GROUP 1-A_merged (1).pdf

(GROUP 1-A) Alkali Metals or Soluble Groups “ACTIVE ELEMENTS” properties: Valence electron: 1 Hydroxides and Oxides are STRONGLY BASIC...

(GROUP 1-A) Alkali Metals or Soluble Groups “ACTIVE ELEMENTS” properties: Valence electron: 1 Hydroxides and Oxides are STRONGLY BASIC SOFTER than most other metals Activity and Alkalinity increase with atomic number ↓A# = ↑Activity and Alkalinity MOST REACTIVE metals, that DO NOT OCCUR FREELY in nature. Degree of solvation (attract water) decrease with atomic number ↑A# = ↓Affinity/DS React with HALOGEN to form SALTS ↑A# = ↓Melting Point React with OXYGEN and AIR forming BASIC OXIDES HYDROGEN or Inflammable Air HYDROGEN or Inflammable Air - a gaseous element that shares the same properties with alkali metal Lightest Element HELIUM - 2nd Lightest Element Universe Most Abundant Element Method of preparation: Density: 1 g/mL LANE PROCESS - mass production of H by: Howard Lane MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS - produces 99% pure means: to produce water discovered by: Henry Cavendish ISOTOPES of Hydrogen: (same Protons, different Neutron) named by: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier PROTIUM (H2O)- most abundant Hydrogen DEUTERIUM (D2O)- heavy water TRITIUM - radioactive LITHIUM LITHIUM TX: Mania and Mental disorder 3rd Lightest Element Lightest Metal Pharmacological actions: a dangerous drug, has narrow therapeutic index CNS Depressant, Diuretic take higher dose than the normal dose = overdose Density: 0.534 g/mL - float in water use: Heat exchanger in aircon take lower dose than the normal dose = underdose S/E: derived: “lithos” - Stones Movement Tremors (most common Neurologic SE) discovered by: J.A Arfwedson Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Ebstein's anomaly - Fetus tricuspid valve is malformation Atomic Number: 3 (valve between right atrium and right ventricle and prevent backflow of blood) Melting Point: 186°C Mass Number: 7 compounds: other names: use: Lithium Bromide (LiBr) Lithium Monobromide CNS Depressant 5 Bromide Elixirs: Diuretic Ammonium bromide, Sodium bromide, Potassium bromide, Lithium bromide, Calcium bromide 3 Bromide Elixirs: Ammonium bromide, Sodium bromide, Potassium bromide Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) Lithase, Quilonium, Eskalith Antacids (Carbonate) (brand names) Anti-Rheumatic Tx: Mania manufacture of Lithia Water SODIUM or Natrium SODIUM or Natrium - the cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments. Most Abundant Extracellular Cation discovered by: Humphry Davy metals: PISO (+) MICO (+) Official Tests: nonmetals: PICO(N) SIBO (N) When converted to CHLORIDE or NITRATE: Golden Yellow Precipitate with Cobalt-Uranyl Acetate Test Result Nonluminous Flame: Persistent Golden Yellow Atomic Number: 11 Melting Point: 97.5°C Mass Number: 22.99 compounds: other names: use: Sodium Acetate (NaCH3COO) Sodium Ethanoate Systemic and Urinary Alkalinizer Diuretic, Antacid Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 🫀 Baking Soda Carbonating Agent Denige's test - Differentiate Citric acid and Tartaric acid DOc: systemic acidosis ⇓ ⇓ positive result: Carmine Red Emerald Green manufacture of Effervescent Tablets ex: NAC S/E: Rebound Hyperacidity - together with Citric acid and Tartaric acid contraindication: Hypertensive Patient (Na causes water retention increases systemic vascular resistance, and causes an increase in blood pressure) Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) FORMS: Antacid Ingredients in Benedict's Reagent - test reducing agents or sugar Decahydrate (Na2CO3 10H2O) ‘a lot of water to Wash with Soda’ Carbonating Agent - together with Na2C6H5O7 and CuSO4 manufacture of Soda Lime Glass Washing Soda BEN is CiaS Sal Soda positive result: Brick Red Copper Sulfate Soda Crystal Sodium Carbonate Sodium Citrate Sesquihydrate (Na2CO3 1 ½ H2O) ‘uniQUe forms’ Trona Urao Anhydrous (no water) Soda Ash Calcined Soda Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Table