Pineapple Floral Biology and Breeding Procedure PDF

FLORAL BIOLOGY AND BREEDING PROCEDURE OF PINEAPPLE Ante, Deguilmo, Jomahali, Mulod, Repulles  TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 02 03 INTRODUCTION FLORAL BREEDING BIOLOGY PROCEDURE  01 INTRODUCTION Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical pl...

FLORAL BIOLOGY AND BREEDING PROCEDURE OF PINEAPPLE Ante, Deguilmo, Jomahali, Mulod, Repulles  TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 02 03 INTRODUCTION FLORAL BREEDING BIOLOGY PROCEDURE  01 INTRODUCTION Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, named for resemblance to the pine cone, is the most economically important plant in the Bromeliaceae family.It is mainly grown for its fruits, either fresh or in processed forms. Pineapples maybe cultivated from a crown cutting of the fruit, possibly flowering in 20-24 months and fruiting in the following six months.  Origin and Morphology Pineapple (Ananas comosus)is believed to be originated from South America, in the region encompassing central and southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Paraguay. The fruit had already been domesticated by the native South Americans. Parts of Pineapple Leaves The leaves of a pineapple plant are long, sword- shaped, and arranged in a spiral rosette pattern. These leaves are tough and waxy, with spiky edges that serve as a natural defense mechanism against potential herbivores. Roots The pineapple plant has a fibrous root system that helps anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients. These roots are relatively shallow and spread out horizontally, making them efficient in capturing nutrients from the soil.  Stem Unlike many other fruit-bearing plants, the pineapple doesn't grow on a typical above-ground stem. Instead, the pineapple fruit develops from the central stem, which is a compact and densely packed structure located at the center of the leaf rosette. This stem is often referred to as the "crown." Sucker Pineapple plants also produce offshoots known as suckers or offsets. These are small shoots that grow at the base of the plant. Suckers can be separated from the parent plant and replanted, offering another method of propagation.  Fruits The most recognizable part of the pineapple plant is, of course, the fruit. The pineapple fruit is a composite of many individual berries, each the result of a separate flower. As the berries fuse together, they create the spiky, tough exterior of the pineapple. The edible part of the pineapple consists of the fleshy, juicy tissue derived from these individual berries. Flower Pineapple plant produces small, purple to red flowers that emerge from the center of the rosette. These flowers are arranged on a thick stalk known as an inflorescence. Interestingly, the pineapple inflorescence is capable of producing multiple fruiting cycles, allowing for the development of additional pineapples over time.  Crown The crown is the leafy top of the pineapple, often removed when the fruit is harvested for consumption. Surprisingly, the crown can be used to propagate new pineapple plants. By cutting off the crown and allowing it to root in soil, a new pineapple plant can be grown, showcasing the plant's ability to regenerate and reproduce. Slip Slips are fruit-like crowns on the fruit peduncle.(One of several shoots or runners that sprout from right below the mature fruit) Pineapple Production In the Philippines, Northern Mindanao was the top pineapple producer with 391.16 thousand metric tons or 51.3 percent share to the total pineapple production this quarter. Completing the top three producing regions were SOCCSKSARGEN with 189.29 thousand metric tons (24.8%) and Bicol Region with 62.13 thousand metric tons (8.1%). The Philippines ranks second among the biggest pineapple-exporting countries in the world, placing behind Thailand.  02 FLORAL BIOLOGY FLORAL STRUCTURE Pineapple produce a single flower cluster called an inflorescence. The inflorescence is composed of 50-200 individual flowers arranged in a spiral around a central stalk. Petals are typically blue to purple, and flowers have a tubular structure, which is common in Bromeliaceae plants. Each flower consists of three sepals, three petals, and six stamens, with a central pistil (female reproductive part) containing the ovary. all”  Bracts- Modified leaves that protects the developing flower. Sepals & Petals- Pineapple flowers are small and typically have 3 sepals, 3 petals, although they are often fused and form a tubular structure. Stamens- Male reproductive organ that produce pollen. Pistil – Female reproductive organ that consists of ovary, style and stigma Anther- produces and contains pollen FLOWERING AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENT It takes between 18 and 24 months for pineapple plants to flower and then produce fruit. Pineapples grow fastest from suckers and will fruit within a year to a year and a half. The flowering stage is called the “red heart” because of the red bracts that grow at the stem base. These bracts are shorter and thinner than normal leaves.  