Group 1 PPT Report on Jose Rizal

CHAPTER 5 Rizal Life: EXILE, TRIAL and DEATH  S U M M A R Y: 2 This chapter has shown Rizal's Return to the Philippines Returning to the Philippines to effect change. Founding La Liga Filipina, a reform society. Exiled to Dapitan, Philippine...

CHAPTER 5 Rizal Life: EXILE, TRIAL and DEATH  S U M M A R Y: 2 This chapter has shown Rizal's Return to the Philippines Returning to the Philippines to effect change. Founding La Liga Filipina, a reform society. Exiled to Dapitan, Philippines, where he established a school, repaired waterworks, and composed music. Won the heart of Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman. Arrested for his role in Andres Bonifacio's revolution. Charged with sedition, rebellion, and conspiracy. Sentenced to death by firing squad. Writed "Mi UItimo Adiós" and begged for forgiveness. Began his final letter to his brother, asking for forgiveness. Died on December 30, 1896, in Bagumbayan, later renamed Luneta.  3 R I Z A L’ S A R R I VA L I N M A N I L A Rizal's Return to Manila in June 1892 Rizal returned to Manila in June 1892, believing the battleground should be fought in the Philippines. He encouraged his European compatriots to meet in Manila and share experiences. Arrived in Manila on June 26, 1892, with his sister Lucia. Attended an audience with Spanish Governor General, General Eulogio Despujol at Malacanang Palace. Visited friends in Malolos, San Fernando, Tartac, and Bacolor. Returned to Manila by train on June 28, 1892. FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina 4 Rizal’s founding of the La Liga Filipina upon his return to the Philippines in July 1892 represented a step forward in the reformist ideas of the time as the new group sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement. The founding of “La Liga Filipina” a league or association sought to unite the Filipino of Good Character for concerted action toward the economic advancement their country, for a higher standard of manhood and to ensure opportunities for education and development for talented Filipino youth, was almost Rizal’s last act while at liberty. Resistance to oppression through legal means was also encourage, as Rizal believed that no one could fairly complain about the government until he had exhausted and found ineffective all the legal resources available to him. FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina 5 Many members of society seeking change were drawn to the Liga, including Andres Bonifacio, who became one of the organization's founders. The Liga’s goals, as stated in the constitution Rizal drafted, were as follows: ❖ To consolidate the entire archipelago into a single compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body mutual protection in all times of need; ❖ defense against all forms of violence and injustice; ❖ encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce and research and implementation of reforms. The league, as Rizal envisioned it, would be sort of mutual aid and self-help society, dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, lending capital and establishing cooperatives. The Spanish authorities were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892, just four days after the Liga was formed. These were innocent, even naive goals that could hardly alleviate the social ills of the time.  6 FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina On July 3, 1892, following his morning interview with Governor General Despujol, Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at the home of the Chinese Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila, on the " evening of Sunday. Rizal explained the goals of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos he wished to establish, as well as its role in the people's socioeconomic lives. The following officers were elected to the new league: Ambrosio Salvador ( President ) Deodato Arlano ( Secretary ) Agustin de la Rosa ( Treasurer ) Bonifacio Arevalo ( Fiscal ) FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina 7 The Calle llya monument to Rizal and his associates of La Liga Filipina. FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina 8 ❑ The Calle llya monument to Rizal and his associates of La Liga Filipina. The Liga Filipina's motto is Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All). The Supreme Council was the league's governing body, with jurisdiction over the entire country. It was made up of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal. There was a Provincial Council in each province and a Popular Council in each town. ❖ The Liga members' responsibilities are as follows: 1. to obey the Supreme Council's orders 2. to assist in recruiting new members 3. to keep the Liga authorities' decisions strictly confidential 4. to have a symbolic name that he cannot change until he becomes president of his council. 