuracy and reliability; they would be saving human lives, reducing property damage, and not harm the environment at all. As stated above, though conventional smoke detectors have been effective enough in saving humans, their cell-connected counterparts bring in a whole new dimension to this aspect of safety because they can be monitored remotely, with a quicker response even when people are away from their homes. Although mobile technology represents an innovative area, integration of this technology may highlight weaknesses such as interference in the network, failure of software applications, and signal disruptions, which thus necessitate thorough testing in realistic environments. In addition, smart alert mechanisms designed to provide timely and proper alert presentations must ensure that critical information reaches the users quickly, without causing unnecessary delays or interruptions. Therefore, this paper tries to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of smoke detectors that are connected to mobile phones, determining if they can effectively find residential fire  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 5 hazards and deliver quick, accurate alerts through mobile applications. Findings of this study are very useful for continued development of more efficient and reliable fire detection systems leading to enhanced domestic safety and lesser threats associated with residential fires. Statement of the Problem This study aims to measure the users’ satisfaction in using the mobile-connected smoke detectors in detecting household fire hazards. The study will focus on the following specific research questions: 1. How quickly does the mobile-connected smoke detector alert users through SMS or calls during a simulated fire event? 2. How satisfied are users with the mobile-connected smoke detector? 3. How clear and easy to understand are the notifications received on mobile devices from the smoke detector? 4. How frequently do you receive false alarms from your mobile-connected smoke detector? Hypothesis There is a significant relationship between the user’s satisfaction and effectiveness of mobile- connected smoke detectors in detecting household fire hazards. Scope and Delimitation This research focuses on evaluating user satisfaction with mobile-connected smoke detectors in detecting household fire hazards. The purpose of this study is to assess how effectively these devices notify users of potential fire hazards through their mobile devices and enhancing their  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 6 safety and awareness. The study seeks to provide insights into the satisfaction levels of users with regard to the functionality, real-time notification capabilities, and overall user experience provided by mobile-connected smoke detectors. The scope of the study is limited to analyzing the users' satisfaction with mobile-connected smoke detectors based on their ability to provide timely alerts via SMS and calls. It will not discuss comparing different models of smoke detectors or examining the technical aspects of fire detection systems. The research includes the Grade 11 and Grade 12 students from CEIS Makati and focuses on their experiences during the controlled demonstration within a single room. Due to restricted access to the full population size of senior high school students at CEIS Makati, a non-probability quota sampling method was applied. The collection of data is limited to two weeks, with the data collection conducted on Monday to Wednesday from 11:00 AM to 12:00 PM. The study will not address other fire detection devices, varying fire types, or the performance of detectors in larger or multiple rooms. It is focused solely on evaluating users’ satisfaction based on the capabilities of mobile-connected smoke detectors within the controlled parameters of the research. The delimitation of the study ensures the research remains targeted on user satisfaction and is not extended to explore broader technical or environmental variables. It is expected to provide actionable insights into how well mobile-connected smoke detectors meet user expectations in detecting and responding to fire hazards. Significance of the Study This research may be beneficial to the following groups: Homeowners. It provides homeowners with an additional warning system to keep them safer and more secure. It keeps homeowners informed, allowing them to take action even when they’re not at home. There’s a sense of relief knowing they will be notified if a fire happens. Emergency Services. This research improved emergency services, and increased both the reliability and accuracy of smoke detection. This new way to alert homeowners of fire can send  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 7 you a message directly to your phone providing nonstop notifications. This ensures that help can be called faster in emergencies and prevents more damage. Future Researchers. For future researchers working on similar capstone projects, this research serves as a guide. The information that researchers gather provides valuable knowledge for the project "Study on the User’s Satisfaction with Mobile-Connected Smoke Detectors in Detecting Household Fire Hazards," which contains credible sources for reference to strengthen our findings. Future Inventors and Advanced Automation Technology. This research offers valuable ideas for future inventors who want to enhance fire safety. The connection of how smoke detectors can be connected to mobile devices, it provides a clear instance of combining everyday safety tools with modern automation technology. Future developers can use these findings to design better systems that protect homes and keep people safer and more attentive in such situations. This study also encourages inventors to think about new ways to make fire alerts faster and more reliable, helping prevent accidents and reduce fire damage. Conceptual Framework Mobile-Connected Smoke Detector INPUT PROCESS OUPUT Materials - MQ2 Sensor: Components Setup and Real-time Alerts: Detects gas levels Wiring: - Homeowners receive SMS or or smoke. 