Integrated Circuits PDF

INTEGRATED GROUP I MEMBERS: CIRCUITS Agtoto, Jude Ron Dales, Jenny Bhe Dayo, Jopeth Nakilan, Al-Azhar  DEFINITION An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or chip, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconne...

INTEGRATED GROUP I MEMBERS: CIRCUITS Agtoto, Jude Ron Dales, Jenny Bhe Dayo, Jopeth Nakilan, Al-Azhar  DEFINITION An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or chip, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These components are etched onto a small piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and televisions, to perform various functions such as processing and storing information. CLASSIFICATION OF IC’S Below is the classification of different types of ICs basis on their chip size. ∙ SSI: Small scale integration. 3 – 30 gates per chip. ∙ MSI: Medium scale integration. 30 – 300 gates per chip. ∙ LSI: Large scale integration. 300 – 3,000 gates per chip. ∙ VLSI: Very large scale integration. More than 3,000 gates per chip. TYPES OF IC’S Digital ICs are used in devices such as computers and microprocessors. They are economical and easy to design for low-frequency applications. Analog ICs are designed to process continuous signals in which the signal magnitude varies from TYPES OF zero to full supply voltage. These ICs are used to process analog signals such as sound or light. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Combining both digital and analog circuits, mixed-signal ICs are used in areas where both types of processing are required, such as screen, sensor, and communications applications in mobile phones, cars, and portable electronics. ∙ Thin and thick film ICs In thin or thick film ICs, passive components such as resistors, capacitors are integrated but the diodes and transistors are connected as separate components to form a single and a complete circuit. ∙ Monolithic ICs Monolithic ICs, the discrete components, the active and the passive and also the interconnections between then are formed on a silicon chip. The word monolithic is actually derived from two Greek words “mono” meaning one or single and Lithos meaning stone. Thus monolithic circuit is a circuit that is built into a single crystal. ∙ Hybrid or multichip ICs As the name implies, “Multi”, more than one individual chips are interconnected. The active components that are contained in this kind of ICs are diffused transistors or diodes. The passive components are the diffused resistors or capacitors on a single chip. PARTS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS OF IC’S  DIODES are electronic devices that control the flow of current in the circuit. Since each diode functions as a one-way switch for the current, it allows the current to flow in a specific path while restricting it from flowing in the opposite direction.  Transistor - these Microprocessors - it semiconductor devices incorporates the regulate voltage flow or functions of a CPU on a current by amplifying or single integrated circuit, switching electronic the microprocessor is a signals and power. critical component in an Moreover, transistors integrated circuit. open gateways that allow a specific amount of voltage into the circuit.  LAYOUT AND DESIGN Digital Design - are utilised as computer memories (such as RAM and ROM) and microprocessors. Analog Design - are utilised as regulators, filters and oscillators. Mixed Design - perform either Analog to Digital or Digital to Analog conversions. Circuit Analysis of Integrated Circuits Comparator Circuits Comparator circuits are designed to compare two voltage levels and output a signal indicating which is higher. They are fundamental in analog-to-digital conversion and various control applications. Basic Operation ∙ A comparator has two inputs (inverting and non-inverting) and one output. ∙ When the voltage at the non-inverting input exceeds that at the inverting input, the output switches to a high state (typically the supply voltage). Conversely, if the inverting input is higher, the output goes low. Types of Comparators ∙ Open-Loop Comparators: Provide a simple high or low output with no feedback. Used for basic level detection. ∙ Window Comparators: Operate between two voltage thresholds, providing output when the input is within a specific range. Applications ∙ Voltage level detection ∙ Zero-crossing detection in oscillators ∙ Comparator-based oscillators (e.g., Schmitt triggers) Frequency and Timing Analysis in Timer Circuits Timer Circuits Overview Timer circuits are used for generating precise time delays and timing intervals. The 555 timer IC is one of the most popular examples. Operating Modes ∙ Astable Mode: The timer operates as an oscillator, continuously switching between high and low states. The frequency is determined by the resistors and capacitor connected to the timer. ∙ Monostable Mode: The timer produces a single output pulse of a specific duration in response to a trigger input. Timing Analysis Applications ∙ Pulse generation ∙ Timer delays in applications such as home appliances and industrial automation Logic Gate Functionality and Truth Tables Logic Gates Overview Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits, performing basic logical functions. The most common types are AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. 2. Truth Tables Truth tables summarize the operation of logic gates by listing all possible input combinations and their corresponding outputs. Applications ∙ Data processing ∙ Control systems ∙ Arithmetic operations in computing Flip-Flop Operation and State Transition Flip-flops are bistable devices that store a single bit of data. They are essential in memory storage, data transfer, and state machines. Types of Flip-Flops ∙ SR Flip-Flop: Set-Reset flip-flop with two inputs (S and R). The state transitions occur based on the input conditions.  D Flip-Flop: Data flip-flop where the output follows the input (D) at the clock edge.  JK Flip-Flop: An enhancement of the SR flip-flop that eliminates the invalid state.  T Flip-Flop: Toggles its state on each clock pulse when the input (T) is high. State Transition Diagrams Each flip-flop has a unique state transition diagram indicating how the output changes with respect to inputs and clock edges. Applications ∙ Registers in digital circuits ∙ Counters ∙ Memory devices APPLICATIONS OF IC’S  Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and televisions, to perform various functions such as processing and storing information. They have greatly impacted the field of electronics by enabling device miniaturization and enhanced functionality. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF IC’S  ADVANTAGES ∙ Less weight ∙ Small space requires ∙ Extremely small size due to all components are fabricated on single chip ∙ Good reliability due to lesser number of connections ∙ Circuit layout is simple ∙ Low power requirement ∙ Higher operating temperature ranges ∙ Low cost due to mass production  DISADVANTAGES ∙ If any component of IC may damage, the IC must be replaced with new one. ∙ It is not possible to fabricate transformer and inductor inside IC due to heavy mass and large space requires. ∙ The power rating of IC is very small ( Less than 10 W ) ∙ It is not possible to modify parameter of ICs ∙ Only external components are connected to the ICs  END OF DISCUSSION