GROUP 1_SANGUYO & SIMOY PDF

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – CAVITE CQT AVENUE, BRGY. SALAWAG, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING, APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT AND GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS...

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – CAVITE CQT AVENUE, BRGY. SALAWAG, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING, APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT AND GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS WRITTEN REPORT CT313 – CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING GROUP NO. 1 SANGUYO, JAN CAMILLE B. SIMOY, PRINCESS-JOY S. BET-CT-3A ENGR. NEIL ADRIAN MINOC INSTRUCTOR 09/09/2024 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction of Construction Materials and Testing…………………………………..3 Jan Camille B. Sanguyo Apparatus and Equipment………………………………………………………………9 and Princess-Joy S. Simoy General Properties of Engineering Materials………………………………………….12 Jan Camille B. Sanguyo and Princess-Joy S. Simoy REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..13  CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Jan Camille Sanguyo CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS The term ‘construction materials’ refers to the any substance used in building a structure. There are various kinds of materials used for building in the construction industry. We use different materials depending on their structural capabilities. MOST COMMON TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 1. Steel is a popular construction material, often used alongside concrete to create impressive and long-lasting buildings. Its versatility, sustainability and flexibility are some of the main reasons for its use, as well as being a very cost- effective material. 2. Cement is defined as a binding agent that is used to bind various construction materials. Given its adhesive and cohesive properties, it is an essential ingredient of concrete and mortar. 3. Concrete a hard, chemically inert particle matter known as aggregate (often sand and gravel) is cemented together by cement and water to form a structural material. 4. Binding wire is used to tie together construction applications. It is widely used in the construction industry for binding rebars at junctions/joints to make the structure stable. Binding wire is constructed of mild steel. 3 5. Wood commonly used for structural elements such as beams, rafters, and joists. Its strength and resilience make it suitable for load-bearing applications. 6. Bricks it is a type of construction material used to construct walls, pavements, and other features in masonry construction. 7. Blocks are a sort of building material with a rectangular shape. It consists of cement, aggregate, and water. There are three sorts of concrete blocks: hollow blocks, solid blocks, and cellular blocks. 8. Aggregates are raw materials that are produced from natural sources and extracted from pits and quarries, including gravel, crushed stone, and sand 9. Glass is now being used in the building industry as insulation material, structural component, external glazing material, cladding material. 10. Soil is the loose surface material that covers most land. It consists of inorganic particles and organic matter. 4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING It refers to the testing of structural materials used to build new projects from the ground up, materials and components used to construct new additions or new components being added to an existing facility. Construction materials testing is meant to safeguard design specifications and asset performance for use in a construction project. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING Construction materials and testing are important in order to ensure that the goods can withstand particular conditions while also adhering to increasingly complex national and international building requirements. Additionally, proper testing can help identify any potential weaknesses in the materials used, allowing for adjustments to be made before construction begins. This ultimately helps to ensure the safety and longevity of the structure being built. TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF CONSTRUCTION TESTING 1. Field Testing is done at the project site. Certified professionals carry out field testing services for various construction projects that can include roadways, bridges, utility projects, airports, and building developments. Typically, soil sampling is a method of removing sub-surface earth materials. These soil samples can be evaluated in the field or taken back to the lab for further testing. The technicians check for moisture and compaction, which will affect the building's foundation. 2. Laboratory Testing is when material samples are taken back to an off-site location or lab to review and analyze. Don't confuse this with product testing, which is also done in a lab and involves reviewing, testing, and providing reports on finished products, such as doors, windows, curtain walls, and roofing products. Pre-testing finished products and how they perform in a lab does not guarantee how well they will perform in the field, especially if the construction materials that support the finished products have not been properly tested and inspected. 5 TYPES OF FIELD TESTING 1. Soil and Aggregate Testing 1.1. Compaction and Density Testing (ASTM D698) refers to the combination of all the empty spaces and processes found in soil. Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are compressed together, limiting the pore space between them. Heavily compacted soils have fewer big holes, a lower total pore volume, and a higher density. Compacted soil has lower rates of water infiltration and drainage. 