1. Connect the call notifications on their - Arduino Uno: Components: phones if smoke is detected, Processes the - Attach the flame even when they're away. sensor data, sensor's positive pin to  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 8 manages and 5V and the negative - Immediate Response controls other pin to Ground on the Capability: The system's components. Arduino. reliability and fast alerts can - GSM Modem - Connect the sensor's lead to quicker responses from (SIM900A): Allows output pin to digital the homeowner or emergency communication via pin 2 on the Arduino. services, improving accurate SMS and call. - Connect the fire safety and reducing - SIM card: Required SIM900A module to potential damage. for the GSM the Arduino using the SIM900A module TX and RX pins - The integration of mobile to send SMS and (transmitter and connectivity allows for make calls. receiver) for continuous monitoring, - Buzzer and LED: communication. offering enhanced security and Provide visual and - Insert a 10 reliability. audio alarms. kΩ/resistor between - Resistor and the SIM 900 A's TX Breadboard: 10 kΩ pin and the Arduino's resistor, used for digital pin 1. having circuit - If using a buzzer, connections. connect it to a digital - Female to Male, pin for triggering the Male to Male and alarm. Female to Female wires: For Program the connectivity. Microcontroller: 2. Write the Arduino Code: - Program the Arduino to work with the GSM module, so it can send SMS and make call alerts, even when the CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 9 built-in serial port is already in use. - Set a threshold for flame detection. This means that if the analog reading from the flame sensor exceeds, it's considered a fire. - When the sensor detects smoke or fire above the threshold, trigger the SIM900A to send an SMS alert to a pre-configured mobile number. - Activates the buzzer to sound the alarm when a smoke or fire is detected. 3. Test the System: - Simulate smoke near the sensor using a safe smoke source (such as lighter). Observe if the microcontroller activates the SIM module to send the SMS or call alert and triggers the buzzer to sound an alarm. Verify  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 10 that the SMS and call alert is received on the mobile device with the correct message. - Students should follow these steps carefully and precisely, ensuring the correct setup of components and accurate coding. It is important to test the system in a safe and controlled environment. Fine- tuning the sensor’s sensitivity will also improve the reliability of the detection system. Always document changes made during testing to provide a clear record for the research or project analysis. Figure 1. The IPO model for mobile-connected smoke detectors. The IPO model outlines the process for creating a mobile-connected smoke detector by categorizing the project into Input, Process, and Output stages. Input involves gathering essential materials such as the SIM900A for sending notifications, a MQ2 smoke sensor to detect fire  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 11 hazards, an Arduino for controlling and processing the data, a buzzer for sound alerts, led for visual alert and basic connectivity tools like wiring and a breadboard. In the Process stage, the researchers assemble these components, connecting the sensor to the Arduino and integrating the SIM900A to handle real-time mobile notifications. They write the necessary code to ensure the system functions efficiently, with the Arduino processing smoke sensor data and triggering the buzzer and notifications if smoke is detected. Finally, the Output is a fully operational smoke detector system that sends real-time alerts to homeowners, offering immediate notification and response capability, which is critical for preventing fires. The mobile-connected smoke detector uses a more advanced GSM SIM900A module, enabling it to send alerts beyond the immediate area. This system provides an invaluable safety measure by enabling quicker responses from both homeowners and emergency services, significantly reducing potential fire damage and safeguarding lives. Definition of Terms Accuracy - The quality or state of being correct or precise; the degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification conforms to the correct value or a standard. Conventional Smoke Detector - Conventional fire alarm systems and their components are all wired to the same cable that connects them to a fire alarm control panel. The control panel displays a signal when these components activate; sensors are devised to decrease the circuit's resistance when the environmental influence on any sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold. Descriptive Research - One methodological approach that aims to illustrate the features of an event or subject under study is descriptive research. Detector - A device used to detect or sense from various things; a device for detecting smoke, fire, or some other hazardous condition. Fire Alarm System - A comprehensive network of devices designed to detect and alert individuals to the presence of fire or smoke within a building. This system may include smoke detectors, alarms, control panels, and notification devices that work together to ensure safety.  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 12 IPO Model - Or IPO diagram; is a visual tool used to describe a workflow, the flow of information, or activities within a system. Likert Scale - A form of questionnaire material that falls into different classes: yes-no, multiple choice, propositions to be responded to by degrees of approval, to be approved or disapproved in various degrees. NFPA 72 - (National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code) provides the latest safety provisions to meet society's changing fire detection, signaling, and emergency communications demands. Quota Sampling - a non-probability sampling and it can be defined as a sampling method of gathering representative data from a group. Reliability - The quality or state of being reliable; the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials. Simulation - A method used to model real-world processes or systems, often employed in research to test hypotheses or demonstrate the functionality of devices, such as smoke detectors in controlled environments. Technology – The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry; machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge Traditional Detectors - Are the kind of detectors that we are used to. It is commonly used in establishments that creates a loud sound when operated, which alerts individuals about a certain situation. Weighted Mean - A statistical measure that calculates the average of a set of values, where each value is multiplied by a predetermined weight, reflecting its importance or frequency in the dataset.  