Grammar Workshop (1) PDF Past Papers

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Section 1 Present Simple - Present Continuous Theory................................................................................... 1 Exercises.....

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Section 1 Present Simple - Present Continuous Theory................................................................................... 1 Exercises............................................................................... 3 Section 2 Past Simple – Past Continuous Theory................................................................................... 6 Exercises............................................................................... 9 Section 3 can-must-mustn't-have (got)-there is/are Theory.................................................................................. 11 Exercises.............................................................................. 13 Section 4 Articles - Demonstrative Pronouns Theory.................................................................................. 16 Exercises.............................................................................. 18 Section 5 Personal and Possessive Pronouns Theory.................................................................................. 20 Exercises............................................................................. 21 Section 6 Nouns and 's-Genitive Theory.................................................................................. 23 Exercises.............................................................................. 25 Section 7 Prepositions Theory.................................................................................. 27 Exercises.............................................................................. 30 Section 8 Adjectives and Adverbs Theory.................................................................................. 32 Exercises.............................................................................. 35 Section 9 some-any; much-many; a lot of Theory.................................................................................. 38 Exercises.............................................................................. 39 Section 10 Future Forms Theory.................................................................................. 41 Exercises.............................................................................. 42 © 1998 by Therese Floreani and Jörg Ryser, GH Bern-Kirchenfeld – revised 2017 Section 1 Present Simple - Present Continuous Form Statements Present Simple Present Continuous I I am / I'm You play football. You are / you're playing football. We like chocolate. We are / we're watching the news. They They are / they're He He is / he's She works. She is / she's working. It It is / it's With he, she and it, there is always an s at We take the correct form of to be and the the end of the verb. verb in the ing-form.  Be careful:  Be careful: miss → misses come → coming catch → catches write → writing wash → washes sit → sitting go → goes swim → swimming do → does begin → beginning hurry → hurries try → trying say → says (pronunciation!) say → saying lie → lying Negatives Present Simple Present Continuous I I am not/I'm not You do not play tennis. You are not / you aren't playing football. We don't like chocolate. We are not / we aren't watching the news. They They are not / they aren't He He is not / he isn't She does not / doesn't work. She is not / she isn't working. It It is not / it isn't We take don't or doesn't and add the We make the form of to be negative and infinitive of the verb. add the verb in the ing-form. In formal texts, we use do not or does not. In formal texts, we use the long forms. 1 Questions Present Simple Present Continuous I Am I Do you play tennis? Are you playing tennis? Do we like chocolate? Are we watching the news? they Are they he Is he Does she work? Is she working? it Is it We always begin the question form with We always begin the question form with do or does. Then comes the subject (I, am, are or is. Then comes the subject (I, you, he,...), then comes the infinitive of you, he,...), then comes the ing-form of the verb. the verb.  Be careful:  Be careful: If the verb is to be or an auxiliary, the do/does Sometimes there is a question word at the transcription is not necessary. beginning of the question: Is your brother still at school? Who is she talking to? Can you help me with my homework? What time are we meeting? Sometimes there is a question word at the beginning of the question: What does she have for breakfast? Where do you go on holiday? etc. Use We use the We use the Present Simple Present Continuous for general statements, negatives or for activities that are not finished and questions. happen at the moment of speaking. "Do you speak English?" "Look! It's snowing outside." I don't smoke. "What are you doing with this hammer, The moon goes round the earth. Jack?" While John is reading the paper, Mary is working on the computer. for activities that happen repeatedly. for activities that are not finished and limited in time (=temporary activities). My father washes the car every Saturday afternoon. You're working hard today. I often eat cornflakes for breakfast. I'm living with a friend until I find a flat. for train schedules and opening times for fixed plans and arrangements (timetable future) We are meeting our cousins from Berlin Our bus leaves at 3.45 pm. tomorrow. The French lesson begins at 14.20. Is he arriving on Thursday? for permanent situations  Be careful: My parents live in London. The following verbs (state verbs) cannot be John works for the BBC. used in the continuous form because they are no activity: like/ love/ want/ know/ understand/ forget/ remember/ prefer/ hate/ need/ mean/ believe 2 Exercise 1 Put the following sentences into the singular. Do not change the object. Ex.They sing a beautiful song. → He sings a beautiful song. 1. They wish to speak to you. → She.......................................................................... 2. Buses pass my house every hour. → A............................................................................. 3. We change planes at Heathrow. → I............................................................................... 4. They worry too much. → He........................................................................... 5. They wash the floor every week. → Bob.......................................................................... 6. His sons go to a local school. → His son.................................................................... 7. They fish in the lake. → My brother............................................................... 8. They fly from London to Edinburgh. → Emma..................................................................... 9. They do exercises every morning. → My mother............................................................... 10. My cousins play in the local football team. → My cousin................................................................ Exercise 2 Ask for the underlined part of the sentence. Ex. We sing a beautiful song. What do you sing? 1. She goes to England in summer......................................................................................................................................................... 2. I like roses very much......................................................................................................................................................... 3. He's meeting his mother at the station......................................................................................................................................................... 4. My father gets up at seven o'clock every morning......................................................................................................................................................... 5. I don't feel very well......................................................................................................................................................... 6. We're going to the party because we want to dance......................................................................................................................................................... 