1.2. Bearing Ratio Testing (ASTM D1883) is achieved by measuring the pressure required to penetrate a soil sample with a standard area plunger. The measured pressure is then divided by the pressure necessary for equal penetration through a standard crushed rock material. The harder the surface, the greater the CBR value. 2. Concrete Testing 2.1. Slump Testing (ASTM C143 / C143M) measures the consistency of a concrete batch to determine how smoothly it will flow. The test not only checks for uniformity between batches, but it also detects flaws in a mix, allowing the operator to correct the mix before it is poured on site. 6 TYPES OF LABORATORY TESTING 1. Soil Testing 1.1. Moisture Content Test (ASTM D 2216) it is defined as the ratio of the mass of water retained in the soil to the dry soil. The mass of water is determined by the difference between the soil before and after drying. The next experiment will show how to use these concepts to estimate soil moisture content in a laboratory setting. 1.2. Specific Gravity Test (ASTM D 854) is calculated as the weight in air of a specific volume of soil particles at a certain temperature divided by the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at the same temperature. 2. Aggregate testing 2.1. Specific Gravity & Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (ASTM C 127/AASHTO T 84) it is the specific gravity of a coarse aggregate sample is calculated by dividing the weight of a given volume of aggregate by the weight of an equal volume of water. It is analogous to the fine aggregate specific gravity test. 2.2. Specific Gravity & Absorption of Fine Aggregate (ASTM C 128/AASHTO T 85) it is the specific gravity of a fine aggregate sample is calculated by dividing the weight of a given volume of aggregate by the weight of an equal volume of water. 7 3. Asphalt Testing 3.1. Bulk Specific Gravity Testing (AASHTO T 166) it is the weight ratio of a particular volume of aggregate, including the permeable and impermeable spaces in the particles, to the weight of an equal volume of water. 4. Concrete Testing 4.1. Compression Strength Testing Cylinder (ASTM C 39/AASHTO T 22) Drilled Core (ASTM C 42/AASHTO T 24) is essential for working out the capacity of concrete to withstand a load and determine at which point it will experience failure. 4.2. Absorption Testing Drilled Core (ASTM C 497/AASHTO T 280) Concrete Pipe (ASTM C 497) is a popular method of determining the water-tightness of concrete. 8  APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT Princess-Joy Simoy In construction testing, apparatus and equipment are specialized tools and devices used to measure, evaluate, and ensure the quality and performance of construction materials and components. These tools are essential for verifying that materials meet the required specifications and standards for safety, durability, and functionality. IMPORTANCE Construction testing relies heavily on apparatus and equipment to ensure that materials and structural components fulfill the necessary standards and requirements. The proper use of these tools is critical for ensuring the quality, safety, and durability of construction projects. 1. Proctor Compaction Test the Proctor compaction test is the most widely used laboratory method for assessing soil compaction. Developed in the 1930s by R. R. Proctor, a field engineer with the Bureau of Waterworks and Supply in Los Angeles, this test simulates the compaction processes used in the construction of earth dams and embankments. It is commonly employed to determine soil compressibility. 2. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, developed in California, USA, is an empirical method used to determine the Relative Bearing Ratio and expansion characteristics of base, sub-base, and subgrade soils under a known surcharge weight. This test is crucial for designing roads, pavements, and runways, as it helps in selecting materials and controlling subgrades. The CBR test can be conducted either on prepared samples in a laboratory or in-situ on- site. It is important to note that this test is empirical and is specifically applicable to the design of highway base thickness. 9 3. Slump Cone are constructed of rugged plated steel or high-density plastic and meet ASTM and AASHTO or BS standards. Plastic and steel slump cones are rust-resistant and available in inch or metric dimensions. They can be secured by standing on the integral foot tabs or clamped in the slump test base for additional stability. 4. Rapid Moisture Meter determines the percentage of water in soil mass through the gas pressure created by reaction between calcium carbide and water present in the wet soil sample.. 5. Volumetric Flasks are popular for use as specific gravity pycnometers for soils, aggregates, and other materials. Flasks are borosilicate glass, calibrated for indicated capacity at 20°C when filled to the mark. 6. Bulk Dry Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of a unit volume of aggregate in air at a specified temperature to the weight of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the same temperature. 10 7. Pycnometer Jar with Metal Conical Mold this set includes essential tools for testing the specific gravity of fine aggregates. It features a Pycnometer Jar with a 1-quart (0.95L) capacity, a screw-on tapered brass top with a rubber gasket and pour-hole. Also included is a seamless metal Conical Mold, measuring 3 inches (75 mm) high, with a top inside diameter of 1.6 inches (40 mm) and a bottom inside diameter of 3.5 inches (90 mm). Additionally, the set contains a metal tamper weighing 340 grams (0.7 pounds) with a 1-inch (25 mm) diameter face. 8. Compression Testing Machine are used to determine a material’s behavior under applied crushing loads and are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen (usually of either a cuboid or cylindrical geometry) using platens or specialized fixtures on a universal testing machine. 