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 13 Methodology In this section of the research methodology, the research approach and methods will be discussed, moving from the general to the specific. This part of the research includes the selection of population and respondent, sampling strategy, data collection techniques and instrument, data gathering procedure, and data analysis. Research Design The researchers made use of the quantitative, non-experimental design in this study. It provides knowledge to guide the research and lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, only describing existing phenomena that do not affect the subjects. This method applied non- experimental research designs to examine social phenomena without direct manipulation of the conditions that subjects experience. Subjects are not randomly assigned to different groups (Sage Research Methods Community, 2024). The method that the researchers applied focuses on the users’ satisfaction with the mobile-connected smoke detectors in detecting and responding to fire hazards. The type of non-experimental design used in this research is descriptive, which is applied to determine a situation where the use of a mobile-connected smoke detector measures the users’ satisfaction. Descriptive research design is a systematic methodology used to describe the characteristics of a population, event, or phenomenon. It provides detailed information about existing conditions (Hassan, 2024). This approach will provide a clearer understanding of how mobile connectivity in smoke detectors measures users’ satisfaction in using it. The study will use a descriptive design to determine users’ satisfaction, allowing the researchers to assess the satisfaction levels of users of mobile-connected smoke detectors. In using this, researchers are only collecting data on users’ satisfaction without changing the use of the smoke detectors, their performance, or how users interact with them.  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 14 Population Frame and Sampling Scheme The population for this study is the senior high school students of CEIS Makati, specifically the Grade 11 and Grade 12 students. We used Quota Sampling, which is a non-probability sampling technique to get a representative sample of the population. This method allows us to select participants based on certain distinct groups (Grade 11 students and Grade 12 Students), in this case, it will ensure that the sample will have exactly 25 students from each grade level, amounting to 50 students. Quota sampling was selected since it helps us collect data from different subgroups, which in our case are Grade 11 and Grade 12 students, while at the same time ensuring that each sub-group is represented by this sample. This technique is good to use when time is short or resources are restricted as it enables us to effectively target the specific portion of the population due to our restricted access to the full population of the senior high school students of CEIS Makati (Dudovskiy, J. (n.d.) & Fleetwood, D., 2014). School Grade Level Number of Students Centro Escolar Integrated 11 198 School Makati 12 214 Description of Respondents The participants are the Senior High Students from Grade 11 and Grade 12 of CEIS Makati with 25 participants chosen per grade level, which equals to 50 participants in total. The sampling technique used is quota sampling, which ensures balanced representation from both grade levels. The participants are individuals who have already heard of or have an idea about smoke detectors. The researchers will select participants who are accessible and available at the moment and will stop once the quota of 50 participants is reached.  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 15 Research Techniques and Instrument The research technique to be used is a structured questionnaire, which is suitable for evaluating the user's satisfaction with mobile-connected smoke detectors. This method facilitates the systematic gathering of data regarding different aspects of the device's performance and ease of use. Accompanying the questionnaire, a Likert scale will be used, allowing respondents to indicate their level of agreement with each statement. The structured questionnaire consists of 10 close- ended questions in a Likert scale to measure the users’ satisfaction. Data Gathering Procedure This research presents the data gathering procedure, which started with the actual project, a mobile-connected smoke detector, by creating the appropriate code and gathering the necessary materials to make the project work. After assembling the project and combining both the code and materials, it is now ready to use for our research. To ensure the safety of our respondents and their willingness to answer our research questions, we prepared a permission letter to involve them as participants in this study. This study utilizes a non-experimental descriptive design to measure users’ satisfaction with the mobile-connected smoke detector. Data gathering begins by dividing the 50 participants by grade level for balanced representation, 25 participants from Grade 11 and 25 participants from Grade 12. Over a two-week period, controlled simulations will be conducted within a single room to test the devices' ability to detect smaller fires by using a lighter in close proximity. These simulations will be conducted during designated times (Monday to Wednesday, 11:00 AM to 12:00 PM) to ensure consistency. Data will be collected through a questionnaire provided by the researchers. At the end of the testing period, participants will be given a questionnaire to share their satisfaction using a structured questionnaire in a Likert scale. This will allow participants to provide their satisfaction on the device. The data collected will be analyzed to determine users’ satisfaction with the mobile-connected smoke detector.  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 16 Data Analysis Fifty (50) participants completed a structured questionnaire measuring satisfaction. They included Twenty-five (25) Grade 11 students and Twenty-five (25) Grade 12 students from CEIS Makati. The questionnaire contained ten (10) closed-ended items and was rated on a Likert scale, providing insight into their experiences with the mobile smoke detector. A numerical value of 5 for Very Satisfied, 4 for Satisfied, 3 for Neutral, 2 for Dissatisfied, and 1 for Very Dissatisfied interviewed each option. Their purposes were to allow the researchers to quantify subjective responses and make them ultimately measurable. Summary of all responses was thus prepared in a frequency table, which becomes the basis for further statistical analysis. To evaluate the project, the researchers calculated the weighted mean, a statistical method used to determine the overall level of satisfaction among participants. The weighted mean weighs responses according to their frequency of occurrence by assigning a numerical value to each one. The results are summed numerically and divided by the number of respondents. The result is a pure summary of the participants' feedback as to how satisfied they were. These findings were analyzed to gauge whether or not the smoke detector lived up to the expectations of the users or areas for improvement within the design. The simple nature of the weighted mean has made it easy for interpreting results, even for those who were not familiar with complex techniques of statistics.  CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - MAKATI 17 References Journal Articles Chan, H.-Y., & Tsai, M.-H. (2023, October 1). Alert notifications for governmental disaster response via instant messaging applications. 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