7. I go out with my friends three times a week......................................................................................................................................................... 8. These apples are £1.50 a kilo......................................................................................................................................................... 9. Our new neighbours are very friendly......................................................................................................................................................... 10. Jim reads 15 pages an hour......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Exercise 3 Write these verbs in the continuous form (-ing) in the correct list. help decide swim have write arrive begin come win laugh live wear cry dig rob put die listen forget play start stop work lie tie dance make + ing t→tt; p→pp; etc e→ing ie→ying helping putting deciding dying Exercise 4 Put the verbs into the present simple or the present continuous. 1. I'm sorry, I (a. not understand). Can you speak more slowly, please. 1a. _________________ 2. It's late. I (a. go) home now. (b. you/come) with me? 2a. _________________ 2b. _________________ 3. Kevin and Sarah (a. get married) next Saturday. 3a. _________________ 4. (a. you/listen) to the radio? - No, you can turn it off. 4a. _________________ 5. Ron is in London at the moment. He (a. stay) at the Park Hotel. He 5a. _________________ always (b. stay) there when he is in London. 5b. _________________ 6. What (a. your father/do)? - He's an architect, but he (b. not work) at 6a. _________________ the moment. 6b. _________________ 7. Sue (a. not like) coffee, she (b. prefer) tea, but this morning she (c. 7a. _________________ have) a cup of coffee because there is no more tea in the cupboard. 7b. _________________ 7c. _________________ 8. Where (a. you/go) to? - I (b. go) to a cocktail party. Normally, I (c. not 8a. _________________ go) to that sort of party, because I (d. hate) standing around with a 8b. _________________ glass in my hand. But today I (e. go) there because it's my best 8c. _________________ friend's party and he (f. not like) it if I (g. not turn up - auftauchen). I 8d. _________________ must hurry now, because my bus (h. leave) at 3.00 pm. 8e. _________________ 8f. _________________ 8g. _________________ 8h. _________________ 4 Exercise 5 Translate. 1. Herr Schmidt hasst Hausarbeit. Aber er putzt jetzt die Küche, weil seine Frau im Bett liegt. 2. Wo ist dein Bruder? - Er duscht gerade. 3. Was sagst du? Ich verstehe dich nicht. 4. Greg geht jeden Samstag ins Kino. Aber heute Abend will er keinen Film sehen. 5. Stephen fährt gewöhnlich mit dem Bus zur Schule, aber heute nimmt er den Zug. 6. Unsere Nachbarin spielt jeden Tag Klavier. Hörst du? Sie übt gerade. 7. Wir wohnen in einem grossen Haus. Im Moment wohnt unsere Tante bei (with) uns. 8. Die Englischstunde beginnt um 13.25; wir schreiben heute eine Prüfung. Mr.Schmidt hates Housework. But now he cleans the kitchen, because his wife is lying in her bed................................................................................................................................................. Where is your brother? He is showering right now.................................................................................................................................................. What are you saying? I don't understand you.................................................................................................................................................. Greg go every saturday at the cinema. But today he doesn't wa................................................................................................................................................. nt to watch a movie.................................................................................................................................................. Stephen usually takes the bus to the school, but today he................................................................................................................................................. wants to takes the train.................................................................................................................................................. Our neighbour plays every day piano. Do you hear? She is exercising....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Personal Notes: 5 Section 2 Past Simple – Past Continuous Form Statements Regular verbs Irregular verbs My brother helped me a lot. I got a new bike for my birthday. Nothing happened last week. We had tea for breakfast. She wanted to go to Paris. (pronunciation!) She flew to New York. The film started at eight o'clock. (pronunc.!) They gave me £10. We take the infinitive of the verb and add We learn the irregular past tense form. the ending -ed. There is only one form for all the persons, There is only one form for all the persons, singular and plural. singular and plural (except to be).  Be careful:  Be careful: decide → decided There is a list of irregular verbs on p. 8. smile → smiled You must learn all these verbs very well. try → tried hurry → hurried play → played stop → stopped Negatives Questions My sister did not/didn't help me a lot. Did he want to watch the football match? We did not/didn't fly to Paris last summer. Did you give her the book? We take didn't and add the infinitive of the We always begin the question with did. verb. Then comes the subject (I, you, he,...), In formal texts we use did not. then comes the infinitive of the verb.  Be careful:  Be careful: to be: → She wasn't at the party. to be: → Was she at the party? They weren't late. Were they late? Sometimes there is a question word at the beginning of the question: Who did you see at the party? Why did you hurry so much? 6 Use We use the past simple to talk or write about activities and situations that happened completely in the past: The activities and situations are over in the present. Usually, there is a time indication of the past (last year, two days ago, in 2003, etc). He lived in London from 1995 to 2004. Did you see Sarah yesterday? They didn't go to Italy on holiday last summer. Christopher Columbus discovered America.  Be careful: In German we can often use the "Perfekt" to talk about activities and situations in the past but in English you must use the past tense. German: Ich habe gestern Sam in der Stadt getroffen. English: I met Sam in town yesterday. We use the past simple to describe a series of short events in the past. Last night I came home at 7.00 pm. Then I had dinner, watched television for two hours, then took the dog for a walk and, finally, went to bed around 11.00 pm. Form Statements Negatives My father was painting the living room. She was not sitting outside. We were watching television all evening. They weren’t playing football. We take the correct form of to be in the We make the form of to be in the past past and the verb in the ing-form. negative and add the verb in the ing-form. Questions Was Greg talking to you? Were they working in the field when it started to rain? We always begin the question form with was or were. Then comes the subject, then comes the ing-form of the verb. Use We use the past continous to talk about actions in progress at a particular moment in the past. At 7.30 last night my father was doing the washing up while my mother was ironing. What were you doing last Sunday afternoon at 2.00 o’clock? We use the past continuous to talk about actions that are in progress in the past and that are interrupted by other shorter actions (past simple). I was practising the piano when the phone rang. We were doing our homework when suddenly a bird flew into the room. 7 List of Irregular Verbs: learn learnt/ learned learnt/ learned be was/were been leave left left become became become lend lent lent begin began begun lie lay lain bite bit bitten lose lost lost blow blew blown make made made break broke broken mean meant meant bring brought brought meet met met build built built pay paid paid burn burnt/ burned burnt/ burned put put put buy bought bought read read (pron!) read can could ride rode ridden catch caught caught ring rang rung choose chose chosen rise rose risen come came come run ran run cost cost cost say said (pron!) said cut cut cut see saw seen dig dug dug sell sold sold do did done send sent sent draw drew drawn shine shone shone dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed shake shook shaken drink drank drunk show showed shown/ showed drive drove driven shut shut shut eat ate eaten sing sang sung fall fell fallen sink sank sunk feed fed fed sit sat sat feel felt felt sleep slept slept fight fought fought speak spoke spoken find found found spend spent spent fly flew flown stand stood stood forget forgot forgotten steal stole stolen get got got swim swam swum give gave given take took taken go went gone teach taught taught grow grew grown tear tore torn hang hung hung tell told told have had had think thought thought hear heard heard throw threw thrown hide hid hidden understand understood understood hit hit hit wake up woke up woken up hold held held wear wore worn hurt hurt hurt win won won keep kept kept write wrote written know knew known 8 Exercise 1 Put these verbs into the past simple. present past present past work worked stop stopped decide decided forget forgot can could spend spent worry worried believe believed catch caught lie lay blow blew write wrote make made grab grabbed try tried bring brang teach taught say said Exercise 2 Put the verbs in brackets in the past tense (statements, negatives or questions). 