Salt, Rock Salt, Solar Salt Electrolyte Replenisher (major source of ORS) ⇓ ⇓ Tonicity Adjusting Agent Condiment obtain from mining obtain from evaporation Preservative ex: Himalayan salt common in Philippines Sodium Citrate (Na2C6H5O7) Buffer In-vitro: Anticoagulant by inactivation of Blood Calcium (Clotting Factor no. 4) Expectorant outside of body Diuretic In-vivo: Coagulant (Pamumuo) "shortens coagulation time" inside of body  9:40 Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4) 💩 Fleet Enema - not drank (brand name) Cathartic, Complete stool evacuation, Relieve Constipation, Colonoscopy Urinary Acidifier: Methenamine (Urotropin) → Urine acidify→ Formaldehyde (has an antibacterial effect) Sodium Fluoride (NaF) ‘TwoNa in colgate’ 🦷 Anticarcinogenic at 2% (prevent tooth cavities) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Coustic Soda, Soda Lye, Liquid Sosa Removes clog ‘Soap Hard’ ‘Hyd Cous 2 Lye/i” Saponifying agent = Hard Soap STRONG BASE causes Liquefactive Necrosis ex: Sodium Hydroxide Silver Nitrate: Coustic Pencil STRONG ACID causes Coagulative Necrosis ex: Muriatic Acid Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) Dakin's solution or Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Bleaching Agent (found in Zonrox ingredients) contains 4-6% NaClO Disinfectant Dakins Laba Labarraque's solution contains 50 parts of Dakin’s solution Oxidizing Agent and 50 parts water, diluted form of Dakin's solution Modified Dakin’s solution contains 0.45-0.50% NaClO Sodium Iodide (NaI) Expectorant (except toxic iodide are not expectorant) Tx: goiter ‘INa’ Anti-fungal Iodine Solubilizer (to mix iodide and water) Sodium Lactate (NaC3H5O3) Diuretic, Antacid Ingredient in Lactated Ringer’s solution or Hartman's Solution "chloride" - together with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) 💣 💙Peru’ Chile saltpeter, Peru saltpeter ‘ChiNa Meat preservative = Carcinogenic (Nitrates go inside the body and interact with amines produce NITROSAMINES cause cancer) manufacture of Explosive Fertilizer (oldest known inorganic fertilizer) Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) Salitre in Philippine Market Relaxes: Cyanide Kit: Smooth Muscles Blood Physiologic antidote: Amyl Nitrite, Sodium Nitrite Tx: cyanide poisoning Vessels Chemical antidote: Sodium Thiosulfate Cyanide Pill (solid form) for painless death - present in Solid, Liquid, and Gas - smoke inhalation, suicide ingestion (common in science person), medicines (Na nitropuside), industrial exposure, bitter almonds, seed of apple, cassava Mechanism of Cyanide Poisoning: Cyanide loves bidding to FERRIC IONS (Fe3+) present: Methemoglobin - present in sick person - can be induced in the body by giving Amyl Nitrite and Sodium Nitrite Cytochrome Oxidase - blocking complex no.4 of electron transport chain leading to stop cellular respiration = cells dies and human death Cyanide + Methemoglobin → Cyanomethemoglobin → Liver Rhodinase with (Na2S2O3 5H2O) → Thiocyanate (less toxic cyanide and can be excreted) Sodium Perborate (NaBO3 4H2O) Tx: VINCENT’S ANGINA or trench mouth  🧂 10:00 Glauber's salt, Sal mirabile Saline Laxative Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4 10H2O) Sodium Tartrate (Na2C4H4O6) Primary Standard for Water Content Determination Method 1: Karl Fisher Method Karl Fisher Reagent: Pyridine, Iodine, Methanol, Sulfur dioxide ‘Py Idol Met Suho DiXO’ Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 5H2O) 📸 Photographer's hypo, Hypochlor, Prismatic hypo Management for Iodine Toxicity Reduces Iodine (BEQ!) Tx: skin diseases (ringworms) Flame photometer - instrument used to measure sodium and potassium in quantitatively POTASSIUM or Kalium POTASSIUM or Kalium Most Abundant Intracellular Cation metals: PISO (+) MICO (+) Pharmacological actions: nonmetals: PICO(N) SIBO (N) Important to Smooth Muscle Contraction Atomic Number: 19 Diuretic - meds that increase volume of urine to be excreted Melting Point: 62°C Mass Number: 39 