5. to report to the fiscal anything he hears that affects the Liga 6. to behave well as befits a good Filipino 7. to help fellow member in any way. FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina 9 Regulations of La Liga Filipina In Rizal handwriting  FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina 10 During Rizal's last and final meeting with the Governor General, he was asked if he still supported his plan for a Filipino colony in British North Borneo. Rizal wrote Despujol when he was in Hongkong that he should be allowed to build a Fililpino colony in British North Borneo. Despujol had previously stated that with So much Philippine land lying idle due to lack of cutivation, it did not seem patriotic to divert labor needed at home to the development of a foreign land. Rizal's previous response had dealt with the government's difficulty in dealing with the land problems. The tenants who had taken the old renters places now had to be considered as well and he pointed out that there was also a bitterness between the parties that neither side could easily forget. so, he simply stated that he had found no reason to change his original viewpoints this time. The General then took five small sheets of the "Poor Friars' handbill from his desk, claiming they had been discovered in the roll of bedding sent with Rizal's baggage to the custom house, and asked who they could be.  FOUNDING OF: La Liga Filipina 11 Rizal responded that the General was well aware that the bedding belonged to his sister Lucia, but she was no fool and would not have hidden five small papers in a place where they were certain to be discovered, whether hidden within her camisa or stuffed into her stocking. Rizal was arrested and exiled to Dapitan three days after the organization was founded but the Liga would soon be overshadowed by another organization, The Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, which was formally established a day after Rizal's arrest, July 7, 1892, by people who were members of the Liga, led by Andres Bonifacio, a society they had planned to organize since January 1892. JOSE RIZAL EXILE IN DAPITAN  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 13 Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, Zamboanga Del Norte and a remote town in Mindanao, from 1892 to 1896. He stayed there for four years, and his life was monotonous, but he had accomplished a lot. While practicing medicine and pursuing scientific studies, Rizal continued his artistic and literary works. Rizal had invented a wooden machine for making bricks, in addition to farming and commerce. Despite his many activities, fellow reformers, as well as eminent scientists and scholars from all over Europe, have praised him. Jose led a very peaceful, happy and enjoyable life in Dapitan, and the way he lived it was admirable and worthy of imitation He made the most of his time in Dapitan by participating in a variety of activities. Word of his exceptional medical abilities spread like wildfire in Dapitan. His medical practice attracted a large number of low-income patients He put the curative properties of the Philippine medicinal plants he studied to good use, dispensing them to his poor patients who couldn't afford imported medicine.  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 14 One of Jose's most impressive projects was his water system, which he designed and built So that the people of Dapitan could have access to clean water. Despite Iack of funds, limited resources and no government assistance, he was able to build it with nothing more than his Ateneo education, engineering textbook readings and sheer determination and ingenuity. Both wealthy and impoverished patients were welcomed. He usually charged them less, it not for nothing and accepted any in-kind payments from those with little or no money. Father Francisco Sanchez, Jose's former Jesuit teacher, assisted him in getting to work. He improved the town plaza by incorporating a large relief map of Mindanao., which is still visible today.  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 15 Specimens collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez, now in the Jesuit Museum To reduce the occurrence of malaria, he drained the marshes where mosquitos thrived. One five-hundred-peso fee from a rich Englishman was devoted by Rizal to lighting the town and the community benefited in this way by his charity in addition to the free treatment given its poor. The school including the house servants, numbered about twenty and was taught without books by Rizal. Who conducted his recitations from a hammock. Considerable importance was given to mathematics and in languages. English was taught as well as Spanish, the entire waking period being devoted to the language allotted for the day, and whoever so far forgot as to utter a word in any other tongue was punished by having to wear a rattan in handcuff. The use and meaning of this modern police device had to be explained to the boys, for Spain Still tied her prisoners with rope.  