1. It was warm, so I (take)..................................... took off my coat. didn't like 2. The film wasn't very good. I (like)..................................... it very much. Did he fly 3. (he/fly)..................................... to New York last night? Did Pauala bring 4. (Paula/bring)..................................... her new boyfirend with her? read 5. I (read)..................................... that book a couple of years ago. went 6. We (go)..................................... wasn't to Kate's house last night but she (be)............................ at home. was didn't have 7. I (be)........................ in a hurry, so I (have)..................................... time to phone you. 8. She (break)..................................... broke her leg when she (go) went..................................... skiing last year. 9. (you/show)..................................... you showed me the same photo the last time I (come) came..................................... here. were 10.You (be)..................................... payed very angry because he (pay)..................................... you to do the work for him. didn't play Exercise 3 Rewrite the following story in the past tense. Kevin gets1 up at 7.15. He goes2 to the bathroom, washes3, dresses4 and then runs5 downstairs. He has6 breakfast at 7.30 and says7 good-bye to his mother half an hour later. He walks8 to the nearest bus stop and takes9 the 8.20 bus to school. He is10 in class until 12.30. Then the school bell rings11 and the children rush12 to the dining hall and have13 lunch. They don't like14 the food 9 very much but they eat15 their meals because they are16 hungry. After lunch they have17 four more lessons. Their first subject in the afternoon is18 PE (physical education). At five o'clock they leave19 school, get20 on a bus again and arrive21 at home at about 5.45. 1 get 2 went 3 washed 4 dressed 5 ran 6 had 7 said 8 walked 9 took 10 was 11 rang 12 rushed 13 got 14 didn't like 15 ate 16 were 17 had 18 was 19 left 20 get 21 arrived Exercise 4 Complete the sentences. Put in the correct form of each verb. Use the past continuous or past simple. was lying 1. I.......................................... rang (lie) in the bathtub when the phone............................................. stopped (ring). It.......................................... (stop) after a few rings. 2. It.............................................(be) was cold when we......................................... left (leave) the house that fell day, and a light snow........................................... (fall). was coming 3. Your friend who.......................................... seemed (seem) (come) here the other day....................... enjoyed very nice. I.......................................... (enjoy) meeting her. saw 4. When I................................... was stabding (see) the man, he........................................ (stand) outside the had bank. He............................................. (have) a black baseball cap on. i was opening 5. When I...................................... fell ( open) the cupboard door, a pile of books.............................. (fall) out. was walking 6. I.............................................(walk) felt along the street when I suddenly................................. (feel) didn't know something hit me in the back. I............................................. (not / know) what it was. went 7. We.............................................(go) heard to London yesterday but on the way we.................... (hear) drove about a bomb scare in Oxford Street. So we................................. (drive) back home straightaway. happened 8. Something very strange............................................. (happen) to me on my way home from was driving work yesterday afternoon. I............................................. (drive) along the bypass at the time. saw Suddenly, I................................ (see) my mother in the seat beside me. But she died three years ago. Personal Notes: 10 Section 3 can - must - mustn't have got - have a... there is/are - there was/were can - must - mustn't Form Can and must are modal auxiliaries. Modal auxiliaries must be followed by a full verb (or be or have) without to I can swim. They must leave now. only have one form for all persons. You must go now. She can sing very well. have a negative form. You mustn't drive too fast. We can't wait any longer. form the question without do/does/did. Can he spell his name? Must we copy everything from the blackboard? Use We use can to express ability (=what we have learnt to do). I can drive. She can't speak Japanese. Can you work on a computer? We use the question form of can to ask for permission (Erlaubnis). Can I use your phone, please? We use must to express obligation (Verpflichtung, Zwang). You must hurry now, it's late. Must we learn all the rules?  Be careful: We use mustn't to express what is forbidden to do (="don't do it!"). You mustn't park your car here. We use "nicht dürfen" in German to express "mustn't". 11 have / have got to express possession + - ? + - ? I you Have Do I/you/... have (got) haven't got have don't have we I/you/... got? have? they he Has Does she has (got) hasn't got has doesn't have he/she/it he/she/ it it got? have? I you we Did I/you/... Did I/you/... they had didn't have had didn't have have? have? he she it You can use both forms. There is no difference in meaning. Have (a/an)... to express an activity We use these forms of have: Use We use have (a/an)... to express an activity. I had a shower last night. (=to shower) She always has muesli for breakfast. (=to eat) He doesn't have more than three cups of coffee a day. (=to drink) there is/are - there was/were Form Present Past + - ? + - ? there is there isn't Is there...? there was there wasn't Was there...? there are there aren't Are there...? there were there weren't Were there...? Use We use there is/are/was/were to say that something or somebody is present/is there. Is there any milk in the fridge? – No, there isn't but there are some eggs. Were there many people at the concert? In German we use "es gibt.../es gab... - /es hat.../es hatte…", in French "Il y a..." to express the same. 12 Exercise 1 Use the correct form of have. Do we have have some aspirins 1. (we)........................................ any aspirins? - Yes, we......................................... There are some in the bathroom cupboard. didn't have 2. I couldn't get the concert tickets yesterday because I (not)........................................ enough money. make 3. Let's........................................ Did we have meatballs for supper. - (we)........................................ any don't have have potatoes? - No, we........................................ but we........................................ some rice. had 4. My brother........................................ dark hair now but when he was a child, he had........................................ blond hair. has 5. Charles isn't happy. He........................................ a lot of problems. Did you had 6. (you)........................................ didn't have a cat but we a cat when you were a child? - No, we........................... had........................................ two dogs. Exercise 2 Complete each sentence using the correct form of the most suitable (passend) expression in the box. have a cigarette have a look have a shower have a rest have a good time have a party have a baby have a swim have a game of tennis have breakfast have fun have a look 1. Excuse me, can I.............................................. at your newspaper, please? had a baby 2. Susanne.............................................. two weeks ago. It's her second child. 3. The phone is ringing but I can't answer it because I................................................. have a shower. 4. David likes to keep fit, so he............................................ have a swim every day. Did you have a good time 5. What was the party like last night? (you)................................................ ? have a rest 6. I'm tired! - Let's.............................................. for a few minutes then. Did you have a cigarette at the party last night? - No, I have stopped smoking. 7. (you)............................................ 8. (you)................................................ Did you have a breakfast this morning? - No, but I had an early lunch. had a game of tennis 9. Samuel and I................................................... yesterday. - Who won? Didn't you have a party 10.(not/you)....................................................... last Saturday night? - Yes, and we all had fun......................................... 13 Exercise 3 Fill in the correct form of there is/there are/there was/there were. wasn't 1. I was hungry, but........................................ anything to eat. There was 2......................................... a football match on TV last night. Did you see it? There is 3. Where can I buy a newspaper? -........................................ a shop at the end of the street. Were there 4......................................... many people at the concert last night? - No, not really. there is 5. We can't visit the museum......................................... enough time. Are there 6......................................... there is any book shops near here? - Yes,........................................ one just round the corner. Exercise 4 Fill in can/can't/could/couldn't/must/mustn't. can't 1. I'm sorry, you're in my light. I........................................ see what I'm doing. mustn't 2. You........................................ talk in a loud voice after the film has started. couldn't 3. There was an explosion outside. I........................................ hear what you were saying. Must 4......................................... we really do all these exercises? They're so difficult! can 5. You........................................ mustn't put your feet in the lake but you........................................ swim in it, it's too dirty. can 6. I'm going to give you some medicine. You........................................ take it four times a day and mustn't you........................................ stop taking it until you finish the bottle. Exercise 5 Translate. 1. Ich kann die Autoschlüssel nicht finden, aber ich weiss, sie müssen in diesem Zimmer sein........................................................................................................................................ I can't find the car keys, but i know there are in this room........................................................................................................................................ 2. Du darfst nicht ins Badezimmer gehen, weil Bob gerade eine Dusche nimmt........................................................................................................................................ You mustn't go in the Bathroom, because Bob is having a shower........................................................................................................................................ 3. Ihr könnt euch jetzt nicht ausruhen. Wir müssen zum Bahnhof eilen. Es hat Leute dort, sie warten auf uns........................................................................................................................................ You mustn't take a rest, we have to hurry to the railway station. There are people waiting....................................................................................................................................... for us-....................................................................................................................................... 4. Wieso hat es hier so viele Polizisten? - Heute Morgen gab es einen Mord in unserer Strasse........................................................................................................................................ Why are there so many policeman. This morning there was a Murder on our road........................................................................................................................................ 14 5. Hast du Sandras neue Adresse? - Ja, ich kann sie dir geben. Sie muss in meiner Tasche sein........................................................................................................................................ Do you have the new adress of Sandra? Yes i can give it to you. It have to be in my pack............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6. Hast du gestern Tee zum Frühstück gehabt? - Nein, ich konnte nicht frühstücken, ich war spät dran........................................................................................................................................ Did you have tea for breakfast yesterday? No i couldn't have a breakfast because i was late............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Personal Notes: 15 Section 4 Articles and Demonstrative Pronouns Definite Article Indefinite Article We use the We use a/an with singular countable nouns: before singular countable nouns: the man a book, an idea, a student with plural countable nouns: the shoes and with uncountable nouns: the water We use the when the listener/speaker We use a/an when the listener/speaker knows exactly which person or thing we does not know exactly which person or are talking/writing about: thing we are talking/writing about: I met a girl and a boy. I didn't like the boy There's a book on the table. much, but the girl was very nice. He met a girl last night. Who's the man over there talking to Sue? She works in a bank. Where is Simon? He's in the bathroom. We use the when there is only one of We use a/an when we say what someone something: or something is: I like lying in the sun. I'm an architect. Would you like to travel around the world? He's a vegetarian. You're a Protestant. She's a member of the Labour Party. It was a good film.  Be careful:  Be careful: We say // before words beginning with a We use a before words beginning with a consonant sound: consonant sound or a diphtong: the girl, the European Union. a book, a car, a day, a friend, a university, a European country, a hammer. We say /i:/ before words beginning with a We use an before words beginning with a vowel sound: vowel sound: the apple, the hour. an apple, an egg, an interview, an old coat, an uncle of mine, an hour. 16 Demonstrative Pronouns We use the demonstrative pronouns this/these and that/those when we are pointing at physical objects: This is a list of books. Look what I've got here. I've brought you these apples. That looks interesting. Put away those glasses over there, please. We use the demonstrative pronouns when we are identifying or introducing people or asking who they are: Who's this? - This is my brother Jim. These are my children, Susan and Paul. Was that Patrick on the phone? THIS – THESE THAT – THOSE We use this (singular) and these (plural) We use that (singular) and those (plural) when we point out things or people that when we point out things or people that are near in place and time: are further away in place and time: this house (here) that house (over there) this year (now) that year (then, some time ago) these people (here) those people (over there) 17 Exercise 1 Use this/these/that/those and one of the following words: birds, house, plates, shoes, postcards, seat. Write questions: Is this/that your... ? or Are these/those your... ? Exercise 2 Fill in a or an. an old car....... an ugly dog....... an hospital....... an half an hour and.............. an an envelope.............. uniform a supermarket....... an honest man....... an US dollar....... a beautiful actress....... 