Expanded English Grammar Notes PDF

Expanded English Grammar Notes 1. Subject-Verb Agreement Definition: The verb must agree with the subject in number (singular or plural). Rules: - If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. Example: The boy writes a letter. - If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural....

Expanded English Grammar Notes 1. Subject-Verb Agreement Definition: The verb must agree with the subject in number (singular or plural). Rules: - If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. Example: The boy writes a letter. - If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. Example: The boys write a letter. 2. Identifying the Subject Definition: The subject is the doer of the action or what the sentence is about. How to Identify: - The subject is usually a noun (e.g., dog, book) or pronoun (e.g., he, they). - In sentences with a prepositional phrase (e.g., of the boys), the subject is usually the noun before the preposition. Examples: - The introduction of new policies is important. - Subject: introduction (singular) - Prepositional phrase: of new policies (qualifier, extra information) - Verb: is (agrees with singular subject 'introduction'). - A team of players is practicing. - Subject: team (singular) - Prepositional phrase: of players (qualifier) - Verb: is (agrees with 'team'). 3. Rules for Singular and Plural Forms Nouns: - Add 's' or 'es' to make a noun plural (e.g., boy to boys, box to boxes). Verbs: - Add 's' or 'es' to make a verb singular (e.g., go to goes, write to writes). Common Mistake: - Adding 's' to both the noun and the verb. Incorrect: The boys writes letters. Correct: The boys write letters. 4. Words Indicating Quantity - Both: Refers to two people or things. Verb: Plural. Example: Both boys are present. - Either: Refers to one of two options. Verb: Singular. Example: Either of the boys is ready. - Neither: Refers to none of two options. Verb: Singular. Example: Neither of the boys is present. - None: Refers to none among many. Verb: Singular (mostly). Example: None of the work is finished. 5. Qualifier vs. Main Subject - A qualifier provides extra information about the subject but is not the main subject. - Rule: The verb agrees with the main subject, not the qualifier. Example: A group of students was selected. (Main subject: group) 6. Fractions in Sentences - Fractions act as qualifiers. The verb agrees with the main subject. Example: One-third of the cake is eaten. (Singular) Two-thirds of the cakes are eaten. (Plural) 7. Positive and Negative Sentences - Words like both, either, any are used in positive sentences. - Words like neither, none are used in negative sentences. Example: Neither of the boys is present. 8. Exceptions - I and You: Take plural verbs even though they are singular in form. Example: I have a pen. You are intelligent. - Neither/Nor, Either/Or: The verb agrees with the closest subject. Example: Neither the teacher nor the students are available. 9. Practice Sentences - A bunch of grapes is on the table. - Neither of the two boys is ready. - Two-thirds of the books are missing. Tips: - Focus on the main subject to decide the verb. - Understand exceptions like 'I', 'you', and fractions. - Write and analyze complex sentences to strengthen understanding.