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 16 Nature study consisted n helping the Doctor gather specimens of flowers, shells, insects and reptiles Which were prepared and shipped to German museums. Rizal was paid for these specimens by scientific books and material. The director of the Royal Zoological and Anthropological Museum in Dresden Saxony, Doctor Karl von Heller, was great friend and admirer of Doctor Rizal. Doctor Heller's father was tutor to the late King Alfonso XII and had many friends his European friends at the Court of Spain. Evidently Doctor Heller and other of did not consider Rizal a Spanish insurrectionary, but treated him rather as a reformer seeking progress by peaceful means.  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 17 Jose conducted scientific research and collected animal and plant specimens in Dapitan's rich virgin field. In exchange for scientific books and surgical instruments, he sent these specimens to the European Museum in Dresden. He has amassed an impressive collection of 346 shells from 203 diferent species as a result of his research. Some of the rare specimens named after him include: Draco rizali (a flying dragon) Apogonia rizali (a small beetle) Rhacophorus rizali (a small beetle) (a rare frog) Three new Species discovered by Rizal and named after him.  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 18 While in Dapitan, Jose studied the Bisayan, Subanum, and Malayan languages and wrote a Tagalog grammar. Some of his poems include: ❖ A Don Ricardo Carnicero, Himno ❖ A Talisay (Hymn to the Talisay Tree), ❖ Mi Retiro (My Retreat), ❖ E Canto del Viajero (The Traveler's Song) And Josephine. He also made sore drawings and sculptures of people and objects he found interesting Jose bought 70 hectares of land in Dapitan and built a house, school and hospital on it, as well as planted fruit trees, corn, coffee, cacao, sugarcane and hemp. He also drew and sculpted people and objects of interest to him. J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 19 With the assistance of Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, Jose was successful in his business ventures in fishing; copra and hemp. He established the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break the Chinese monopoly in Dapitan. The confederation's goal, according to Rizal, was to "improve farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their purchases, and assist producers and workers by establishing a store where they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices “He invented the “sulpukan” a wooden cigarette light that worked on the principle of compressed air. Blumentrit then received it as a gift. He also had an idea for brick-making machine. Jose version based on Belgian model, could produce 6,000 bricks per day.  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 20 Despite his achievements in Dapitan, Jose felt empty. He longed to be with his family, relatives and friends. He had the impression that he needed someone to re-energize him. As Josephine Bracken arrived in Dapitan Jose found his answer. She arrived in Dapitan like a ray of sunshine to cheer him up sweet eighteen-year-old Irish girl who was slim, had Josephine Bracken was a blond hair, blue eyes and dressed elegantly in a light gayety atmosphere. Her parents are both Irish. On October 3, 1876, her Irish parents, James Bracken, a corporal the British garrison and Elizabeth Jane MacBride gave birth to her in Hong Kong: Jose and Josephine fell in love and decided to marry, but no priest was willing to marry them. Even without the blessing of the church, Jose and Josephine joyfully shared each other's lives in Dapitan. His joy was multiplied when he learned that Josephine was expecting a child. Due to a twist of fate the baby only lived for three hours. He named his son "Francisco* in honor of his father. JOSE RIZAL EXILE IN DAPITAN 21 CARVING OF JOSEPHINE BRACKEN  J O S E R I Z A L E X I L E I N D A P I TA N 22 Dr. Pio Valenzuela, a revolutionary, was tasked with informing Jose Rizal about the Kataataasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan's armed revolt in 1896. Rizal opposed the uprising, believing it was unprepared and would result in many deaths. He