18 Exercise 3 Fill in a/an/the where necessary. a 1. I had......... the coffee was delicious. cup of coffee and some toast for breakfast this morning.......... the 2. Could you switch off......... TV? Nobody is watching it. an extremely nice person. 3. What do you think of Lynn? - She's......... at a large garage in Brighton. He's......... 4. My brother works in......... an engineer. The the 5.......... earth moves around......... sun. the cheese and drank the 6. We ate.................. wine. a 7. I have......... a friend who is......... Muslim. the policemen. 8. Can you see those two men? They're......... the interesting film on TV last night. 9. I saw......... the 10.What's......... capital of India? - Delhi. Exercise 4 Translate. 1. Dies ist ein spannendes Buch. Ich kaufte es im Bücherladen gegenüber des Kinos. 2. Mein Vater ist Zahnarzt. Er arbeitet in jenem Haus dort drüben. 3. Diese Touristen hier haben europäische Pässe; jene dort kommen aus den Vereinigten Staaten. 4. 1969 landete der erste Mann auf dem Mond. Er war Astronaut (astronaut). 5. Diese Kinder gehen auf eine katholische (Catholic) Schule. Aber ihre Englischlehrerin ist Protestantin. This is an exciting book. I bought it in the book market in front of the cinema................................................................................................................................................ My father is a dentist. He works in that house there................................................................................................................................................ These tourists have european passports,those there come from the United States............................................................................................................................................... In 1969 landed the first Man on the moon. He was an Astronaut................................................................................................................................................ These children go to a catholic school. But their English teacher is a protestant.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Personal Notes: 19 Section 5 Personal and Possessive Pronouns subject object possessive pronouns pronouns adjectives 1st person sing. I me my 2nd person sing. you you your 3rd person sing. he him his she her her it it its 1st person pl. we us our 2nd person pl. you you your 3rd person pl. they them their Use Subject and Object Pronouns We use you for both polite and familiar form. We use he/him for a male person. We use she/her for a female person. We use it for a thing. We use it for baby/child if we make a general comment.  Be careful: We always write I with a capital letter. We can use he/she/him/her for pets if they are part of the family. Rex is our dog, we all love him very much. Possessive Adjectives They do not change with the plural nouns: my book - my books They agree with the possessor not the thing that is possessed: John's book → his book (French: son livre) Mary's book → her book (French: son livre)  Be careful: We use possessive adjectives with parts of the body, clothes and words like life, mind, house, car if they refer to the subject/the speaker: English: German: He came with his hat in his hand. Er kam mit dem Hut in der Hand. She cut her finger. Sie hat sich in den Finger geschnitten. They lost their lives (!) in an accident. Sie kamen bei einem Unfall ums Leben. Where did you park your car? Wo hast du das Auto geparkt. I love you with all my heart. Ich liebe dich von ganzem Herzen. 20 Exercise 1 Fill in the correct personal pronoun. A group of friends are on a seaside holiday together. After breakfast they're getting ready to walk down to the beach. Gary: Tina isn't here. Where has........... she gone? Amy: she...........'s i upstairs............'ll her. go and fetch........... Gary: And what about Mark? Rose: he...........'s bringing some chairs for the beach. i Robin:...........'ll go and help........... he is now. Let........... help..........., Mark. him. Oh, here........... Mark: them inside last Oh, thanks, Robin. The rest of the chairs are in the garden. No one put........... night. Rose: they wet? Are........... Mark: i No,........... don't think so. Lydia: us ? Are there enough chairs for all of........... Mark: Yes, plenty. Rose: we Where are........... going, Neil? Neil: I........... I have forgotten my watch............'m it just going to get............ Can you wait for me...........? Gary: Well, hurry up, or...........'ll we you see Amy and Tina, tell never get to the beach. And if........... them to hurry up, too............ Exercise 2 Fill in the correct possessive adjective. 1. We don't like........... our their children are so loud and they always throw neighbours, because........... our stones into........... garden. his 2. The hamster prepared for........... hibernation (=sleep in winter). 3. Do you like our our........... new teacher? - Yes, we do. When she came into........... classroom, we were all happy. 4. Do not put........... your pockets all the time! your hands in........... her life when she tried to climb a mountain. 5. She lost........... 6. Ann and Ted get lots of money in........... his their new jobs. Ted spends everything on........... hobbies now and Ann can buy presents for her........... friends. my favourite singer, I have all........... 7. Madonna is........... her my CDs in........... collection at home. its 8. Look at this beautiful tree!........... leaves (Blätter) are a beautiful colour. 21 Exercise 3 Translate. 1. Ich muss mir die Haare waschen, bevor ich ausgehe. 2. Sagen Sie mir, wo ich Sie treffen kann. 3. Ich kenne Frau Braun, aber nicht ihren Mann. Ihr Sohn Bob ist in meiner Klasse. 4. Oxford ist berühmt für seine Universität. Wir besuchten sie in unseren letzten Ferien. 5. Er zog die Schuhe an, nahm den Regenschirm und ging aus dem Haus. 6. Linda fiel die Treppe runter und brach sich den Arm. 7. Ich kann meine Uhr nicht finden. - Sie muss auf dem Tisch sein. Ich habe sie gestern dort gesehen. 8. Es gibt einen Supermarkt hier in der Nähe, aber er ist am Dienstag geschlossen. 9. Sie bot uns an uns zu helfen, aber dann änderte sie ihre Meinung. 10. Sie erzählten ihnen eine verrückte Geschichte, aber sie glaubten ihnen nicht................................................................................................................................................. I know Mrs. Braun, but not her man. Her son bob is in my class................................................................................................................................................ Oxford is famous for its university. We visited it in the last holidays................................................................................................................................................ He put his shoes on, takes the umbrella and went outside................................................................................................................................................. Linda felt down the stairs and broke her arm................................................................................................................................................. I can't find my watch. She have to be on the desk. I saw her here yesterday................................................................................................................................................. It have a supermarket near here, but it is close tuesday................................................................................................................................................. She offers us to help, but that don't change our point of view................................................................................................................................................. They told them a weird story, but they didn't believe them................