The flowering process in pineapple is controlled by photoperiod (day length), temperature, and plant age. In commercial production, flowering can be induced artificially using ethylene or other plant hormones to synchronize harvest. Once flowers bloom and pollination occurs, the ovaries of each flower develop and fuse, forming a single composite fruit.  POLLINATION MECHANISM Pineapple flowers are protandrous, meaning the male parts (stamens) mature before the female parts (pistil). This reduces the likelihood of self-pollination and encourages cross-pollination. However, pineapples are also capable of self-compatibility. The primary pollinators of pineapple flowers in the wild are hummingbirds, attracted to the bright colors and tubular structure. REGIONS In regions where pineapple is cultivated pollination and cross-fertilization with other varieties are not desirable in since they will lead to seed formation and decrease fruit quality. COMMERCIAL In commercial settings, pineapples are propagated vegetatively (through suckers or crowns) to produce seedless fruits. REPRODUCTIVE ADAPTATIONS Pineapples are adapted to environments where water conservation is crucial. Their flowers are tightly arranged and the leaves have a rosette shape, allowing water to be collected and stored. Pineapple plants are also equipped with CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis, allowing them to fix carbon dioxide at night to minimize water loss.  REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduction by vegetative propagation is the predominant form of reproduction. The different vegetative parts of the pineapple plant includes slips, ratoon, side shoots or suckers and crown. 1. SLIPS Leafy branches attached below the fruit on the peduncle, grouped near the base of the fruit; sometimes produced from basal eye of the fruit. 2. RATOON ( Ground Suckers) shoots produced from the stem just above the ground; will produce fruit in 12-14 months after planting 3. SUCKERS shoots produced from the above ground portion of the stem; will produce fruit in 18-20 months after planting 4. CROWN The short stem and leaves growing from the apex of the fruit; not commonly used; may take up to 24 months after planting to produce fruit  REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual reproduction in pineapples is less common, as pineapples are typically cultivated asexually. However, pineapples can reproduce sexually through pollination, which leads to the formation of seeds within the fruit. POLLINATION Pineapple flowers are pollinated, often by certain hummingbirds or bats, though artificial pollination is sometimes used in cultivation. Pollination is typically avoided in commercial pineapple production to prevent seed formation, as seeds can reduce the quality of the fruit.  BREEDING 03 PROCEDURE Pineapples are typically grown from plant parts like suckers or slips, rather than seeds. To create new pineapple varieties with specific traits, such as disease resistance or better fruit quality, researchers cross-pollinate two pineapple plants with desirable characteristics. This involves transferring pollen from one flower to another. The resulting hybrid seeds can then be planted to produce new pineapple plants with the desired traits.  IMPORTANT STAGES 01 03 02 Choosing Parental Seed Genotypes Pollination Germination IMPORTANT STAGES 04 05 Inoculation Field Evaluation CHOOSING PARENTAL Choosing the right parent genotypes for pineapple breeding is crucial for developing offspring with specific desired qualities. By carefully selecting parent plants, breeders can control and improve traits like yield, disease resistance, fruit quality, and adaptability to different environments. This process helps create pineapple with better varieties, and can meet the needs of both consumers and growers, ultimately boosting pineapple production and overall success. POLLINATION A pineapple plant typically produces around 150 flowers. These flowers bloom sequentially, starting from the bottom and moving upwards. Approximately five to ten flowers open each day. To ensure successful pollination, it’s crucial to pollinate the flowers as soon as they open, ideally between six and eight in the morning. In order to prevent p r e - established pollination from contamination with pollen of unknown origin, it is necessary to protect th e female parental prior to flower opening. To perform pollination, anthers are removed from th e male parental and passed on the stigmata of th e female.  