declined Katipuneros' offer to save him. Blumentritt, a friend, encouraged Rizal to volunteer as an army doctor in Cuba due to the yellow fever epidemic. Rizal offered his medical services in Cuba, on July 30, 1896 received a surprise letter from the Spanish Governor informing him of his proposal. He was allowed to travel to Manila and then to Cuba, marking the end of his exile. "According to the letter, he would also be allowed to travel to Manila, where he would be given safe passage to Spain and then to Cuba Jose Rizal emotionally left a town he had grown to love, on July 31, 1896 Many teary-eyed Dapitan residents gathered on the beach to say their final goodbyes to a man who gave his all for his hometown. Jose saluted the town's devoted and friendly residents with a weeping heart filled with nostalgic tears. THE TRIAL OF JOSE RIZAL  TRIAL OF RIZAL 24 On August 26, 1896, Andres Bonifacio and his fearless Katipunero’s cried out in the hills of Balintawak (popularly known as "Cry of Balintawak"), a few miles north of Manila. They attacked San Juan, a city near Manila, on August 30, but were repulsed with heavy losses. Following the Battle of San Juan, General Blanco declared a state of war in the eight provinces of Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Vizcaya and Tarlac. For their insurgency against Spain. Jose feared that the raging insurgency would result in a great deal of suffering and heinous destruction of human lives and property. He was also concerned about the possibility of Spanish retaliation against all Filipino patriots. During the chaos created by the uprising, Jose received two letters from Governor General Blanco exonerating him from the raging insurgency. Jose's last trip abroad was on September 3, 1896, when he left for Spain, troubled by the Katipuneros' violent attempt to overthrow the Spanish government.  TRIAL OF RIZAL 25 He was, however, transferred to another steamer, which he believed would transport him from Spain to Cuba, where he would fulfill his humanitarian offer of serving as a military physician. Before reaching Barcelona, he was unexpectedly apprehended and unlawfully detained as a prisoner on a Spanish steamer. On board the transport ship Colon., he was informed that he would, be returned to Manila. The ship Colon arrived in Manila on November 3, 1896, Rizal was then transferred to Fort Santiago from the ship. The preliminary investigation began on November 20 He was given 15 pieces of documentary evidences on November 6, Colonel Olive transmitted the records in order to begin the appropriate action against Rizal. Rizal was only given the option of selecting his own defense attorney. He was given a list of Spanish Army lieutenants. and one name caught his eye.  TRIAL OF RIZAL 26 Rizal's bodyguard in Calamba was Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, who was the brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade. on November 20. 1896, a five-day preliminary investigation was launched. Colonel Francisco Olive the Judge Advocate, briefed Jose on the charges leveled against him. General Camilo G.de Polavieja was appointed Governor General of the Philippines On December 13th. Documentary and testimonial evidence were presented against Jose Rizal. Documentary and testimonial evidence were presented against Jose Rizal. There were fifteen exhibits of documentary evidences.  TRIAL OF RIZAL 27 Captain Dominguez sent a summary of the action to Governor General Ramon Blanco, who forwarded it to Don Nicolas De la Pena, the Judge Advocate General. Pena made the following recommendations after studying the papers: 1. the accused be brought to trial immediately; 2. he be kept in prison; 3. an order of attachment be issued against his property in the amount of one million pesos as indemnity; 4. he be represented in court by an army officer rather than a civilian lawyer. TRIAL OF RIZAL 28 INSPIRED IMAGE  TRIAL OF RIZAL 29 On December 1, 1896, charges were read to Jose in his prison cell with his lawyer by his side He was accused of being ❖ "the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurgency, ❖ the founder of societies periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion. Jose did not object to the court's jurisdiction but claimed that he was not a revolutionary. He acknowledged that he drafted the Liga Filipina's constitution, emphasizing that was merely a civic alliance. He reiterated that he was not involved in politics during his exile to Dapitan. Rizal's trial was a powerful example of Spanish injustice and misrule. It was clearly mistrial, not just a farce.  