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Personal Notes: 22 Section 6 Nouns and 's-Genitive Nouns: Singular and Plural Regular Plurals Singular Plural a. Most nouns form their plural by adding -s to the book books singular noun. day days girl girls b. We add -es if the singular noun ends in -ch, -sh, -s church churches or -x. bush bushes class classes box boxes c. Some nouns ending in -o add -es in the plural. tomato tomatoes potato potatoes hero heroes Other nouns ending in -o add -s only. piano pianos radio radios d. Nouns ending in a consonant + y change the y to i balcony balconies and add -es. city cities story stories Irregular Plurals a. Most nouns ending in -f/-fe drop the -f/-fe and add life lives -ves in the plural. wife wives yourself yourselves half halves b. Most nouns form the plural by changing their foot feet vowel(s). tooth teeth man men woman women mouse mice c. A few nouns form the plural with -en. child children ox oxen d. Some nouns have the same form in the singular sheep sheep and the plural. fish fish deer deer fruit fruit aircraft aircraft dice dice  Be careful: The usual plural of person is people (not persons!):There is one person in the room. There were five people in the room. 23  Be careful: Some nouns only have a plural form: trousers, jeans, pyjamas, shorts, tights, sunglasses, trainers Those jeans are very old. Where are my sunglasses? We always use plural verbs with people and police: These people are very strange, aren't they? The police in Britain wear blue uniforms. The following nouns usually have no plural forms: hair, audience, homework, housework, information, furniture, advice, accommodation Sally has brown hair. The audience is listening. We had a lot of homework last week. Does your father do any housework? We need some information about our trip to Paris. Kevin got rid of his old furniture last week. You always give me a lot of good advice. We still have to book accommodation for our holiday in Scotland. 's-Genitive Form a. After a singular noun we add 's. my father's car Sally's clothes b. With singular names ending in an s/sh-sound we Mrs Jones's husband or add 's or just '. 's is more common. Mrs Jones' husband Charles's cat or Charles' cat c. After a plural noun ending in -s, we only add '. my parents' car the ladies' clothes d. After a plural noun not ending in -s, we add 's. the men's car the children's clothes Use We use the 's-genitive if we want to say that things/people are related (in Beziehung stehen) to people. People always come first! You can see my sister's school over there. This is Andrew's bedroom. Mr Brown is my brother's English teacher.  Be careful: For things we normally use of: the door of the garage the name of the book 24 Exercise 1 Complete the sentences using the plurals of the nouns in brackets. 1. They've got five............................, three............................ and two............................. (child/boy/girl) 2. London has many different............................,............................,............................ and............................. (restaurant/theatre/cinema/disco) 3. When he fell over, he broke two of his............................. (tooth) 4. We've got enough............................ but we need some more............................ and............................. (plate/knife/fork) 5. On their tour of Europe, they visited seven............................ in six............................. (country/day) 6............................. catch............................. (cat/mouse) 7. Do you know those............................ over there? (person) 8. These............................ are too small for me. They hurt my............................. (shoe/foot) 9. We've got some............................ and............................ but we haven't got any............................. (egg/tomato/potato) 10.The............................ of the village are colourfully dressed with red and blue............................ covering their............................. (woman/scarf/hair) Exercise 2 Put the underlined parts into the plural - watch out for the verbs! 1. A hero is a brave man...................................................................... 2. This lady likes her new dress...................................................................... 3. The boy got lost in this forest...................................................................... 4. He ate (both) half of an apple...................................................................... 5. This city has a famous bridge and..................................................................... a beautiful Gothic church...................................................................... 6. You can find such a dictionary in a..................................................................... public library...................................................................... 7. There is a bus that takes you to..................................................................... the (different) beach...................................................................... 8. You can ask that policewoman over..................................................................... there for information...................................................................... 9. She lost her life in a car accident...................................................................... 10.The secretary is sitting in her office..................................................................... writing a letter for her boss...................................................................... 25 Exercise 3 of-genitive or s-genitive? Ex. The (our house - key) is in (Father - pocket). The key of our house is in Father's pocket. 1. (Mr Jones - brother) is painting (his office - the walls).......................................................................................................................................... 2. (The Browns - girls) are cleaning (their brother George - room)......................................................................................................................................... 3. (The policeman - car) is standing at the (street - corner).......................................................................................................................................... 4. (Vivien - father) is looking for (his car - the key)......................................................................................................................................... 5. (The children - bikes) are in (their parents - garage).......................................................................................................................................... Exercise 4 Translate. 1. In diesen zwei Kisten hat es belegte Brote für die Kinder. 2. Wo sind meine Streichhölzer? Sie sind auf dem Pult von James. 3. Sie fiel die Treppe hinunter und zerbrach ihre Brille. 4. Gestern Abend traf ich Kevin auf der Party der Jacksons. Er trug einen Pyjama und eine Sonnenbrille. Seine Haare sind jetzt grün. Er ist ein richtiger Punk! 5. Die Polizei sucht (look for) einen Mörder. Sie will Informationen von den Leuten unseres Dorfes....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Section 7 Prepositions Prepositions of Place There is somebody at the door. Were you waiting at the bus stop. at Julia is working at her desk. at home; at work; at school at the party; at a concert; at a football match The cinema is near the station. Do you live near the park? near op- There's a bus stop opposite the supermarket. po- Please wait at the church opposite the cinema. si- te Where's David? - He's in the kitchen/in London/in the garden. in Angela works in a shop. I had a swim in the lake. I live in a town but I want to live in the country. in bed; in hospital; in a street; in the sky; in the world; in a picture on There are some books on the shelf and some pictures on the wall. There is a big fly on the ceiling. (Decke) There are a lot of apples on those trees. Put a stamp on the envelope. on a bus/plane/train/ship; on the first floor; on the way to Paris The cat is under the table. The girl is standing under the tree. under I'm wearing a jacket under my coat. The post office is behind the station. behind The children are hiding behind that high wall. You can park your car between those two bushes. Could you stand between Jack and Tim for the photograph, please. between 27 Prepositions of Direction Verbs of movement: come, go, return, walk, hurry, run,... to I want to go to Italy. We walked to the city centre. What time do you go to bed? You must come to our party. We walked from the hotel to the station. from A lot of English words come from French. I got a letter from Bob last week. Let's jump into the water. into You mustn't go into this room. Jim got into the team because he's a very good football player.  Get into the car quickly, children! A man came out of the house and got into a car. out of Emma is looking out of the window. He took the old batteries out of the radio.  