Deficiency: Hypokalemia = paralysis Toxicity: Hyperkalemia = cardiac arrest compounds: Other names: uses Potassium Acetate (KCH3COO) Systemic and Urinary Alkalinizer, Diuretic, Antacid Potassium Bicarbonate (KCOH3) Carbonating Agent, Diuretic, Antacid Potassium Bitartrate (KC4H5O6) 🧁 Cream of Tartar Laxative, Diuretic Baking Potassium Bromide (KBr) Sedative Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) Carbonate of Potash, Pearl Ash, Diuretic, Antacid (When taken internally in large doses, it produces Severe Gastric Irritation and cause death) Salt of Tartar, Salt of Wormwood Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) Oxidizing Germicide Potassium Chloride (KCl) Kalium Durules Electrolyte Replenisher cause: Cardiac Arrest (brand name) Diuretic NEVER be administered by IV push (must given little by little) Tx: Meniere's disease - inner ear disorder leads to dizzy Orange label: High Alert Medication spells (vertigo) and hearing loss Myasthenia gravis - muscle weakness Ingredients in Lethal Injection: Death penalty Familial/HYPOKHALEMIC periodic Paralysis - together with Sodium Thiopental, Pancuronium Bromide - rare genetic disorder of episodes of muscle ⇓ ⇓ weakness and flaccid paralysis, with loss of deep induce sleep relax muscle, paralyze tendon reflexes and unresponsiveness to ultra short-acting barbiturate paralyzes diaphragm and lungs electrical stimulation.  10:20 Potassium Citrate (K3C6H5O7) 💦 Diaphoretic - agent can cause sweating Laxative, Expectorant, Diuretic Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Coustic Potash, Lye Potash Saponifying agent = Soft Soap Potassium Iodide (KI) Solubilizing agent Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) Salt Peter, Salitre, Sal Prunelle Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Meat preservative Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) Mineral Chameleon Volumetric standard in permanganometry Oxidation Number: 7 Strong Oxidizing agent color: purple, violet Antiseptic Potassium Sodium Tartrate (KNaC4H4O6) Rochelle's Salt, Sal de Seignette Fehling's B reagent - colorless Sequestering agent Saline laxative and Cathartic Potassium Thiocyanate (KSCN) Potassium Rhodanide Hypotensive agent, Smooth muscle relaxation Sulfurated potash 🧴 Potassium Thiosulfate (K2S2O3)+ Potassium Polysulfide Liver of Sulfur, Heparis Preparation of White Lotion or Zinc sulfide = Sulfurated potash + Zinc Sulfate Glass K - gives BROWN color and light resistance to the glass. ex: AMBER GLASS Boron - Decreases the Coefficient of Expansion of glass. MnO2 - masks the BLUE color of the glass. Lead - Increases Refractive Index of glass Modification CESIUM color: BLUE RUBIDIUM color: RED FRANCIUM First Element to be discovered by Spectroscope Most Metallic and Biggest Element Atomic Number: 37 Least Electronegative Element Atomic Number: 55 Melting Point: 38.4°C Melting Point: 28.5°C Mass Number: 85.47 Atomic Number: 87 Mass Number: 132.9 Melting Point: 27°C Mass Number: 223 discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff examined the residue from Durkheim mineral water and found two new, bright lines in the blue portion of the spectrum. - no application in Pharmacy AMMONIUM (NH4) or Hypothetical Alkali Metal Pharmacology categories: Buffer: Acid-Base equilibrium of the body Expectorant effect Diuretic  10:40 Ammonium Acetate (NH4CH3COO) Spirit of Mendererus Styptic - stop wound bleeding Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br) Ingredients in 3 and 5 Bromide elixirs CNS Depressant/Sedative Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3 Baker's Ammonia, Sal Volatile, Hartshorn, Preston Salt Respiratory stimulant, Expectorant ‘CARBs = Ammo of Baker named Sal is Volatile cause Hart Preston Salt ‘ Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) Muriate of Ammonia, Salmiac/Salmiak, Sal ammoniac Urinary Acidifier, Diuretic, Expectorant Ammonium Iodide (NH4l) Photography, Antifungal, Expectorant Ammoniated Mercury Hg(NH2)Cl Non-fusible White