9. Water Absorption Machine the test gauges the rate at which water flows into a specimen through a known surface area. It measures the water flow rate when subjected to a consistent head of 200 mm per unit area on the concrete surface. The apparatus includes a capillary tube supported on a scale, connecting tubes, and a water reservoir. It is user-friendly and mounted on a frame. 11  GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Jan Camille Sanguyo and Princess-Joy Simoy General properties of engineering materials are characteristics that describe the behavior and performance of materials under various conditions. These properties are crucial for selecting and designing materials for specific applications. IMPORTANCE Understanding the general properties of engineering materials is crucial in construction and manufacturing for several reasons. These properties directly influence the material's performance, suitability for specific applications, and overall quality of the final product. 1. Mechanical Properties Such as strength, hardness, ductility, and elasticity, which describe how materials respond to forces and deformations. 2. Physical Properties Including density, temperature, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and heat capacity, which determine how materials conduct and respond to heat. 3. Chemical Properties Such as corrosion resistance and reactivity, which indicate how materials interact with chemicals and environmental conditions. 4. Electrical Properties Including electrical conductivity and resistivity, which define how well materials conduct or resist electric currents. 5. Optical Properties Such as reflectivity, absorption, and transmission of light, which describe how materials interact with light. These properties assist engineers in selecting the optimal material for a given application, assuring performance, safety, and longevity. Understanding material properties enables engineers to forecast how things will perform under various conditions, resulting in more efficient designs and cost-effective solutions. Engineers can maximize a product's performance while reducing potential hazards or failures by taking into account factors such as strength, flexibility, and thermal conductivity. 12  REFERENCES Admin. (2022). What Are Construction Materials and Testing? 2 Key Components. ForneyVault. Retrieved from https://forneyvault.com/construction-materials-and-testing/ admin. (2022). What are the Types of Material Testing in Construction? ForneyVault. Retrieved from https://forneyvault.com/construction-material-testing-types/ Administrator. (2023). Cement: What is cement, Types & Properties of Cement. JK Cement. Retrieved fromhttps://www.jkcement.com/blog/basics-of-cement/what-is- cement/#:~:text=Cement%20is%20defined%20as%20a Agriculture Victoria. (2021). What Is soil? - Agriculture. Retrieved from https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/farm-management/soil/what-is-soil Are, T. (2021). Construction Aggregates 101: What They Are (and Why They Matter). Retrieved from https://www.aem.org/news/construction-aggregates-101-what-they-are-and-why-they- matter#:~:text=Aggregates%20are%20raw%20materials%20that Associates, J. (n.d.). CBR Test. Southern Testing. Retrieved from https://www.southerntesting.co.uk/services/ground-site-investigation-consultants/cbr- test/#:~:text=The%20CBR%20test%20is%20performed Building Materials: Construction Materials for House Building | UltraTech Cement. (n.d.). Ultratechcement. 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Retrieved from https://www.globalgilson.com/slump-test-components Concrete Unit Weight Scales | Unit Weight of Fresh Concrete. (2024). Forneyonline. Retrieved from https://store.forneyonline.com/concrete-testing-equipment/unit-weight-density Determination of Moisture Content in Soil | Protocol. (n.d.). Jove. Retrieved from https://www.jove.com/v/10011/determination-of-moisture-content-in- soil#:~:text=The%20moisture%20content%20of%20soil Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity. (n.d.). Pavement Interactive. Retrieved from https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/testing/aggregate-tests/fine-aggregate-specific-gravity/ Gilson Company, Inc. (2024). GlobalGilson. Retrieved from https://www.globalgilson.com/specific-gravity- absorption-of-fine-aggregate-set Laboratory Tests | Soil, Concrete | Construction Materials Testing. (n.d.). S.W.COLE. Retrieved from https://www.swcole.com/our-services/construction-materials-testing/laboratory-and-field- testing/complete-list-laboratory-tests/ Material Testing and Site Inspections: The Foundation of Successful Construction. (n.d.). Intertek. https://www.intertek.com/blog/2021/11-30-foundation/ Measurement of Specific Gravity of Soils. (n.d.). Geoengineer. Retrieved from https://www.geoengineer.org/education/laboratory-testing/measurement-of-specific-gravity-of- soils#:~:text=Drying%20oven- Moisture condition apparatus. (2017). Matest. Retrieved from https://www.matest.com/en/product/s088-10- moisture-condition-apparatus 13 Soil Compaction Test in 4-Steps: Learn With the Ultimate Guide with Getting Overwhelmed (n.d.). Vertekcpt. Retrieved from https://www.vertekcpt.com/soil-compaction-test- intro/#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20purpose%20of Soil Density Testing: 3 Test Methods You Can Count On. (n.d.). GlobalGilson. 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