He helped the old lady get out of the taxi. Don't put your feet on the table. on I'm going to hang some pictures on the wall.  You must get on the bus in Princess Street. Please take your feet off the table. off Be careful! Don't fall off your bike.  You must get off the bus in Oxford Street. We walked up the hill to the house. up She climbed up the ladder. (Leiter) Look up! There's a beautiful bird in the tree. Be careful! Don't fall down the stairs. down Come down here and help me take those books down. The plane flew over the mountains. over I jumped over the wall into the garden. The old road goes through the village. A bird flew through the window into the kitchen. through 28  around The old road goes (a)round the village. The bus stop is just (a)round the corner. I walked (a)round the town and took some pictures. I was walking along the road with my dog. along Can't we go for a walk along the river? They walked past me without speaking. past You must go past the cinema to get to the station. Prepositions of Time at They arrived at 5.30 p.m. We use at for times of What are you doing at the weekend? the day and We will see our friends at Christmas. occasions with more  We will see our friends on Christmas Day. than one day. in I was born in 1992. We use in for years, There is usually a lot of snow in winter. seasons, months and The summer holidays begin in July. parts of the day. We sometimes have school in the afternoon.  I can't sleep at night. on What did you do on Tuesday? We use on for days I was born on 28th December. and dates.  See you again on Monday morning. from... to We have French from 9.40 to 10.25 on Thursday. We use from... to for We lived in Canada from 1995 to 2004. the beginning and the I work from Monday to Friday. end of an activity. until/till I'll stay until/till Sunday lunchtime. Until/till means up to He will be out until/till ten o'clock. the time when. Wait here until/till I come back. before I was back before six. Don't eat chocolate before dinner. Everybody is nervous before exams. after We were tired after our visit to the museum. They went home after the shopping. You mustn't go out after ten o'clock.  ago She left a few minutes ago. We always use ago Sie ging vor ein paar Minuten. after an expression of time. 29 Exercise 1 Fill in a suitable preposition. 1. I waited............... half past eight............... nine o'clock, but she didn't come. 2. There is a shop............... the supermarket and the library. 3. The dog jumped............... the wall into someone's garden. 4. When the bus came............... the corner, I put out my hand, but it just went............... me without stopping. 5. They hope to finish the job............... Thursday next week. 6. Kate doesn't normally work............... weekends. 7. We were driving............... the road looking for a petrol station for about half an hour. 8. Do you like driving............... night? 9. We are flying............... Paris............... Amsterdam tomorrow. We’ll arrive............... Amsterdam............... six o'clock. 10.I'm taking my driving test............... 4.30............... July 3rd. 11.I'm going............... a conference............... Egypt............... a week. 12.There's a post office right............... my office. You can see it............... my window. 13.What time did you arrive............... work yesterday? 14.How many more weeks are there............... the beginning of your holidays? 15.Six months............... they moved to Manchester. 16.I can normally get home............... work............... about half an hour. 17.We can't start the meeting............... everyone is here. 18.They went............... holiday............... Spain............... Easter (Ostern) and then again............... summer. 19.I didn't go............... the football match but I watched it............... television. 20................ Sunday afternoon we walked............... the old city with a group of American friends. 21.We walked............... the mountain and got............... the top just............... the sun went down. 22.Sally came............... the house, got............... her motorbike and rode away. 23.The cat jumped............... the roof (Dach) of the car and looked............... at the dog. 24.Robert came............... the telephone box and got............... his car. 25.I know I got a letter............... Emma two days................ I remember I put it............... my desk but somebody has taken it............... the envelope. 30 Exercise 2 Translate. 1. Die Katze rannte durch das Wohnzimmer in die Küche und sprang auf den Tisch. 2. Was macht ihr am Weihnachtstag? - Wir legen die Geschenke unter den Baum, bevor wir in die Kirche gehen. 3. Dieses Jahr ist mein Geburtstag an einem Dienstag. Ich wurde im Winter geboren, im Dezember. 4. Es hat eine grosse Spinne dort drüben an der Wand. Bitte, fange sie und wirf sie aus dem Fenster. 5. Gestern flog ein Helikopter über unser Haus und landete hinter dem Apfelbaum im Garten unserer Nachbarn. 6. Ihre Ferien beginnen am 21. März, aber sie muss vor dem 3. April wieder im Büro sein. 7. Am Abend spazierten sie dem Fluss entlang, bis sie zu einer kleinen Brücke gelangten. Sie gingen über die Brücke und den Hügel hinauf. 8. Die Touristen kamen um halb drei Uhr am Bahnhof an, stiegen in einen Bus ein und fuhren in ihr Hotel. 9. Du darfst in der Nacht nicht durch diesen Park laufen. Es hat schreckliche Leute da. 10. Hat es ein Büchergeschäft in der Nähe des Schlosses? - Ja, aber mittwochs ist es nur von 8.30 bis 12.00 Uhr geöffnet............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. My birthday is on thursday this year. I was born in winter and in december................................................................................................................................................ there is a spider on the wall. Please catch her and trew her out of the window................................................................................................................................................ Yesterday A helikopter flew over our house and he landed behind the Apple tree in the garden............................................................................................................................................... of our neighbors yesterday................................................................................................................................................ Their holidays begins on the 21th march but they have to be again in the buro on the 3th april................................................................................................................................................ They strolled along the river in the evenning until they were near a small bridge. They went............................................................................................................................................... over the bridge and went the hill up................................................................................................................................................ The tourists arrived at 3 pm in the train station, get in a bus and drove in the hotel................................................................................................................................................ You aren't allowed to walk in that park at night. It haves terrible people there................................................................................................................................................ Do it have a library near the castle? Yes but it is openned from 8:30 A.M. to 12:00 P.M................................................................................................................................................ on Wednesday.