TRIAL OF RIZAL 30 Rizal was tried by a military court made up of alien military officers, despite the fact that he was a civilian. His case was prejudged, and he was deemed guilty before the trial even began. The military court convened to accuse and condemn him, not to provide him with justice. All charges and testimonies against him were accepted, while all arguments and proofs In his favor were ignored. The trial of Rizal took place on December 26, 1896. Rizal's counsel worked tirelessly to persuade the members of the military court not to sentence the accused to death. Jose's defense counsel worked hard to present a convincing defense.  TRIAL OF RIZAL 31 Following Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade's defense, the court asked Jose if he had anything to say. Jose confidently read the following supplement to his defense: 1. He could not be a rebel because he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to' revolt. 2. He did not share the radical, revolutionary elements. 3. The revolutionaries used his name without his permission. If he had been found guilty, he could have fled to Singapore. 4. If he had been involved in the revolution, he could have fled in a Moro vinta and not built a house, a hospital, or purchased land in Dapitan. 5. If he were the revolution's commander-in-chief, why hasn't he-been consulted by the revolutionaries? 6. It was true that he drafted the Liga Filipina's by laws, but this was a civic organization, not a revolutionary society. 7. The Liga Filipina did not last long, as he was exiled to Dapitan after the first meeting and it died out. 8. He was unaware that the Liga had been reorganized nine months later. 9. If the Liga had served the revolutionaries' needs, they would not have replaced it with the Katipunan. 10. If there were some venomous remarks in Rizal's letters, it was because they were writen in 1890, when his family was being persecuted being evicted from their homes, warehouses, and lands and his brother and all his brothers-in-law were deported. 11. As far as the politico-military commanders and missionary priests could tell, his lif in Dapitan had -been exemplary. 12. It was not true that his one speech at Dorotea Ongjunco's house inspired the revolution,  TRIAL OF RIZAL 32 Jose’s appeal was dismissed by the biased military court. The members of the military court agreed to convict Jose and sentenced him to death after a brief deliberation. On December 26, 1896, the unjust military court decision was handed down to Governor General Camilo G.de Polavieja, Who sought the opinion of Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pena, who confirmed the death de Polavieja sentence. on December 28, 1896, Governor General Camilo signed the decision of the court-martial to execute Jose Rizal. This decree was presented by Medina (1998 as follows. The 28th of December, 1896, in Manila. In accordance with the preceding opinion. approve the Court Martial's decision in this case, which imposes the death penalty on the accused Jose Rizal Mercado, which will be carried out by shooting him at 7:00 a.m. on the 30th of this month in the Bagumbayan field. He died a hero and a martyr for Philippine independence, according to them. After learning of the court martial's unjust decision, Jose spent the next twenty-four hours seeing and speaking with his friends, famlily and Josephine Bracken.  T E O D O R A' S L E T T E R T O G O V E R N O R G E N E R A L P O L AV I E J A 33 On December 28, 1896, Dona Teodora Alonzo wrote to Governor-General Camilo Polavieja asking for clemency for her son, Jose Rizal y Mercado. She argued that Rizal's rebellion against the Mother Country had not been proven conclusively, and that she was certain of his innocence. She urged Polavieja to consider the tribulations of her mother, who would have to endure the death of her son at the age of seventy-one. Exellency:, Jose Rizal, is expressing his belief that his son, who was sent to exile five years ago, is innocent of the serious offense he is charged with. He is asking for the commutation of Rizal's death sentence, a request that the author and his family will later express gratitude for. The author is not attempting to question the legality of the tribunal's decision, but rather to express the grief of a mother who witnessed Rizal's death. -Teodora Alonso Manila 1896  R I Z A L' S M E S S A G E O F F A R E W E L L 34 ❑ Jose Rizal spent quiet moments in prison chapel after the death penalty was read. He wrote letters to his brother Paciano and best friend Dr. Ferdinand, expressing his innocence and clear conscience. Rizal left a book of German poems as a last keepsake to the Blumentritt family and a letter to Paciano, expressing their long-standing friendship and understanding. Rizal's letters were a testament to their close bond and the importance of communication in their lives. ( Jose Rizal to F. Blumentritt, 29th December 1896 ) “When you receive this letter, I shall be dead. I shall be shot tomorrow at seven o'clock, but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am going to die with a clear conscience. Farewell, my best, my dearest friend, and never think ill of me.” Rizal sent regard to all the Blumentritt family, and wrote along the margin: “I leave you a book as one last keepsake from me.