Precipitate Topical Anti-Infective 16° Ammonia Household Ammonia contains 10% NH4 contains 10% NH4OH Baumé scale is a pair of hydrometer scales to measure density of various liquids developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé (GROUP 2-A) Alkaline Earth Metal 11:00 MAGNESIUM BERYLLIUM or Glucinum (salts are sweet) Second Most Abundant Intracellular Cation metals: PISO (+) MICO (+) - very toxic, never employed in medicine - important for Photosynthesis nonmetals: PICO(N) SIBO (N) found: Beryl (beryllium aluminum cyclosilicate) or Aquamarine Pharmacologic Effect: Florescent Lamps, Emerald Anesthetic action like chloroform Important in the functioning of Neuromuscular system Purgative found: Chlorophyll and Grignard's Reagent (RMgX) Antidote: Calcium Gluconate ‘Mg-Ca away’ antidote of each other compounds: other names: use: Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3) Magnesia Alba Antacid, Laxative Magnesium Hydroxide (MgOH)2 Milk of Magnesia, Magnesia Magma Antacid USP requirement: 7-8.5% (MgOH)2 : STRONG BASE ‘MOM myaso’ ADR: Diarrhea combine with Al(OH)3: ADR: constipation ‘Mag Tae’ ‘Ala Tae’ Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Calcined Magnesia, Light Magnesia, Magnesia Antacid, Laxative Component of Universal Antidote 1 part MgO,1 part tannic acid, 2 parts activated charcoal Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) Epsom Salt Antidote: Barium toxicity Pre-eclampsia: Proteinuria, Hypertension, Edema Native (MgSO4) : Keiserite Antiphlogistic Eclampsia: Seizure, Proteinuria, Hypertension, Edema Saline (Oral) - dangerous for Pregnant Woman Tx: Torsades de pointes Anticonvulsant (IM): Eclampsia Native Hydrous Magnesium Silicate Talc, Talcum, Scapstone, French chalk “Softest mineral known” Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Dusting powder, Filtering agent, Clarifying agent Magnesium Citrate (MgC6H6O7) 🍋 Limonada purgarte, Purgative lemon Cathartic Mg precipitated as Oxine complex + Oxine dilute solution + Mg salt ammoniacal solution containing Ammonium chloride boiled = Yellow precipitate = Crystalline (MgOH)2 + Diphenylcarbazide = filtered + Hot water = Formation complex salt /Adsorption complex = Violet-Red Mg + Blue precipitate/Cornflower-Blue color distinguished by Blue-violet color + Bromine water = Colorless Mg + Quinalizarin differentiated by Bromine in Alkaline solution MgCl2 + NH4Cl + NH4 or Ammonium molybdate reagent detect Phosphate = White crystalline precipitate = Mg ammonium phosphate dissolves in acids MgCl2 + NH4Cl + little NH3 = No precipitate (distinction from arsenate) Magnesium nitrate reagent: Mg(NO3)4 + NH4NO3 + little NH3 = No precipitate CALCIUM CALCIUM  11:20 Second Most Abundant Extracellular Cation metals: PISO (+) MICO (+) Ca and Aluminum salts inhibit the intestinal absorption of TETRACYCLINE nonmetals: PICO(N) SIBO (N) Important: Release of neurotransmitters FeC/CaD/SeE Calcium Deficiency: Osteoporosis- adults Cardiac function, Clotting Factor No.4 Hypocalcemia- low level Cain the blood Structural basis of Skeleton, Teeth (Ca needs vit D to enter our bones) Vitamin D Deficiency: Vitamin D is important for Ca absorption: Rickets - children Vit D is embedded in our Skin but its INACTIVE called Seven Dehydrocholesterol with UV lights = Osteomalacia - adults ACTIVE called 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vit D3) compounds: other names: Calcium Bromide (CaBr2) CNS Depressant, Sedative Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Limestones, Precipitated Chalk Dentifrice ex:Toothpaste Marbles, Calcite Antacid found: Pearls Calcium Chloride (CaCI2) Muriate of Lime Ca and Electrolyte Replenisher Calcium Gluconate (CaCI12H22O14) Antidote: Mg toxicity Ca Source Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Milk of Lime, Slaked Lime Added to babies’ formula to prevent crudely of milk Saponifying agent, Antacid Calcium Hypochlorite Ca(CIO)2 Chloride of Lime, Chlorinated Lime Bleaching agent, Disinfectant Calcium Lactate (CaC6H10O6) Ca