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Section 8 Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives Form Adjectives in English have only one form, which we use with singular and plural nouns. an old man old men an exciting book exciting books a beautiful woman beautiful women Position An adjective can come in two places before a noun a young lady an empty house new shoes after the verb be These shoes are not very nice. My book is interesting. Is he sick? Order When we use two or more adjectives together, 'opinion' (exciting, horrible etc.) adjectives normally go before 'fact' adjectives (new, blue etc.) I saw an interesting new film yesterday. Cindy is wearing a beautiful pink dress. These are Greg's dirty old shoes. Regular Comparison Comparison with –er/-est 1. cold, colder, coldest one syllable adjectives tall, taller, tallest adjectives with a short vowel and only big, bigger, biggest one consonant have their consonant thin, thinner, thinnest doubled in the comparison 2. easy, easier, easiest two syllable adjectives ending in –y, -le, - simple, simpler, simplest er, -ow clever, cleverer, cleverest narrow, narrower, narrowest polite, politer, politest two syllable adjectives with the emphasis on the second syllable 32 Comparison with more and most 3. famous, more famous, most famous two syllable adjectives with emhasis on perfect, more perfect, most perfect the first syllable 4. wonderful, more wonderful, most three and more syllable adjectives wonderful 5. skilled, more skilled, most skilled participles (-ed/ –ing) loving, more loving, most loving 6. quickly, more quickly, most quickly adverbs ending in -ly Irregular Comparison good, well better best bad(ly), ill worse worst much, many more most little (klein) smaller smallest little (wenig, sing.) less least few (wenige, pl.) fewer fewest Comparison He is as tall as his brother. He is not as/ not so good-looking as his father. She is prettier than her sister. This car is more expensive than that. This book was less interesting than the last one. 33 Adverbs of manner (der Art und Weise) Adverbs of manner say how something happens. Form We form most adverbs of manner by adding -ly to the adjective. loud loudly nice nicely bad badly quick quickly different differently  Be careful: -l → -lly beautiful beautifully -ll → -lly full fully -y → -ily easy easily happy happily -le → -ly simple simply -ic → -ically basic basically fantastic fantastically automatic automatically electronic electronically  public publicly  Be careful: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives also end in -ly: friendly, lovely, lonely (einsam), silly, ugly. My cousin Ronda is a very friendly person. They have such an ugly car! Sam's new girlfriend is lovely. We use fast, hard, early and late as both adjectives and adverbs. A Porsche is a fast car. Our new car goes very fast. It was hard work. We worked really hard. It is too early to get up. I arrived at the station early. Anne was late for school this morning. Do you always have to come late? Note that the adverb of good is well. Cindy is a good swimmer. She swims very well. Your English is very good. You speak English very well. I know her well. Well can also be an adjective (German: gesund, wohlauf) How are you, Paul? - I'm very well, thank you. 34 Exercise 1 Adjective or adverb? Mr Honk was very................................. (happy) when the police arrested the man so................................. (quick). He was working................................. (hard) until 8 o'clock. Then he................................. (quick) returned home. 'I had a................................. (terrible) adventure today,' he said to Mrs Honk. 'I drove through the streets................................. (dangerous=gefährlich), because I had a gangster in my taxi. He was very................................. (nervous), because he didn't want to miss his train. He looked out of the window................................. (nervous). As (weil) I was driving so................................. (fast), a police car was soon behind me. When the gangster jumped out of the taxi, the policemen................................. (prompt) arrested him'. 'You did very................................. (good),' said Mrs Honk. Exercise 2 Adjective or adverb? 1. Edith is a................................. (good) dancer. She is always................................. (good) dressed. 2. Ken speaks Spanish.............................. (fluent). Sometimes you can............................. (simple) not understand what he says because he speaks so................................. (fast). 3. This is an................................. (easy) but................................. (long) exercise. I hope you can................................. (easy) fill in the correct forms. 4. Tom................................. (slow) learns to like Indian food. 5. Is it still............................ (far) to the mountain top, my feet are hurting.......................... (terrible). 6. When she hit him................................. (hard) with a stick, he looked............................. (angry) at her. 7. He began his work much too............................. (late) and it was not............................. (careful) organised. 8. The president said................................. (public): "To say what you want is a............................... (basic) right." 9. When I was.............................. (sick) last week, I went to the doctor.............................. (immediate). He gave me some pills and now I'm................................. (good) again. 10. Aunt Ann is an................................. (extreme)................................. (good) cook; she cooks................................. (fantastic)................................. (good). 35 Exercise 3 Insert the correct form of adjective and/or adjectival construction to correspond with the context in the following sentences. 1. Alan’s got (much) meat than I have. Why haven’t I got (much) he’s got? 2. The (bad) film adaptation of a book that I’ve ever seen was The Day of the Tiffids. 3. Many people who are physically handicapped do not have a very easy life. In fact, often their lives are far (difficult) (much) people’s. 4. Alan is (not clever) his brother, but he is (intelligent) his sister. 5. I don’t find this book (interesting) I used to. 6. This parcel was (heavy) the last one I sent. 7. I prefer (little, expensive) of these two books. 8. The boss was (much) impressed by your work and said it was (good) that you’d ever done. 9. Someone told me that Sue was (bright) girl in class. 10. (common) cause of death among adolescents is accidents. 11. Don’t be ridiculous! Of course, a donkey is (not, big) an elephant. 12. TV programmes have been getting (silly, silly) for ages, but the Bill Henry Show must surely be (silly) programme ever made. Translate. 1. Unsere Kinder spielen zufrieden (=glücklich) im Garten. 2. Zieh dich schnell an, du darfst nicht zu spät in die Schule kommen. 3. Grossvater hört nicht sehr gut, ihr müsst langsam sprechen. 4. Der Held kämpfte tapfer gegen das schreckliche Ungeheuer. 5. Offiziell wissen wir nicht, wer der neue Trainer des örtlichen Fussballvereins ist. 6. Cate Blanchett ist eine tolle Schauspielerin. In ihrem letzten (latest) Film spielte sie phantastisch. 7. Ich bin schrecklich hungrig. Kannst du mir schnell ein Sandwich machen? 8. Cindy ist wirklich schüchtern. Auf unserer letzten Party sass sie den ganzen Abend still in einer Ecke. 9. Der Durchschnittsschüler (average...) muss gewöhnlich hart arbeiten, um gut zu sein. 10. Wie geht es dir? - Gestern war ich ziemlich krank, aber heute geht es mir wieder gut. Our childrens plays happily in the garden.................................................................................................................................................. Dress up fast,you don't have to be late at school.................................................................................................................................................. Grand father don't hear so good, you have to speak slow.................................................................................................................................................. The hero had to fight hard against the terrible monster.................................................................................................................................................. We don't know official who is the new trainee of the local soccer team.................................................................................................................................................. Cate Blanchett is a amazing actor. She played fantastical in her latest movie................................................................................................................................................. I'm terribly hungry. Could you do me a fast a sandwich?................................................................................................................................................. 36  Cindy is really shy. On the last party she set the whole evening quite in a corner.......