“  R I Z A L' S M E S S A G E O F F A R E W E L L 35 ❑ Then there was a letter to Paciano Jose Rizal to Paciano Rizal, 29" December 1896. “It had been four and half, years that we have not seen or spoken or written to each other, nor I believe, because of any lack of affection on my part or on yours, but because knowing each other so well we did not need to speak to understand each other. Now that I am to die, it is to you I write last to tell you how sorry l am to leave you alone in life, bearing all burden of the family and our aged parents, I think of how you have worked to give me a career; I believe that It has not been my fault but the fault of the circumstances. know you have suffered lot for my sake’ I am sorry. I assure you my brother, that I die innocent of this crime od rebellion I shall not utterly deny that what wrote in the past may have contributed (to the assure you my brother, that I die innocent this crime of rebellion. Insurrection but thought that the past would be expiated with my deportation. Tell our father that remember him. How? remember his tenderness ask him to forgive me for the grief which unwillingly cause him and his love. “  R I Z A L' S M E S S A G E O F F A R E W E L L 36 ❑ It is widely assumed that Jose wrote his final poem, Mi Ultimo Adios on December 29, 1896. He was able to insert it into an alcohol cooking stove, which he then gave to his sister Trinidad, to whom he revealed, 'There is something in it.' Jose's final poem, written without a title and unsigned, was translated into English as My Last Farewell by Charles E. Derbyshire. ❑ On the eve of his execution, Jose Rizal wrote a letter to his family to bid them farewell, "I would like to see each one of you before dying, though it may cost much pain. Come the most valiant, have some important things to say. Serenely accepting his tragic fate, he composed his untitled valedictory poem, which came to be known Mi Ultimo Adios. Before his execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896, Rizal wrote the poem Mi Ultimo Adios.  R I Z A L' S M E S S A G E O F F A R E W E L L 37 The poem was 14 five-line stanzas long, unsigned, untitled and undated. At 5:30 in the morning of December 30, he wrote one letter to his family. “To my Family I beg your forgiveness for the grief I cause you, but one day or another I had to die, and it is worth more to die today in the fullness of my faculties.” Source: Guerrero. L. M. (1974). The First Filipino: A Biography of Jose Rizal. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. ❖ Dear parents, brothers, sisters: give thanks God who has kept me tranquil before my death. die resigned. hoping that with my death they will leave you in peace. Ah, it is better to die than to live in suffering Be consoled. commend you to forgive one another the little vexations of this life and to try to live in peace and good harmony. Treat your aged parents as you would wish to be treated afterwards by your own children Love them much. in memory of me. Bury me in the earth, put a stone on top, and Cross. My name. the date of my birth, and that of my death. Nothing more.  R I Z A L' S M E S S A G E O F F A R E W E L L 38 ❖ “If you want to fence in my grave afterwards, you can do so. But no anniversary celebrations! prefer Paang Bundok!” Paang Bundok, or Foot of the Mountain in Tagalog, was a common cemetery to the north of the city; Rizal would be buried there, but within the classic columnades and among the lovely gnarled trees of the Paco Cemetery. He also found time to write to his father. 6 a.m. 30h December 1896 “My most beloved father: Forgive me the Sorrow with which repay the anxieties and toil you have I underwent to give me an education. I did not want this nor expected it. Farewell, father farewell ! “ ❑ For his mother words seem to have failed him. ❖ To my much beloved mother, Sra. Da. Teodora Alonso, at six o'clock in the morning on the 30th of December 1896. R I Z A L' S M E S S A G E O F F A R E W E L L 39 A small Book given by Rizal to Josephine Bracken. THANK YOU !!! FOR LISTENING  By: ABANALO, AIMEE ( Leader ) BALUNTO, TRISIA ARELLANO, KRIZEL ACHARON, GWYN STEPHANIE COLLAMAR, LISYL NONGGOD, ARJEAN LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL GE 20 – SATURDAY 3:00PM-5:00PM Instructor: Novine Criselle Mae T. Alberca