Supplements Calcium Oxide (CaO) Lime, Quick Lime Ingredients in Bordeaux Mixture - together with CuSO4 /Blue Vitriol Calcium Phosphate Ca(PO4)2 Bone Ash Antacid Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4) Plaster Paris Surgical cast (CaSO4)2 H2O or (CaSO4) 1 ½ H2O : Hemihydrate Gypsum CaSO4 H2O : Dehydrate Sulfurated Lime Solution Vleminckx Solution, Vleminckx Lotion Sublimed sulfur + Lime/CaO  11:40 STRONTIUM or Brass yellow metal Strontium Bromide (SrBr2) CNS Depressant, Sedative use: Red fireworks Strontium Chloride (SrCl2) Sensodyne Temperature Desensitizing Agent radioactive: Bone Scanner (old use/brand name) BARIUM or Heavy “barys” Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)4 Coustic Baryta Carbon Absorber When hiding absorbing Carbon Toxicity: Baritosis Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) ADR: Constipation Antidote: Epsom salt Radiopaque substance for GIT imaging - does not dissociate in the GIT. RADIUM - dangerous radioactive element - First radionuclide used in medicine (early as 1901) use: Cancer radiotherapy, Diagnostic purposes discovered by Marie Salomea Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934), partner: Purie Curie First element discovered: Polonium (GROUP 3-A) Boron Group or Icosagens Group BORON Decreases Coefficient of Expansion of glass use: Vulcanizing Rubber Identification Test: Borates solutions acidulated + Hydrochloric Acid = Turmeric paper Brownish Red change = Greenish Black moistening of Ammonia T.S. Toxicity: Boiled lobster appearance (Boric acid poisoning) compounds: other names: use: Boric Acid (H3BO3) Sal Sativum no longer use in medicine Sodium Tetraborate (Na2B4O3 10H2O) Borax Antiseptic ALUMINUM ALUMINUM Earth/3rd Most Abundant Element Pharmacological actions: Antiperspirant, Astringent, Antiseptic Most Abundant Metal Treatment for Burns Trenard's Blue Test = POSITIVE Toxicity: Shaver's Disease Antidote: BAL (Dimercaprol) compounds: other names: use: Aluminum Chloride (Al3) Deodorant, Astringent, Antiseptic Aluminum Hydroxide Al(OH)3 Amphogel, Cremalin gel Antacid ADR:Constipation, Phosphate (brand name) deficiency ‘Ala Tae’ Aluminum Phosphate (AlPO4) Phosphagel Demulcent, Antacid, Astringent (brand name) DO NOT interfere with phosphate absorption Aluminum Carbonate Al2(CO3)3 Tx: phosphatic calculi Antiseptic Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Alumina Montmorillonite (Smectite) - layer structures built of alternating layers of aluminum oxide (hydrargillite) and silicate. Tx: Silicosis - resembles TB in symptoms Aluminum Silicates Kaolin or China Clay, White Bole Bentonite or Soap clay, Mineral soap, Whilnite Pumice - Native Hydrated Aluminum Silicate - Native Colloidalhydrated aluminum silicate - Substance of volcanic origin use: Absorbent in diarrhea - most abundant natural clay use:Dental abrasive use: Suspending agent, Facial Mask GALIUM or Eka-Aluminum THALLIUM INDIUM color: Brilliant Indigo-Blue Melting Point: 30.8°C derived “Thallos” - Green Twig Toxicity: Loss of Body Hair discovered by Reich and Richter by Spectroscope never been used in medicine use: Ant Poison, Insecticide Antidote: Prussian or Berlin Blue (GROUP 4-A) Carbon Group or Crystallogens CARBON “KING of all ELEMENTS” Allotropes/Crystalline form: Unit of Molar Mass: g/mL Graphite “to write” Diamond - purest native form of uncombined carbon. Pharmaceutical Preparation: - one of the hardest known substances (10 on Mohs scale) Activated charcoal Tracy Hall - invented synthetic diamond use: Adsoptive properties in the treatment of stomach and intestinal disorders. Ingredient in Universidal Antidote Amorphous form: Other forms: Bituminous - Soft coal Coke - Impure form of Carbon Anthracite - Hard coal Lampblack and Carbon black Gas carbon compounds: use: notes: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Tx: acne, warts, corns, calluses, eczema Solid carbon dioxide : Dry Ice ex of Deposition Carbonic acid gas stored: Gray container Inhalations of Oxygen containing 5% (CO2) Tx: CO, alcohol, methanol, morphine poisoning. Stimulates vasomotor and respiratory center. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Toxic gas, Antiseptic Tetrachloroethylene - synthesized from dry hydrogen chloride + CO at 300 degrees and 200 atm pressure Affinity of hemoglobin 210x greater than oxygen Very low-concentration Air (0.2-0.4%) is fatal. Produces a very stable, cherry red Carbonic oxide hemoglobin prevent Asphyxia prevent the hemoglobin from uniting with oxygen Manifestation: Bright Red Skin Antidote: 100% oxygen Artificial air (80% Helium: 20% Oxygen) Hyperbaric oxygen 5% CO2 + Oxygen Carbon Trioxide (CO3) Effervescent tablet, Antacid SILICON SILICON Glass: Na2(CO3) + Pure Silica discovered by: Berzelius (1893) Silica Gel Fume- Condensation of silica vapor. Allotropic form: Silica gel - prepared by hydrolysis of inorganic or organic orthosilicates. Amorphous silicon - Dark brown Crystalline or Semi-metallic silicon - Silvery octahedral crystals Toxicity: Silicosis - resembling TB symptoms that develops after long exposure Antidote: Alumina compounds: other names use: Silicon Dioxide SiO2 Silica Glidant, Quartz (Nearly pure silica) Aluminum Silicates Polymeric Dimethyl Siloxane Antifoaming agent, Simethicone-containing Antacids: Kremil-S, Di-gel, Mylanta, Simeco Attapulgite ‘NHMAS’ Native Hydrated Magnesium Aluminum Silicate Ingredients in Polymagma, Diatabs, Quintess  ‘NHMS’ ‘NHAS’ ‘NCHAS’ Talc Kaolin or China Clay, White Bole Bentonite or Soap clay, Mineral soap, Whilnite - Native Hydrous Magnesium Silicate - Native Hydrated Aluminum Silicate - Native Colloidalhydrated aluminum silicate Softest mineral known use: Absorbent in diarrhea - most abundant natural clay use: Dusting powder, Filtering agent, Clarifying agent use: Suspending agent, Facial Mask TIN or Stannum GERMANIUM or Eka-Silicon - possesses immune system enhancing and anti-tumor effect. use: Preparation of tin cans, Household utensils Pharmacologic Action: Germicidal effect against Staphylococci compound use: Germanium Dioxide Increase the formation of Red Blood Cell Alloys of Tin: Babbitt 80% Tin: 20% Antimony TX: Anemia Gun Metal 10% Tin: 90% Copper Pewter Metal 80% Tin: 20% Lead Soldier 50% Tin: 50% Lead Plumber's Soldier 33% Tin: 67% Lead Rose Metal 25% Tin: 25% Lead: 50% Bismuth compounds: other names use: Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) Test for Gold: Stannous chloride + Metallic Au = Weakly Purple Precipitation Solution = Purple of Cassius Stannous Fluoride (SnF2) Anticarcinogenic 8% Stannic Oxide (SnO2) Germicide LEAD or Plumbum LEAD or Plumbum Increase the Refractive Index of glass Toxicity: Plumbism Source of poisoning: Lead Paints, Lead Batteries, Lead Pipes Manifestation: Foot drop or Wrist drop Burton line - blue line in gum with bluish-black edging to the teeth Antidote: EDTA and CaNa2 EDTA compounds: other names use: Lead Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2 Sugar of Lead, Plumbous Acetate Astringent Lead Subacetate Pb3(C4H10O8) Gloulard's Extract Astringent Goulard’s Extract: prepared by boiling Lead acetate + Lead monoxide Goulard’s Cerate: prepared by 20% Lead Subacetates, Wool fat, White wax, White petrolatum, Camphor Lead Monoxide (PbO) Litharge Making Flint glass, Ceramics TITANIUM or "Titans" Sons of the Earth UV Radiation: UVA: Long wavelength use: Powerful Reducing agent Penetrates skin second layer Plays a major role in skin aging and wrinkling UVB: Medium wavelength Tends to damage the skin’s top layers Strongly linked to cancer and sunburn compound: use: UVC: Short wavelength Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Opacifying agent, Sunscreen Never reaches the Earth because the ozone absorbs it. Sunscreen: absorbs and scatter light before it penetrates the skin Sunblock: sits on top of our skin, and blocks the sun’s rays by reflecting them. ZIRCONIUM use: little use in medicine Deodorant - banned = Granuloma Formation Sutures and Dental equipment - does not corrode easily