Usually three anthers are necessary to pollinate one stigma. Pollination may also be performed by: 1. removing th e whole flower from th e male parental 2. followed by removing petals to expose th e anthers, 3. passing th em on the stigmata of th e female parental.  ANTHESIS PERIOD OF PINEAPPLE Anthesis is completed within 15 to 25 days, depending on the number of florets and the prevailing average temperature POLLEN VIABILITY Pineapple pollen is relatively sticky, travels very short distances and remains viable for short periods of time, pollen grains could be stored in cool, dry air for 15 days with minimal loss of viability (Kern, 1931).  CROSS POLLINATION IN PINEAPPLE Step1: Accessing the Flower Hold the brush or cotton swab and gently tap the open male flowers. This should cause pollen, a yellow powder, to adhere to the brush or swab. Step2: Transferring Pollen Take the pollen-coated brush and gently stroke the stigma of the female flowers. This transfers the pollen to the female part of the flower, facilitating pollination.  CROSS POLLINATION IN PINEAPPLE Step 3: Repeat Continue this process until all the female flowers have been pollinated. It might require repeating the procedure for a few days. Step 4: Watch for growth After the pollination process, watch for signs of fruit growth to ensure successful pollination. How to determine if Pineapple has been pollinated 1. Flower Changes In pineapple, signs of successful pollination can be observed in the changes of flowers. After pollination, the flowers’ bright colors begin to fade and they might shrivel up, signaling that pollination has occurred successfully. 2. Fruit Development Successful pollination in a pineapple can be identified by the formation of the fruit. If pollination is successful, the area near the base of the flower will start to enlarge and develop into a fruit..  A single fruit in which all flowers have been pollinated produces from 50-200 seeds, depending on parental compatibility SEED GERMINATION Pineapple has very small seeds, around 5 mm long and 2 mm wide. The integument is brown and very hard. Seed germination is slow and irregular, requiring about 15 days a t 3 0 º C to start germination, and 4 0 to 6 0 days to turn into a seedling with about 1 cm long leaves. Seeds viability is supposed to be around six months.  Usually seeds are placed on a moisture keeping tissue inside a tray which is covered with a hyaline plastic film or germination boxes may also be used. When germination is completed, seedlings are transferred to trays and kept under greenhouse conditions for six to eight months until they reach 10 to 15 cm height. Then they are transferred to a screenhouse where they remain for two months for hardening.  INOCULATION In breeding pineapple, the inoculation method involves introducing specific traits or characteristics into the plant. Common methods include: Hybridization: Cross-pollinate plants with desired traits to produce hybrids with a combination of favorable characteristics. Grafting: Joining a shoot (scion) of a desired pineapple plant onto the rootstock of another, facilitating the transfer of specific traits  HYBRIDIZATION When to Hybridize? Dawn to 9 am is probably the best time for pollination Higher seed set was obtained when crossing was done during the early morning or cooler evening and significantly less so during the hotter mid-noon or early afternoon. Synchrony in flowering of parents is obviously an important consideration in hybridization unless there are plans to store pollen of earlier flowering parents.  HYBRIDIZATION How to Hybridize? Pollen is collected from flowers at anthesis early in the morning. The flowers are removed from the inflorescence by making three deep triangular incisions into the base of the flower and then gorging them out. Pollen in excised flowers should stay fresh longer and dehydrate less rapidly. Pollen could be stored in cool, dry containers for 15 days with minimal loss of viability.  HYBRIDIZATION How to Hybridize? During hand-pollination, the petals of the excised flower are removed to expose the freshly dehisced anthers. Anther is picked up with a fine pair of forceps and gently brushed onto the stigma of the flower to be pollinated. Usually, it is not necessary to emasculate the flowers before pollination because most cultivars are self- incompatible. FIELD EVALUATION When resistant pineapple genotypes reach 2 0 to 3 0 cm height th ey are transferred to field plots where th ey are evaluated during their cycle for several characteristics such as: 1. Plant height up to fruit base, 2. Peduncle length and diameter; 3. Number of propagating materials (slips and suckers); 4. Fruit weight without crown; 5. crown weight and length;  FIELD EVALUATION 6. Fruit length and diameter; 7. Fruit shape and color; 8. Diameter of fruit core; 9. Presence of seeds; total soluble solids; 10. Total tritatable acidity THANKS! Slidesgo CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik Freepik